Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

Yeni Medya Gelir Kaynakları ve Türkiye’de Dijital Medya: İş Modelleri, Sorunlar ve Öneriler

Yıl 2019, , 555 - 572, 21.01.2019
https://doi.org/10.17680/erciyesiletisim.459829

Öz

Türkiye’de basın gerek ekonomik gerekse siyasi nedenlerle bir süredir sorunlarla
karşı karşıya bulunmaktadır. Bunun yanı sıra internet çağının getirdiği satış ve
reklam gelirlerindeki düşüş, gazetecilerin yeni mecralara yönelmesine yol açmıştır.
Ticarî medya kuruluşlarında işlerini kaybeden birçok gazeteci, dijital ortamın
mümkün kıldığı yeni üretim alanına yönelmiş ve böylece farklı medya kuruluşları
faaliyete geçmiştir. Amaç kamusal yarar özellikleri gösteren içeriğin üretimi, dağıtımı
ve tüketimi içinyeni modeller bulmaktır. Kitlesel fonlama da kâr amacı gütmeyen
medyanın finansmanı bir için uygun seçenektir. Gelir yaratmanın yanı sıra gazeteciliğin
giderlerinin azaltılması da uygulanan modeller arasında bulunmaktadır. İçerik,
küçük bir editörlük kadrosu, web tasarımcısı ve vatandaş gazeteciler yoluyla internet
üzerinden dağıtılabilir. Devlet desteği hükümetin tercihleri yönünde kullanıldığından
hükümeti eleştiren basın sıklıkla cezalandırılmaktadır. Basın İlan Kurumu tarafından
gazetelere dağıtılan resmi ilanların yanı sıra devletin kurumlarına ait reklamlardan
pay alamamak bu cezaların başında gelmektedir. Bu bağlamda, diğer ülkelerde ana
akımın dışında medyaya uygulanan devlet desteği, Türkiye’de zor görünmektedir.
Dijital medyaya, ulusal ve uluslararası vakıflar ve hükümet dışı örgütler ve diğer bazı
kuruluşlar tarafından yapılan bağışlar da bulunmaktadır. Bu nedenle, bu çalışmanın
amacı T24, Bianet, P24, Diken ve Medyascope gibi dijital gazete ve haber sitelerinin
gelir kaynaklarını ve gelişmelerini incelemektir. Bu amaçla, bu kuruluşların mülkiyet
yapıları, gelir kaynakları ve uyguladıkları iş modelleri ele alınacaktır.

