Gemi insanı iş gücü talebinin belirleyicileri: Deniz işletmeleri yöneticileri perspektifinden bir analiz
Yıl 2025,
Sayı: 71, 161 - 171, 30.08.2025
Altuğ Yenginar
Öz
Dünya deniz iş gücü piyasasında gemi insanı arz ve talebi arasındaki talep yönünde ağır gelen dengesizlik, denizcilik sektörünün geleceği açısından önemli riskler barındırmaktadır. Bu dengesizlik hem deniz işletmelerinin operasyonel verimliliğini hem de küresel tedarik zincirinin sürdürülebilirliğini tehdit etmektedir. Bu çalışmada, gemi insanı iş gücü talebini belirleyen faktörlerin tespit edilmesi ve bu faktörlerin ağırlıklarına göre hiyerarşik olarak sıralanması amaçlanmıştır. Söz konusu sıralama deniz işletmeleri yöneticilerinden oluşturulan uzman grubun görüşleri doğrultusunda Analitik Hiyerarşi Süreci (AHP) yöntemi kullanılarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. Gemi insanı iş gücü talebini belirleyen faktörlerin hiyerarşik olarak sıralanması, denizcilik sektöründeki tüm paydaşların sektörün gerekliliklerine uygun insan kaynakları politikaları geliştirmesine olanak sağlayacaktır. Ayrıca, bu hiyerarşik yapının belirlenmesi özellikle sektördeki mevcut gemi insanı iş gücü arz ve talep dengesizliğinin giderilmesine ve gelecekte karşılaşılabilecek istihdam krizlerine yönelik önleyici tedbirlerin alınmasına katkı sunacaktır. Çalışmanın bulguları mesleki tecrübe, denizcilik eğitimi veren kurumların eğitim kalitesi ve gemi insanı çalıştırma maliyetinin gemi insanı iş gücü talebinin temel belirleyicileri olduğunu, bu temel belirleyicilerin ise insan kaynağı ve ekonomik dinamikler ekseninde şekillendiğini göstermektedir. Diğer taraftan çalışmanın bulguları, gemi insanı iş gücü talebinin belirleyicilerine ilişkin literatürde öne çıkan öncelikler ile sektörel öncelikler arasında farklılıklar olduğunu, bunun da akademik bilgi ile sektör uygulamaları arasında algısal bir ayrışmaya işaret ettiğini ortaya koymaktadır.
Etik Beyan
Bu çalışma için Sakarya Uygulamalı Bilimler Üniversitesi Etik Kurulu tarafından 16.04.2025 tarih ve 55/09 sayılı karar numarası ile etik kurul izni alınmıştır.
Kaynakça
-
Acomia, N., & Ovidiu, A. (2016). Diversification of seafarers employability paths. The European Proceedings of Social and Behavioural Sciences, 21. https://doi. org/10.15405/epsbs.2016.09.4
-
Bagoulla, C., & Guillotreau, P. (2017). Shortage and labor productivity on the global seafaring market. In Seafarers: An international labour market in perspective (pp. 15–27). HAL Open Science.
-
BIMCO, & ICS. (2021). Seafarer workforce report: The global supply and demand for seafarers in 2021. Witherby Publishing Group Limited.
-
BIMCO, & ISF. (2005). Manpower 2005 update: The worldwide demand for and supply of seafarers. Institute for Employment Research, University of Warwick.
-
BIMCO, & ISF. (2010). Manpower 2010 update: The worldwide demand for and supply of seafarers. Warwick Institute for Employment Research, Dalian Maritime University.
-
Cheng, C. H., Yang, K. L., & Hwang, C. L. (1999). Evaluating attack helicopters by AHP based on linguistic variable weight. European Journal of Operational Research, 116(3), 423-435. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-2217(98)00259-6
-
Chibana, I. (2023). Filipino seafarers in the global labor market: Compliance and quality standards. In Challenges and conditions for sustainable seafarer supply: A case of the Philippines (BRC Research Report, p. 86). Bangkok Research Center.
-
Chinonyerem, N. T., Onyedikachi, O. C., Kodo, H. Y., Ndubuisi, J. M., & Addah, G. L. (2020). Maritime labour demand for LNG carriers operations in Nigeria: Augmented trend analysis. International Journal of Transportation Engineering and Technology, 6(2), 44–51. DOI: 10.11648/j.ijtet.20200602.12
-
Cornel, G., Filip, N., & Catalin, P. (2014). Factors affecting labor demand in shipping. Ovidius University Annals, Economic Sciences Series, 14(1), 21–24.
