Araştırma Makalesi
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Nomofobi ve Yalnızlığın Evli Çiftlerde Yaşam Doyumuna Etkisi

Yıl 2023, , 23 - 39, 30.01.2023
https://doi.org/10.17680/erciyesiletisim.1180829

Öz

Yeni teknolojilerin ve sanal iletişimin gelişimi, bireylerin kişisel bilgisayar, tablet ve akıllı telefon kullanımında ciddi bir artış meydana getirmiştir. Bu durum ise, bireylerin hem günlük alışkanlıklarında hem de davranışlarında önemli değişikliklere sebep olmuştur. Nomofobi de bunlardan birini teşkil etmektedir. Bu nedenle çalışmada, Türkiye’deki evli bireylerin yaşadıkları nomofobi ve yalnızlık durumunun onların yaşam doyumu üzerindeki etkilerini ortaya çıkarmak; bununla birlikte yalnızlığın nomofobi ve yaşam doyumu arasındaki aracılık rolünü incelemek amaçlanmıştır. Araştırma kapsamında anket yöntemiyle evli bireylere ulaşılmış ve bireylerden nomofobi, yalnızlık ve yaşam doyumu ile ilgili bilgi toplanmıştır. Araştırmanın evrenini, Türkiye’de yaşayıp hem akıllı telefon hem de sosyal medya kullanan ve 2016-2020 yılları arasında evlenen bireyler oluşturmaktadır. Türkiye’nin farklı illerinde yaşayan ve kolayda örnekleme yöntemi kullanılarak belirlenen 1028 evli birey ise araştırmanın örneklemini temsil etmektedir. Araştırmadan elde edilen sonuçlara göre, evli bireylerin nomofobi ve yalnızlık durumu onların yaşam doyumunu etkilemektedir. Evli bireylerin yaşadığı yalnızlık ise yaşam doyumunu etkilemektedir. Ayrıca bulgular, yalnızlığın nomofobi ve yaşam doyumuna aracılık ettiğini göstermektedir.