Kaynakça

  • Banner, S. (2013). Commodification and the Media. Yale Journal of Law & the Humanities.
  • Baron, M. (2014, April 7). Nine reasons to be optimistic about journalism. Accessed: October 28, 2017. https://www.washingtonpost.com/pr/wp/2014/04/07/ marty-baron-nine-reasons-to-be-optimistic-about-journalism/?utm_ term=.61174d74b1ce
  • Başaran, F. (2010). Yeni İletişim Teknolojileri, Alternatif İletişim Olanakları. Mülkiye Dergisi, 255-270.
  • Bianet, & Reporters Without Borders. (2016). Media Ownership Monitor Türkiye. Accessed: November 15, 2017. http://turkey.mom-rsf.org/tr/
  • Bulut, S., & Karlidag, S. (2015). Dijital Gazetelerin Ekonomi Politiği. Erciyes İletişim, akademia.
  • Caroll, M. (2017, June 21). How Newsrooms Large and Small are Learning to Grow New Revenue Streams. Storybench.
  • Çoban, B., & Ataman, B. (Dü). (2015). Direniş Çağında Türkiye’de Alternatif Medya. İstanbul: Kafka Yayınevi.
  • Froelich, P. (2013, September 9). Digiday UK. Accessed:November 8, 2017. https:// digiday.com/media/conferences-and-media/
  • Funnell, A. (2016). Losing money and losing trust: The crisis of modern journalism. Accessed: November 8, 2017 http://www.abc. net.au/radionational/ programs/ futuretense/losing-money-and-losing-trust-the-crisis-ofmodern-journalism/ 7679066.
  • Gackaite, A.(2018). Pay models for Online News. Accessed: November 19,2018. https://medium.com/journalism-trends-technologies/pay-models-foronline-news-8ea87d46a3c7
  • H, D. B. (2016). Business Model Innovations in the Digital Publishing Industry. Global Media Journal.
  • Havens, M. S. (2017). Advertising to Pair With Quality Contsullent. (NiemanLab: Predictions for Journalism). Accessed:March 11, 2018 http://www. niemanlab.org/ 2016/12/quality-advertising-to-pair-with-quality-content/
  • ICFJ. (2017). The State of Technology in Global Newsrooms. Accessed : March 08, 2018.file:///C:/Pro/Alternatif%20medya/Rapor/ICFJTechSurveyFINAL.pdf.
  • Işıklı, Z. (2017, September 2). Gezi Direnişi’nde Dijital Ayakizi. Gaia Dergi:Accessed: November 24, 2017.https://gaiadergi.com/gezi-direnisinde-dijital-ayak-izi/
  • Johnson, M. W., Christensen, C. M., & Kagermann, H. (2008). Reinventing your businessmodel. Harvard Business Review, 12, 51–59.
  • Karlidag, S., & Bulut, S. (2017). Türkiye’de Alternatif Medya: Haberin Ekonomi Politiği. XIV. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences . Odessa.
  • Koller, B. D. (2017). Reinvention of Publishers’ Revenue Model—Expectations of Advertisers. Media and Communication, s. 77-86.
  • Kumar, V. (2014). Harvard Business School Executive Education. Accessed: March 11 2017 https://hbr.org/2014/05/making-freemium-work
  • Lloyd, J. (2010). The Press We Destroy. D. A. Nielsen içinde, The Changing Journalism and It’s implications for Democracy (s. 81-94). Oxford: Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism,.
  • Marino, V. (2014, February 8). State of the media and possible business models. Journalism festival. Accessed: September 12, 2017. : http://www. journalismfestival. com / news/state-of-the-media-and-possible-businessmodels/
  • Monetize your content with bitcoin micropayments. (2013, August 26). November 12, 2017 from http://www.howtoacceptbitcoin.com/
  • Nehanarendra. (2017). Accessed :February 21, 2018 http://valuebound.com: http:// valuebound. com/resources/blog/4-things-publishers-shouldconsider-during-digital-transformation
  • Nielsen, R. K., & Levy, D. A. (2010). The Changing Business of Journalism and its Implications for Democracy. D. A. Levy, & R. K. Nielsen (ed), The Changing Business of Journalism and its Implications for Democracy. University of Oxford.
  • Noam, E. (2001). Two Cheers for the Commodification of Information.Accessed: November 13, 2017 http://www.citi .columbia.edu/elinoam/ articles/ Commodification.htm.
  • Özdemir, M. (2016). Bilgi Çağında Ana Akım Medyaya Karşı Ortaya Çıkan Alternatif Medyanın Rolü ve Yurttaş GAzeteciliği. İnönü Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi Elektronik Dergisi, 247-259.
  • Perelman, M. (2002). Steal This Idea. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Picard, R. (2010). News organizations will rely upon a greater variety of revenue streams… and their proportions will vary. Accessed: December 08, 2017 http:// ccjig.blogspot.com.tr/2010/08/news-organizations-will-rely-upon. html.
  • Picard, R. G. (2009, May 6). Why Journalists Deserve Low Pay. Accessed: November16, 2017. http://www.robertpicard.net/PDFFiles/ whyjournalistsdeservelowpay.pdf
  • Picard, R. G. (2011, July). Digitization and Media Business Models. Open Society Foundations: Accessed: November 16, 2017.file:///C:/Pro/ Alternatif%20 medya/ Picard/ Digitization%20and%20Media%20Business%20Modelsfinal.pdf
  • Premium vs Freemium vs Subscription. (2013, September 13). Accessed: November 05, 2017 http://latticelabs.com/blog/2013/09/premium-freemiumsubscription/
  • Radcliffe, D. (2015, July 08). Crowdfunding Journalism. Accessed: November 12, 2017 https://www.themediabriefing. com/article/how-can-crowdfundingsupport-media-business-models
  • Sullivan, M. (2017, April 5). E Bay Founder Pierre Omidyar Pledges 100m To Fight “Fake News” and Hate Speech. Accessed: November 12, 2017 http://www. independent. co.uk/news/business/news/ebay-founder-pierre-omidyarpledges-100m-to-fight-fake-news-and-hate-speech-a7668721.html
  • Viner, K. (2013, October 9). The rise of the reader:journalism in the age of the open web. Accessed: December 08, 2017. https://www.theguardian.com/ commentisfree/ 2013/ oct/09/ the-rise-of-the-reader-katharine-viner-ansmith-lecture.
  • Washington Post. (2006, June 29). the commodification of news / the washingtonpost. com turns 10. Accessed: December 17, 2017. http://futureofthebook.org/ blog/ 2006/ 06/ 29/ the_commodification_of_news_th/.
  • Wunsch-Vincent, S. (2010). Online News: Recent Developments, New. D. A. Nielsen içinde, The Changing Business of Journalism and it’s implications for democracy (s. 25-37). Oxford: Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism.