-
Ćorović, B., Pejaković-Kovačević, S., & Šekularac-Ivošević, S. (2012). Analysis of recent supply and demand of educated seafarers in Montenegro and worldwide. Transactions on Maritime Science, 1(2), 117–121. DOI: 10.7225/toms.v01.n02.008
-
Dodgson, J. S., Spackman, M., Pearman, A. D., & Phillips, L. (2009). Multi-criteria analysis: A manual. Department for Communities and Local Government Eland House.
-
Esmer, S. (2018). The factors affecting the sea transportation in the new globalization era. Journal of Management, Marketing and Logistics, 5(3), 168. DOI: 10.17261/ Pressacademia.2018.960
-
Faggioni, C. (2024). The maritime labour market in transition. Italian Labour Law e-Journal, 17(1), 56-73. https://doi.org/10.6092/issn.1561-8048/19786
-
Forman, E. H., & Selly, M. A. (2001). Decision by objectives: How to convince others that you are right. World Scientific Publishing Co.
-
Gailitis, R., & Fjodorova, A. (2014). Determination of parameters to model seafarers supply in Latvia. TransNav, 8(2), 245–252. DOI: 10.12716/1001.08.02.10
-
Arslankaya, S., & Göraltay, K. (2019). Çok kriterli karar verme yöntemlerinde güncel yaklaşımlar. İKSAD Yayınevi.
-
Grigorut, C., Nistor, F., & Popa, C. (2013). Characteristics of labor supply in shipping. Ovidius University Annals, Economic Sciences Series, 1, 29–32.
-
Glen, D. (2008). What do we know about the labour market for seafarers? A view from the UK. Marine Policy, 32(6), 845–855. DOI: 10.1016/j.marpol.2007.12.006
-
Gönel, O. (2013). Gemi adamı arz-talebinin incelenerek gelecekteki istihdam ve eğitimin planlanması (Yüksek lisans tezi) İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü.
-
Havedal, M., & Väre, S. (2013). The maritime labour market: A study of the Swedish maritime labour market and the competitive situation for Swedish maritime officers (Master’s thesis) University of Gothenburg School of Business, Economics and Law.
-
ILO (2022). Data finders-trends 2022 definitions and metadata. Erişim adresi https://weso-data.ilo.org/definitions-and-metadata/ is retrieved.
-
Levander, O. (2017). Autonomous ships on the high seas. IEEE Spectrum, 54(2), 26–31. DOI: 10.1109/MSPEC.2017.7833502
-
Lloyd’s Register. (2023). Global maritime trends 2050. Lloyd’s Register Publication.
-
Lobrigo, E., & Pawlik, T. (2015). Maritime policy and the seafaring labor market. WMU Journal of Maritime Affairs, 14(1), 123–139. DOI: 10.1007/s13437-015-0086-0
-
Lušić, Z., Bakota, M., Čorić, M., & Skoko, I. (2019). Seafarer market – Challenges for the future. Transactions on Maritime Science, 8(1), 62–74. DOI: 10.7225/toms.v08. n01.007
-
Maritime Services Training Board. (2024). Manpower update report maritime services industry. Maritime Services Training Board Publication.
-
Muslu, A. (2018). Türk gemi adamlarının uluslararası deniz iş gücü piyasalarında istihdamı için özel istihdam bürolarının önemi. Gaziantep University Journal of Social Sciences, 17(1), 291–302. https://doi.org/10.21547/jss.345040
-
Notteboom, T., Pallis, A., & Rodrigue, J. P. (2022). Seaports: Demand and supply determinants. In Port economics, management and policy (pp. 1–690). Routledge.
-
Perçin, S., & Ayan, T. (2010). AHS ve bulanık PROMETHEE yaklaşımlarıyla esnek üretim sistemleri seçimi. Marmara Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 29(2), 561.
-
Sadek, A. S. E. A. E. (2018). The future of manpower supply sustainability for shipping industry. International Journal of Advanced Scientific Research and Management, 3(4), 21.
-
Sapsford, D., & Tzannatos, Z. (1993). Labour demand: The basic model. In The economics of the labour market (p. 109). Palgrave.
-
Saaty, T. L. (1980). The Analytical Hierarchy Process, New York, Mc Graw Hill.
-
Saaty, T. L. (1990). How to make a decision: The Analytic Hierarchy Process. European Journal of Operational Research, 48(1), 9-26. https://doi.org/10.1016/0377- 2217(90)90057-I
-
Saaty, T. L. (2008). Decision making with the Analytic Hierarchy Process. International Journal of Services Sciences, 1(1), 85. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJSSCI.2008.017590
-
Skrzeszewska, K. (2014). Trendy na współczesnym rynku pracy na morzu. Logistyka, 6, 1147–1155.