Kaynakça

  • Adnan, M., & Gezgin, D. M. (2016). Modern çağın yeni fobisi: Üniversite öğrencileri arasında nomofobi prevalansı. Ankara Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi, 49(1), 141-158.
  • Anderson, J. C., & Gerbing, D. W. (1988). Structural equation modeling in practice: A review and recommended two-step approach. Psychological Bulletin, 103(3), 411-423.
  • Bakan, İ., & Güler, B. (2017). Duygusal zekânın, yaşam doyumu ve akademik başarıya etkileri ve demografik özellikler bağlamında algı farklılıkları. Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey Üniversitesi Sosyal ve Ekonomik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 19(33), 1–11.
  • Barreto, M., Victor, C., Hammond, C., Eccles, A., Richins, M. T., & Qualter, P. (2021). Loneliness around the world: Age, gender, and cultural differences in loneliness. Personality and Individual Differences, 169(1), 1-6.
  • Batu, M., Şentürk, Z. A., & Tos, O. (2020). Health communication on social media: An analysis on the Twitter use of the ministry of health in terms of public relations models. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi Elektronik Dergisi, 8(2), 805–828.
  • Billieux, J. (2012). Problematic use of the mobile phone: A literature review and a pathways model. Current Psychiatry Reviews, 8(4), 299–307.
  • Büyükalim, M. (2020). Üniversite öğrencilerinde genel aidiyet, nomofobi ve yaşam doyumu arasındaki yordayıcı ilişkiler [PhD Thesis]. Necmettin Erbakan University (Türkiye).
  • Cenkseven, F., & Akbaş, T. (2007). Üniversite öğrencilerinde öznel ve psikolojik iyi olmanın yordayıcılarının incelenmesi. Turkish Psychological Counseling and Guidance Journal, 3(27), 43–65.
  • Chotpitayasunondh, V., & Douglas, K. M. (2016). How “phubbing” becomes the norm: The antecedents and consequences of snubbing via smartphone. Computers in Human Behavior, 63(1), 9–18.
  • Coşkun, T. K., & Kaya, Ö. (2020). The distribution of variables that affect nomophobia in adults’ profiles. International Journal of Research in Education and Science, 6(4), 534–550.
  • Cruice, M., Worrall, L., Hickson, L., & Murison, R. (2003). Finding a focus for quality of life with aphasia: Social and emotional health, and psychological well-being. Aphasiology, 17(4), 333–353.
  • Demir, A. (1989). UCLA yalnızlık ölçeğinin geçerlik ve güvenirliği. Psikoloji Dergisi, 7(23), 14-18.
  • Diener, E. D., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., & Griffin, S. (1985). The satisfaction with life scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49(1), 71–75.
  • Diener, E., & Lucas, R. E. (1999). Subjective weil-being: Three decades of progress. Psychological Bulletin, 125(2), 276–302.
  • Dixit, S., Shukla, H., Bhagwat, A. K., Bindal, A., Goyal, A., Zaidi, A. K., & Shrivastava, A. (2010). A study to evaluate mobile phone dependence among students of a medical college and associated hospital of central India. Indian Journal of Community Medicine: Official Publication of Indian Association of Preventive & Social Medicine, 35(2), 339-341.
  • Dost, M. T. (2007). Üniversite öğrencilerinin yaşam doyumunun bazı değişkenlere göre incelenmesi. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 22(22), 132–143.
  • Durak, H. Y. (2018). What would you do without your smartphone? Adolescents’ social media usage, locus of control, and loneliness as a predictor of nomophobia. Addicta: The Turkish Journal on Addictions, 5(2), 1-15.
  • Durak, H. Y. (2019). Investigation of nomophobia and smartphone addiction predictors among adolescents in Turkey: Demographic variables and academic performance. The Social Science Journal, 56(4), 492–517.
  • Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39–50.
  • Gezgin, D. M., Hamutoglu, N. B., Gultekin, G. S., & Ayas, T. (2018). The relationship between nomophobia and loneliness among Turkish adolescents. International Journal of Research in Education and Science, 4(2), 358-374.
  • Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., Anderson, R. E., & Tatham, R. L. (2014). Multivariate data analysis. Pearson.
  • Halat, M. I., & Hovardaoğlu, S. (2010). The relations between the attachment styles, causality and responsibility attributions and loneliness of the married couples in the context of the investment model. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 5, 2332–2337.
  • Han, S., Kim, K. J., & Kim, J. H. (2017). Understanding nomophobia: Structural equation modeling and semantic network analysis of smartphone separation anxiety. Cyberpsychology, Behavior and Social Networking, 20(7), 419–427.
  • Kara, M., Baytemir, K., & Inceman-Kara, F. (2021). Duration of daily smartphone usage as an antecedent of nomophobia: Exploring multiple mediation of loneliness and anxiety. Behaviour & Information Technology, 40(1), 85–98.
