BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

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Yıl 2014, , 26 - 40, 12.07.2014
https://doi.org/10.17680/akademia.v3i4.5000013958

Öz

Today, infants begin to watch videos at about 3 to 9 months of age and become regular viewers of infant-directed programming over the first year of life. They are considered to be the target audiences of many infant-directed programming, videos and even television channels. This review aims to provide answers to the questions of (1) what infants and toddlers undrestand of what they see on the screens and which factors play role on such understanding, (2) what are the effects of being exposed to screen media and (3) if moving images can be educational for them by reviewing the literature on the topic. Best evidence synthesis literature review is used to identify studies published from January 1997 (first infant-directed videos were broadcasted) to January 2014.

Kaynakça

  • Aksaçlıoğlu, A. G. ve Yılmaz, B. (2007). Öğrencilerin televizyon izlemeleri ve bilgisayar kullanmalarının okuma alışkanlıkları üzerine etkisi. Türk Kütüphaneciliği, 21(1), 3-28. Aral, N., Ceylan, R., ve Bıçakçı, M. Y. 2011). Çocukların Televizyon Seyretme Alışkanlıklarının Yaş Ve Cinsiyete Göre İncelenmesi. Kastamonu Eğitim Dergisi 19 (2), 489-498
  • Akyüz, G. (2013). Öğrencilerin Okul Dışı Etkinliklere Ayırdıkları Süreler Ve Matematik Başarısı Arasındaki İlişkinin İncelenmesi. Electronic Journal Of Social Sciences, 12(46).
  • Anand, S., ve Krosnick, J. A. (2005). Demographic predictors of media use among infants, toddlers, and preschoolers. American Behavioral Scientist, 48, 539–561.
  • Anderson, D. R., Lorch, E. P., Field, D. E. ve Sanders, J. (1981). The effects of TV program comprehensibility on preschool children’s visual attention to television. Child Development, 151-157.
  • Anderson, D. R., ve Lorch, E. P. (1983). Looking at television: Action or reaction. Children’s Understanding of Television: Research on Attention and Comprehension, 1-33.
  • Anderson, D. R., Bryant, J., Wilder, A., Santomero, A., Williams, M. ve Crawley, A. M. (2000). Researching Blue’s Clues: Viewing behavior and impact. Media Psychology, 2(2), 179-19
  • Anderson, D. R., Huston, A. C., Schmitt, K. L., Linebarger, D. L. ve Wright, J. C. (2001). Early childhood television viewing and adolescent behavior: The recontact study. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 66(1), vii-147.
  • Anderson, D. R., Huston, A. C., Schmitt, K. L., Linebarger, D. L., ve Wright, J. C. (2003). Early childhood television viewing and adolescent behavior: The recontact study. Monographs for the Society for Research in Child Development, 66(1)
  • Anderson, D. R. ve Pempek, T. A. (2005). Television and very young children. American Behavioral Scientist, 48(5), 505–522.
  • Anderson, D. R. ve Hanson, K. G. (2010). From blooming, buzzing confusion to media literacy: The early development of television viewing. Developmental Review, 30(2), 239-255. American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Public Education (2001). Children, adolescents, and television. Pediatrics, 107(2):423–426. [PubMed: 11158483]
  • Baldwin, D. A., Baird, J. A., Saylor, M. M., & Clark, M. A. (2001). Infants parse dynamic action. Child development, 72(3), 708-717.
  • Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological review, 84(2), 191.
  • Barr, R., Muentener, P., Garcia, A., Fujimoto, M. ve Chávez, V. (2007). The effect of repetition on imitation from television during infancy. Developmental Psychobiology, 49(2), 196-20
  • Barr, R., Zack, E., Garcia, A., ve Muentener, P. (2008). Infants’ attention and responsiveness to television increases with prior exposure and parental interaction. Infancy, 13(1), 305
  • Barr, R. ve Hayne, H. (1999). Developmental changes in imitation from television during infancy. Child Development, 70(5), 1067–1081.