-
United Nations. (1995). Maritime manpower for the shipping industry in the Asia-Pacific region (ST/ESCAP/1629). United Nations Publications.
-
Vanroye, K., Mol, B. V., & Consultants, C. (2009). The shortage of qualified personnel in maritime and inland waterway transport (PE419.096). European Parliament Publications.
-
Wagtmann, M. A., & Poulsen, R. T. (2009). Recent developments and probable future scenarios concerning seafarer labour markets. In MET trends in the 21st century: Shipping industry and training institutions in the global environment area of mutual interest and co-operation (pp. 306–323). International Association of Maritime Universities.
Determinants of seafarer labor demand: An analysis from the perspective of maritime business managers
Yıl 2025,
Sayı: 71, 161 - 171, 30.08.2025
Altuğ Yenginar
Öz
The pronounced demand-side imbalance between the supply and demand of seafarers in the global maritime labor market poses significant risks for the future of the shipping industry. This imbalance threatens both the operational efficiency of maritime enterprises and the sustainability of the global supply chain. This study aims to identify the factors that determine seafarer labor demand and to rank these factors hierarchically according to their weights. The ranking was produced with the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) on the basis of the opinions of an expert panel composed of maritime business managers. A hierarchical ordering of the determinants of seafarer labor demand will enable all stakeholders in the maritime sector to develop human-resources policies that align with industry requirements. Moreover, defining this hierarchy will contribute to mitigating the current imbalance between seafarer labor supply and demand and to taking preventive measures against potential employment crises in the future. The findings show that professional experience, the quality of education provided by maritime training institutions, and the cost of employing seafarers are the primary determinants of seafarer labor demand, and that these determinants are shaped by human-resource and economic dynamics. The results also indicate discrepancies between the priorities emphasized in the academic literature on the determinants of seafarer labor demand and those highlighted by the industry, pointing to a perceptual divergence between academic knowledge and sectoral practice.
Kaynakça
-
Acomia, N., & Ovidiu, A. (2016). Diversification of seafarers employability paths. The European Proceedings of Social and Behavioural Sciences, 21. https://doi. org/10.15405/epsbs.2016.09.4
-
Bagoulla, C., & Guillotreau, P. (2017). Shortage and labor productivity on the global seafaring market. In Seafarers: An international labour market in perspective (pp. 15–27). HAL Open Science.
-
BIMCO, & ICS. (2021). Seafarer workforce report: The global supply and demand for seafarers in 2021. Witherby Publishing Group Limited.
-
BIMCO, & ISF. (2005). Manpower 2005 update: The worldwide demand for and supply of seafarers. Institute for Employment Research, University of Warwick.
-
BIMCO, & ISF. (2010). Manpower 2010 update: The worldwide demand for and supply of seafarers. Warwick Institute for Employment Research, Dalian Maritime University.
-
Cheng, C. H., Yang, K. L., & Hwang, C. L. (1999). Evaluating attack helicopters by AHP based on linguistic variable weight. European Journal of Operational Research, 116(3), 423-435. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-2217(98)00259-6
-
Chibana, I. (2023). Filipino seafarers in the global labor market: Compliance and quality standards. In Challenges and conditions for sustainable seafarer supply: A case of the Philippines (BRC Research Report, p. 86). Bangkok Research Center.
-
Chinonyerem, N. T., Onyedikachi, O. C., Kodo, H. Y., Ndubuisi, J. M., & Addah, G. L. (2020). Maritime labour demand for LNG carriers operations in Nigeria: Augmented trend analysis. International Journal of Transportation Engineering and Technology, 6(2), 44–51. DOI: 10.11648/j.ijtet.20200602.12
-
Cornel, G., Filip, N., & Catalin, P. (2014). Factors affecting labor demand in shipping. Ovidius University Annals, Economic Sciences Series, 14(1), 21–24.
-
Ćorović, B., Pejaković-Kovačević, S., & Šekularac-Ivošević, S. (2012). Analysis of recent supply and demand of educated seafarers in Montenegro and worldwide. Transactions on Maritime Science, 1(2), 117–121. DOI: 10.7225/toms.v01.n02.008
-
Dodgson, J. S., Spackman, M., Pearman, A. D., & Phillips, L. (2009). Multi-criteria analysis: A manual. Department for Communities and Local Government Eland House.
-
Esmer, S. (2018). The factors affecting the sea transportation in the new globalization era. Journal of Management, Marketing and Logistics, 5(3), 168. DOI: 10.17261/ Pressacademia.2018.960
-
Faggioni, C. (2024). The maritime labour market in transition. Italian Labour Law e-Journal, 17(1), 56-73. https://doi.org/10.6092/issn.1561-8048/19786
-
Forman, E. H., & Selly, M. A. (2001). Decision by objectives: How to convince others that you are right. World Scientific Publishing Co.