  • Kermen, U., Tosun, N. İ., & Doğan, U. (2016). Yaşam doyumu ve psikolojik iyi oluşun yordayıcısı olarak sosyal kaygı. Eğitim Kuram ve Uygulama Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2(1), 20–29.
  • King, A. L. S., Valença, A. M., Silva, A. C., Sancassiani, F., Machado, S., & Nardi, A. E. (2014). “Nomophobia”: Impact of cell phone use interfering with symptoms and emotions of individuals with panic disorder compared with a control group. Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health: 10(1), 28-35.
  • Kocabaş, D., & Koruyucu, K. S. (2018). Dijital çağın hastalığı nomofobi üzerine bir araştırma. Avrasya Sosyal ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi, 5(11), 254–268.
  • Köker, S. (1991). Comparing the level of the life satisfaction of the normal adolescents and adolescents with problems [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Ankara University.
  • Lepp, A., Barkley, J. E., & Karpinski, A. C. (2014). The relationship between cell phone use, academic performance, anxiety, and satisfaction with life in college students. Computers in Human Behavior, 31, 343–350.
  • McDaniel, C. D., & Gates, R. H. (2016). Marketing research essentials. John Wiley.
  • Polat, R. (2017). Dijital hastalik olarak nomofobi. Yeni Medya Elektronik Dergisi, 1(2), 164–172.
  • Poushter, J. (2016). Smartphone ownership and internet usage continues to climb in emerging economies. Pew Research Center, 22(1), 1–44.
  • Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2004). SPSS and SAS procedures for estimating indirect effects in simple mediation models. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 36(4), 717–731.
  • Rokach, A. (2000). Perceived causes of loneliness in adulthood. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 15(1), 67-84.
  • Russell, D. W. (1996). UCLA Loneliness Scale (Version 3): Reliability, validity, and factor structure. Journal of Personality Assessment, 66(1), 20–40.
  • Russell, D. W., Cutrona, C. E., McRae, C., & Gomez, M. (2012). Is loneliness the same as being alone? The Journal of Psychology, 146(1–2), 7–22.
  • Sagar, K. (2019). Smartphone addiction: Nomophobia. Asian Journal of Nursing Education and Research, 9(4), 583–587.
  • Sarıbay, B., & Durgun, G. (2020). Dokunmatik toplumların fobileri: Netlessfobi, nomofobi ve fomo kavramları üzerine bir içerik analizi çalışması. Yaşar Üniversitesi E-Dergisi, 15, 280–294.
  • Shankar, V., Singh, K., & Jangir, M. (2018). Nomofobia: Detection and analysis of smartphone addiction in Indian perspective. International Journal of Applied Engineering Research, 13(14), 11593-11599.
  • Sharma, M., Amandeep, Mathur, D. M., & Jeenger, J. (2019). Nomophobia and its relationship with depression, anxiety, and quality of life in adolescents. Industrial Psychiatry Journal, 28(2), 231–236.
  • Stack, S. (1998). Marriage, family and loneliness: A cross-national study. Sociological Perspectives, 41(2), 415–432.
  • Süzer, E., & Koç, M. (2022). An examination of phubbing and being phubbed behaviors among Turkish teachers. Journal of School and Educational Psychology, 2(1), 13–21.
  • Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2007). Using multivariate statistics. Pearson Boston, MA.
  • Tornstam, L. (1992). Loneliness in marriage. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 9(2), 197–217.
  • TUIK. (2019). Statistical of divorces in Turkey. https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/?locale=tr web
  • West, D. A., Kellner, R., & Moore-West, M. (1986). The effects of loneliness: A review of the literature. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 27(4), 351–363.
  • Yakut, E., Sarı, H., & Kuru, Ö. (2022). Akıllı telefon bağımlılığı ile yaşam doyumu ilişkisinde nomofobinin rolü: Yapısal eşitlik modeli uygulaması. Bingöl Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 6(1), 79-107.
  • Yanqing, Y. L., & Wenjie, W. F. (2019). How does nomophobia exert impact on life satisfaction?: Exploring the mediating effect of psychological wellbeing and academic performance. Wuhan International Conference on E-Business, 463–470.
  • Yildirim, C., & Correia, A. P. (2015). Exploring the dimensions of nomophobia: Development and validation of a self-reported questionnaire. Computers in Human Behavior, 49, 130–137.
  • Yildirim, C., Sumuer, E., Adnan, M., & Yildirim, S. (2016). A growing fear: Prevalence of nomophobia among Turkish college students. Information Development, 32(5), 1322–1331.
  • Yıldırım, N. (2004). Türkiye’de boşanma ve sebepleri. Bilig, 28, 59–81.
  • Yılmaz, M., Köse, A., & Doğru, Y. B. (2018). Akıllı telefondan yoksun kalmak: Nomofobi üzerine bir araştırma. AJIT-e: Bilişim Teknolojileri Online Dergisi, 9(35), 31–47.