New Media Income Sources and Digital Media in Turkey: Business Models, Issues and Suggestions

Yıl 2019, , 555 - 572, 21.01.2019
https://doi.org/10.17680/erciyesiletisim.459829

Öz

In Turkey, the commercial press is faced with problems both economically and
politically. Besides, the decline in sales and advertising revenues due to the influence
of internet has led journalists to turn to the new fields. Many journalists lost their job in
the commercial media organizations, have turned to the new field of production that
digital media makes possible, consequently new different media organizations have
started to operate. The goal is to find new models for production, distribution and
consumption of content that show public good characteristics. Crowdfunding is also a
viable option for financing non-profit media. In addition to creating income, reducing
the expenses of journalism is also among the applied models. A small editorial staff,
web designer and citizen journalists can distribute the content over the internet.
Since the public support has been used in favor of governmental preferences, the
press has often been punished for criticizing the government. Not being able to get a
share of the advertisements distributed by the Press Advertisement Agency as well
as the official advertisements of the state institutions are some of the main fines.
In this context, state support, which is applied for the outside of the main stream
media in other countries, seems difficult in Turkey. There are also donations made
by national and international foundations and non-governmental organizations and
some other resources. Therefore, the aim of this study is to examine the sources and
expansions of digital newspapers and news sites such as T24, Bianet, P24, Diken,
and Medyascope. For this purpose, the ownership structures and income sources of
these organizations and the business models they apply will be discussed.