-
Gailitis, R., & Fjodorova, A. (2014). Determination of parameters to model seafarers supply in Latvia. TransNav, 8(2), 245–252. DOI: 10.12716/1001.08.02.10
-
Arslankaya, S., & Göraltay, K. (2019). Çok kriterli karar verme yöntemlerinde güncel yaklaşımlar. İKSAD Yayınevi.
-
Grigorut, C., Nistor, F., & Popa, C. (2013). Characteristics of labor supply in shipping. Ovidius University Annals, Economic Sciences Series, 1, 29–32.
-
Glen, D. (2008). What do we know about the labour market for seafarers? A view from the UK. Marine Policy, 32(6), 845–855. DOI: 10.1016/j.marpol.2007.12.006
-
Gönel, O. (2013). Gemi adamı arz-talebinin incelenerek gelecekteki istihdam ve eğitimin planlanması (Yüksek lisans tezi) İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü.
-
Havedal, M., & Väre, S. (2013). The maritime labour market: A study of the Swedish maritime labour market and the competitive situation for Swedish maritime officers (Master’s thesis) University of Gothenburg School of Business, Economics and Law.
-
ILO (2022). Data finders-trends 2022 definitions and metadata. Erişim adresi https://weso-data.ilo.org/definitions-and-metadata/ is retrieved.
-
Levander, O. (2017). Autonomous ships on the high seas. IEEE Spectrum, 54(2), 26–31. DOI: 10.1109/MSPEC.2017.7833502
-
Lloyd’s Register. (2023). Global maritime trends 2050. Lloyd’s Register Publication.
-
Lobrigo, E., & Pawlik, T. (2015). Maritime policy and the seafaring labor market. WMU Journal of Maritime Affairs, 14(1), 123–139. DOI: 10.1007/s13437-015-0086-0
-
Lušić, Z., Bakota, M., Čorić, M., & Skoko, I. (2019). Seafarer market – Challenges for the future. Transactions on Maritime Science, 8(1), 62–74. DOI: 10.7225/toms.v08. n01.007
-
Maritime Services Training Board. (2024). Manpower update report maritime services industry. Maritime Services Training Board Publication.
-
Muslu, A. (2018). Türk gemi adamlarının uluslararası deniz iş gücü piyasalarında istihdamı için özel istihdam bürolarının önemi. Gaziantep University Journal of Social Sciences, 17(1), 291–302. https://doi.org/10.21547/jss.345040
-
Notteboom, T., Pallis, A., & Rodrigue, J. P. (2022). Seaports: Demand and supply determinants. In Port economics, management and policy (pp. 1–690). Routledge.
-
Perçin, S., & Ayan, T. (2010). AHS ve bulanık PROMETHEE yaklaşımlarıyla esnek üretim sistemleri seçimi. Marmara Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 29(2), 561.
-
Sadek, A. S. E. A. E. (2018). The future of manpower supply sustainability for shipping industry. International Journal of Advanced Scientific Research and Management, 3(4), 21.
-
Sapsford, D., & Tzannatos, Z. (1993). Labour demand: The basic model. In The economics of the labour market (p. 109). Palgrave.
-
Saaty, T. L. (1980). The Analytical Hierarchy Process, New York, Mc Graw Hill.
-
Saaty, T. L. (1990). How to make a decision: The Analytic Hierarchy Process. European Journal of Operational Research, 48(1), 9-26. https://doi.org/10.1016/0377- 2217(90)90057-I
-
Saaty, T. L. (2008). Decision making with the Analytic Hierarchy Process. International Journal of Services Sciences, 1(1), 85. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJSSCI.2008.017590
-
Skrzeszewska, K. (2014). Trendy na współczesnym rynku pracy na morzu. Logistyka, 6, 1147–1155.
-
United Nations. (1995). Maritime manpower for the shipping industry in the Asia-Pacific region (ST/ESCAP/1629). United Nations Publications.
-
Vanroye, K., Mol, B. V., & Consultants, C. (2009). The shortage of qualified personnel in maritime and inland waterway transport (PE419.096). European Parliament Publications.
-
Wagtmann, M. A., & Poulsen, R. T. (2009). Recent developments and probable future scenarios concerning seafarer labour markets. In MET trends in the 21st century: Shipping industry and training institutions in the global environment area of mutual interest and co-operation (pp. 306–323). International Association of Maritime Universities.