The Impact of Nomophobia and Loneliness on Life Satisfaction in Married Couples

Yıl 2023, , 23 - 39, 30.01.2023
https://doi.org/10.17680/erciyesiletisim.1180829

Öz

The development of new technologies and virtual communication has led to substantial increase in usage of personal computers, tablets and smartphones. This has caused significant changes in both daily habits and behaviors of individuals. One of these changes is Nomophobia. Therefore, in this study, it is aimed to reveal the effects of nomophobia and loneliness experienced by married individuals in Türkiye on their life satisfaction and analyse the mediating role of loneliness between nomophobia and life satisfaction. Within the scope of the research, married individuals were reached by questionnaire method for collecting data regarding nomophobia, loneliness and life satisfaction. The population of the research consists of individuals from Türkiye, who got married between 2016 and 2020, and use both smart phones and social media. 1028 married individuals living in different provinces of Türkiye, determined using convenience sampling method, represent the sample of the research. According to the obtained results of the research, nomophobia and loneliness of married individuals affect their life satisfaction. Loneliness experienced by married individuals affects life satisfaction. In addition, the findings show that loneliness mediates nomophobia and life satisfaction.

Kaynakça

  • Adnan, M., & Gezgin, D. M. (2016). Modern çağın yeni fobisi: Üniversite öğrencileri arasında nomofobi prevalansı. Ankara Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi, 49(1), 141-158.
  • Anderson, J. C., & Gerbing, D. W. (1988). Structural equation modeling in practice: A review and recommended two-step approach. Psychological Bulletin, 103(3), 411-423.
  • Bakan, İ., & Güler, B. (2017). Duygusal zekânın, yaşam doyumu ve akademik başarıya etkileri ve demografik özellikler bağlamında algı farklılıkları. Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey Üniversitesi Sosyal ve Ekonomik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 19(33), 1–11.
  • Barreto, M., Victor, C., Hammond, C., Eccles, A., Richins, M. T., & Qualter, P. (2021). Loneliness around the world: Age, gender, and cultural differences in loneliness. Personality and Individual Differences, 169(1), 1-6.
  • Batu, M., Şentürk, Z. A., & Tos, O. (2020). Health communication on social media: An analysis on the Twitter use of the ministry of health in terms of public relations models. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi Elektronik Dergisi, 8(2), 805–828.
  • Billieux, J. (2012). Problematic use of the mobile phone: A literature review and a pathways model. Current Psychiatry Reviews, 8(4), 299–307.
  • Büyükalim, M. (2020). Üniversite öğrencilerinde genel aidiyet, nomofobi ve yaşam doyumu arasındaki yordayıcı ilişkiler [PhD Thesis]. Necmettin Erbakan University (Türkiye).
  • Cenkseven, F., & Akbaş, T. (2007). Üniversite öğrencilerinde öznel ve psikolojik iyi olmanın yordayıcılarının incelenmesi. Turkish Psychological Counseling and Guidance Journal, 3(27), 43–65.
  • Chotpitayasunondh, V., & Douglas, K. M. (2016). How “phubbing” becomes the norm: The antecedents and consequences of snubbing via smartphone. Computers in Human Behavior, 63(1), 9–18.
  • Coşkun, T. K., & Kaya, Ö. (2020). The distribution of variables that affect nomophobia in adults’ profiles. International Journal of Research in Education and Science, 6(4), 534–550.
  • Cruice, M., Worrall, L., Hickson, L., & Murison, R. (2003). Finding a focus for quality of life with aphasia: Social and emotional health, and psychological well-being. Aphasiology, 17(4), 333–353.
  • Demir, A. (1989). UCLA yalnızlık ölçeğinin geçerlik ve güvenirliği. Psikoloji Dergisi, 7(23), 14-18.