Kaynakça

  • Banner, S. (2013). Commodification and the Media. Yale Journal of Law & the Humanities.
  • Baron, M. (2014, April 7). Nine reasons to be optimistic about journalism. Accessed: October 28, 2017. https://www.washingtonpost.com/pr/wp/2014/04/07/ marty-baron-nine-reasons-to-be-optimistic-about-journalism/?utm_ term=.61174d74b1ce
  • Başaran, F. (2010). Yeni İletişim Teknolojileri, Alternatif İletişim Olanakları. Mülkiye Dergisi, 255-270.
  • Bianet, & Reporters Without Borders. (2016). Media Ownership Monitor Türkiye. Accessed: November 15, 2017. http://turkey.mom-rsf.org/tr/
  • Bulut, S., & Karlidag, S. (2015). Dijital Gazetelerin Ekonomi Politiği. Erciyes İletişim, akademia.
  • Caroll, M. (2017, June 21). How Newsrooms Large and Small are Learning to Grow New Revenue Streams. Storybench.
  • Çoban, B., & Ataman, B. (Dü). (2015). Direniş Çağında Türkiye’de Alternatif Medya. İstanbul: Kafka Yayınevi.
  • Froelich, P. (2013, September 9). Digiday UK. Accessed:November 8, 2017. https:// digiday.com/media/conferences-and-media/
  • Funnell, A. (2016). Losing money and losing trust: The crisis of modern journalism. Accessed: November 8, 2017 http://www.abc. net.au/radionational/ programs/ futuretense/losing-money-and-losing-trust-the-crisis-ofmodern-journalism/ 7679066.
  • Gackaite, A.(2018). Pay models for Online News. Accessed: November 19,2018. https://medium.com/journalism-trends-technologies/pay-models-foronline-news-8ea87d46a3c7
  • H, D. B. (2016). Business Model Innovations in the Digital Publishing Industry. Global Media Journal.
  • Havens, M. S. (2017). Advertising to Pair With Quality Contsullent. (NiemanLab: Predictions for Journalism). Accessed:March 11, 2018 http://www. niemanlab.org/ 2016/12/quality-advertising-to-pair-with-quality-content/
  • ICFJ. (2017). The State of Technology in Global Newsrooms. Accessed : March 08, 2018.file:///C:/Pro/Alternatif%20medya/Rapor/ICFJTechSurveyFINAL.pdf.
  • Işıklı, Z. (2017, September 2). Gezi Direnişi’nde Dijital Ayakizi. Gaia Dergi:Accessed: November 24, 2017.https://gaiadergi.com/gezi-direnisinde-dijital-ayak-izi/
  • Johnson, M. W., Christensen, C. M., & Kagermann, H. (2008). Reinventing your businessmodel. Harvard Business Review, 12, 51–59.
  • Karlidag, S., & Bulut, S. (2017). Türkiye’de Alternatif Medya: Haberin Ekonomi Politiği. XIV. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences . Odessa.
  • Koller, B. D. (2017). Reinvention of Publishers’ Revenue Model—Expectations of Advertisers. Media and Communication, s. 77-86.
  • Kumar, V. (2014). Harvard Business School Executive Education. Accessed: March 11 2017 https://hbr.org/2014/05/making-freemium-work
  • Lloyd, J. (2010). The Press We Destroy. D. A. Nielsen içinde, The Changing Journalism and It’s implications for Democracy (s. 81-94). Oxford: Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism,.
  • Marino, V. (2014, February 8). State of the media and possible business models. Journalism festival. Accessed: September 12, 2017. : http://www. journalismfestival. com / news/state-of-the-media-and-possible-businessmodels/
  • Monetize your content with bitcoin micropayments. (2013, August 26). November 12, 2017 from http://www.howtoacceptbitcoin.com/
  • Nehanarendra. (2017). Accessed :February 21, 2018 http://valuebound.com: http:// valuebound. com/resources/blog/4-things-publishers-shouldconsider-during-digital-transformation
  • Nielsen, R. K., & Levy, D. A. (2010). The Changing Business of Journalism and its Implications for Democracy. D. A. Levy, & R. K. Nielsen (ed), The Changing Business of Journalism and its Implications for Democracy. University of Oxford.
  • Noam, E. (2001). Two Cheers for the Commodification of Information.Accessed: November 13, 2017 http://www.citi .columbia.edu/elinoam/ articles/ Commodification.htm.
  • Özdemir, M. (2016). Bilgi Çağında Ana Akım Medyaya Karşı Ortaya Çıkan Alternatif Medyanın Rolü ve Yurttaş GAzeteciliği. İnönü Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi Elektronik Dergisi, 247-259.
  • Perelman, M. (2002). Steal This Idea. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Picard, R. (2010). News organizations will rely upon a greater variety of revenue streams… and their proportions will vary. Accessed: December 08, 2017 http:// ccjig.blogspot.com.tr/2010/08/news-organizations-will-rely-upon. html.
  • Picard, R. G. (2009, May 6). Why Journalists Deserve Low Pay. Accessed: November16, 2017. http://www.robertpicard.net/PDFFiles/ whyjournalistsdeservelowpay.pdf
  • Picard, R. G. (2011, July). Digitization and Media Business Models. Open Society Foundations: Accessed: November 16, 2017.file:///C:/Pro/ Alternatif%20 medya/ Picard/ Digitization%20and%20Media%20Business%20Modelsfinal.pdf
  • Premium vs Freemium vs Subscription. (2013, September 13). Accessed: November 05, 2017 http://latticelabs.com/blog/2013/09/premium-freemiumsubscription/
  • Radcliffe, D. (2015, July 08). Crowdfunding Journalism. Accessed: November 12, 2017 https://www.themediabriefing. com/article/how-can-crowdfundingsupport-media-business-models
  • Sullivan, M. (2017, April 5). E Bay Founder Pierre Omidyar Pledges 100m To Fight “Fake News” and Hate Speech. Accessed: November 12, 2017 http://www. independent. co.uk/news/business/news/ebay-founder-pierre-omidyarpledges-100m-to-fight-fake-news-and-hate-speech-a7668721.html
  • Viner, K. (2013, October 9). The rise of the reader:journalism in the age of the open web. Accessed: December 08, 2017. https://www.theguardian.com/ commentisfree/ 2013/ oct/09/ the-rise-of-the-reader-katharine-viner-ansmith-lecture.
  • Washington Post. (2006, June 29). the commodification of news / the washingtonpost. com turns 10. Accessed: December 17, 2017. http://futureofthebook.org/ blog/ 2006/ 06/ 29/ the_commodification_of_news_th/.
  • Wunsch-Vincent, S. (2010). Online News: Recent Developments, New. D. A. Nielsen içinde, The Changing Business of Journalism and it’s implications for democracy (s. 25-37). Oxford: Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism.
Toplam 35 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Türkçe Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Selda Bulut 0000-0003-1615-6897

Serpil Karlıdağ 0000-0002-6999-0570

Yayımlanma Tarihi 21 Ocak 2019
Gönderilme Tarihi 13 Eylül 2018
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2019

Kaynak Göster

APA Bulut, S., & Karlıdağ, S. (2019). New Media Income Sources and Digital Media in Turkey: Business Models, Issues and Suggestions. Erciyes İletişim Dergisi, 6(1), 555-572. https://doi.org/10.17680/erciyesiletisim.459829