  • Diener, E. D., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., & Griffin, S. (1985). The satisfaction with life scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49(1), 71–75.
  • Diener, E., & Lucas, R. E. (1999). Subjective weil-being: Three decades of progress. Psychological Bulletin, 125(2), 276–302.
  • Dixit, S., Shukla, H., Bhagwat, A. K., Bindal, A., Goyal, A., Zaidi, A. K., & Shrivastava, A. (2010). A study to evaluate mobile phone dependence among students of a medical college and associated hospital of central India. Indian Journal of Community Medicine: Official Publication of Indian Association of Preventive & Social Medicine, 35(2), 339-341.
  • Dost, M. T. (2007). Üniversite öğrencilerinin yaşam doyumunun bazı değişkenlere göre incelenmesi. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 22(22), 132–143.
  • Durak, H. Y. (2018). What would you do without your smartphone? Adolescents’ social media usage, locus of control, and loneliness as a predictor of nomophobia. Addicta: The Turkish Journal on Addictions, 5(2), 1-15.
  • Durak, H. Y. (2019). Investigation of nomophobia and smartphone addiction predictors among adolescents in Turkey: Demographic variables and academic performance. The Social Science Journal, 56(4), 492–517.
  • Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39–50.
  • Gezgin, D. M., Hamutoglu, N. B., Gultekin, G. S., & Ayas, T. (2018). The relationship between nomophobia and loneliness among Turkish adolescents. International Journal of Research in Education and Science, 4(2), 358-374.
  • Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., Anderson, R. E., & Tatham, R. L. (2014). Multivariate data analysis. Pearson.
  • Halat, M. I., & Hovardaoğlu, S. (2010). The relations between the attachment styles, causality and responsibility attributions and loneliness of the married couples in the context of the investment model. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 5, 2332–2337.
  • Han, S., Kim, K. J., & Kim, J. H. (2017). Understanding nomophobia: Structural equation modeling and semantic network analysis of smartphone separation anxiety. Cyberpsychology, Behavior and Social Networking, 20(7), 419–427.
  • Kara, M., Baytemir, K., & Inceman-Kara, F. (2021). Duration of daily smartphone usage as an antecedent of nomophobia: Exploring multiple mediation of loneliness and anxiety. Behaviour & Information Technology, 40(1), 85–98.
  • Kermen, U., Tosun, N. İ., & Doğan, U. (2016). Yaşam doyumu ve psikolojik iyi oluşun yordayıcısı olarak sosyal kaygı. Eğitim Kuram ve Uygulama Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2(1), 20–29.
  • King, A. L. S., Valença, A. M., Silva, A. C., Sancassiani, F., Machado, S., & Nardi, A. E. (2014). “Nomophobia”: Impact of cell phone use interfering with symptoms and emotions of individuals with panic disorder compared with a control group. Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health: 10(1), 28-35.
  • Kocabaş, D., & Koruyucu, K. S. (2018). Dijital çağın hastalığı nomofobi üzerine bir araştırma. Avrasya Sosyal ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi, 5(11), 254–268.
  • Köker, S. (1991). Comparing the level of the life satisfaction of the normal adolescents and adolescents with problems [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Ankara University.
  • Lepp, A., Barkley, J. E., & Karpinski, A. C. (2014). The relationship between cell phone use, academic performance, anxiety, and satisfaction with life in college students. Computers in Human Behavior, 31, 343–350.
  • McDaniel, C. D., & Gates, R. H. (2016). Marketing research essentials. John Wiley.
  • Polat, R. (2017). Dijital hastalik olarak nomofobi. Yeni Medya Elektronik Dergisi, 1(2), 164–172.
  • Poushter, J. (2016). Smartphone ownership and internet usage continues to climb in emerging economies. Pew Research Center, 22(1), 1–44.
  • Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2004). SPSS and SAS procedures for estimating indirect effects in simple mediation models. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 36(4), 717–731.
  • Rokach, A. (2000). Perceived causes of loneliness in adulthood. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 15(1), 67-84.
  • Russell, D. W. (1996). UCLA Loneliness Scale (Version 3): Reliability, validity, and factor structure. Journal of Personality Assessment, 66(1), 20–40.
  • Russell, D. W., Cutrona, C. E., McRae, C., & Gomez, M. (2012). Is loneliness the same as being alone? The Journal of Psychology, 146(1–2), 7–22.
  • Sagar, K. (2019). Smartphone addiction: Nomophobia. Asian Journal of Nursing Education and Research, 9(4), 583–587.
  • Sarıbay, B., & Durgun, G. (2020). Dokunmatik toplumların fobileri: Netlessfobi, nomofobi ve fomo kavramları üzerine bir içerik analizi çalışması. Yaşar Üniversitesi E-Dergisi, 15, 280–294.
  • Shankar, V., Singh, K., & Jangir, M. (2018). Nomofobia: Detection and analysis of smartphone addiction in Indian perspective. International Journal of Applied Engineering Research, 13(14), 11593-11599.
  • Sharma, M., Amandeep, Mathur, D. M., & Jeenger, J. (2019). Nomophobia and its relationship with depression, anxiety, and quality of life in adolescents. Industrial Psychiatry Journal, 28(2), 231–236.
  • Stack, S. (1998). Marriage, family and loneliness: A cross-national study. Sociological Perspectives, 41(2), 415–432.
  • Süzer, E., & Koç, M. (2022). An examination of phubbing and being phubbed behaviors among Turkish teachers. Journal of School and Educational Psychology, 2(1), 13–21.
  • Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2007). Using multivariate statistics. Pearson Boston, MA.
  • Tornstam, L. (1992). Loneliness in marriage. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 9(2), 197–217.
  • TUIK. (2019). Statistical of divorces in Turkey. https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/?locale=tr web
  • West, D. A., Kellner, R., & Moore-West, M. (1986). The effects of loneliness: A review of the literature. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 27(4), 351–363.
  • Yakut, E., Sarı, H., & Kuru, Ö. (2022). Akıllı telefon bağımlılığı ile yaşam doyumu ilişkisinde nomofobinin rolü: Yapısal eşitlik modeli uygulaması. Bingöl Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 6(1), 79-107.
  • Yanqing, Y. L., & Wenjie, W. F. (2019). How does nomophobia exert impact on life satisfaction?: Exploring the mediating effect of psychological wellbeing and academic performance. Wuhan International Conference on E-Business, 463–470.
  • Yildirim, C., & Correia, A. P. (2015). Exploring the dimensions of nomophobia: Development and validation of a self-reported questionnaire. Computers in Human Behavior, 49, 130–137.
  • Yildirim, C., Sumuer, E., Adnan, M., & Yildirim, S. (2016). A growing fear: Prevalence of nomophobia among Turkish college students. Information Development, 32(5), 1322–1331.
  • Yıldırım, N. (2004). Türkiye’de boşanma ve sebepleri. Bilig, 28, 59–81.
  • Yılmaz, M., Köse, A., & Doğru, Y. B. (2018). Akıllı telefondan yoksun kalmak: Nomofobi üzerine bir araştırma. AJIT-e: Bilişim Teknolojileri Online Dergisi, 9(35), 31–47.
Toplam 52 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular İletişim ve Medya Çalışmaları
Bölüm Yabancı Dillerdeki Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Melda Aslan 0000-0003-2591-8638

Sefer Kalaman 0000-0002-2761-1229

Feride Özdemir 0000-0003-4682-8818

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Ocak 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 27 Eylül 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023

Kaynak Göster

APA Aslan, M., Kalaman, S., & Özdemir, F. (2023). The Impact of Nomophobia and Loneliness on Life Satisfaction in Married Couples. Erciyes İletişim Dergisi, 10(1), 23-39. https://doi.org/10.17680/erciyesiletisim.1180829