  • Bauer, P. J. (2007). Remembering the times of our lives: Memory in infancy and beyond. Hove, UK: The Psychology Press.
  • Beentjes, J. W., de Koning, E., ve Huysmans, F. (2001). Children’s comprehension of visual formal features in television programs. Journal of applied developmental psychology, 22(6), 623-638.
  • Benedict, H. (1979). Early lexical development: Comprehension and production. Journal of Child Language, 6, 183–200.
  • Bigelow, A. E. ve Birch, S. A. J. (2000). The effects of contingency in previous interactions on infants’ preference for social partners. Infant Behavior and Development, 22(3), 367–382.
  • Brito, N., Barr, R., McIntyre, P. ve Simcock, G. (2012). Long-term transfer of learning from books and video during toddlerhood. Journal of experimental child psychology, 111(1), 108-1
  • Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). The Ecology of Human Development: Experiments by nature and design. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
  • Bronson, P., Merryman, A. (2006). Baby Einstein vs. Barbie [Electronic Version]. Time. Retrieved February 21, 2008.
  • Certain, L. K., ve Kahn, R. S. (2002). Prevalence, correlates, and trajectory of television viewing among infants and toddlers. Pediatrics, 109, 634–642.
  • Ceylan, R,Bıçakçı ve Y. M., Aral, N.(2012). Çocukların benlik kavramlarında televizyon seyretme süresi ve seyredilen programların etkisinin incelenmesi, Uludağ Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 25(1):25-33
  • Christakis, D. A., Zimmerman, F. J., DiGiuseppe, D. L., ve McCarthy, C. A. (2004). Early television exposure and subsequent attentional problems in children. Pediatrics, 113, 708–713.
  • Courage, M. L., ve Howe, M. L. (2004). Advances in early memory development research: Insights about the dark side of the moon. Developmental Review, 24, 6–32.
  • Courage, M. L., ve Howe, M. L. (2010). To watch or not to watch: Infants and toddlers in a brave new electronic world. Developmental Review, 30(2), 101-115.
  • DeLoache, J. S., Chiong, C., Sherman, K., Islam, N., Vanderborght, M., Troseth, G. L. ve diğerleri (2010). Do babies learn from baby media?. Psychological Science, 21(11), 1570-1574.
  • Dennison, B. A., Erb, T. A., ve Jenkins, P. L. (2002). Television viewing and television in bedroom associated with overweight risk among low-income preschool children. Pediatrics, 109, 1028–1035.
  • Doğan, A., ve Göker, G. (2012) Tematik Televizyon Ve Çocuk: İlköğretim Öğrencilerinin Televizyon İzleme Alışkanlıkları. Eğitim ve Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 41(2) 5-31
  • Dorland, W. (2007). Dorland’s Medical Dictionary for Health Consumers. Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier.
  • Düşyeri Çizgi Film ve Canlandırma Stüdyosu. (t.y.). 16.04.2014, http://www.dusyeri.com.tr/ index.php?p=pepee
  • Evans, M. K., ve Anderson, D. R. (2007). The impact of television on cognitive development and educational achievement. In J. Murray, N. Pecora, ve E. Wartella (Eds.), Fifty Years of Children’s Television (pp. 65–84). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
  • Ferguson, C. J. (2011). The influence of television and video game use on attention and school problems: A multivariate analysis with other risk factors controlled. Journal of psychiatric research, 45(6), 808-813.
  • Foster, E. M., ve Watkins, S. (2010). The value of reanalysis: Television viewing and attention problems. Child Development, 81,368–375.
  • Garrison, M.M. ve Christakis, D.A. (2005). A Teacher in the Living Room? Educational Media For Babies, Toddlers and Preschoolers. Menlo Park, CA: Kaiser Family Foundation. Geist, E. A., ve Gibson, M. (2000). The effect of network and public television programs on 4- and 5-year-olds ability to attend to educational tasks. Journal of Instructional Psychology, 27, 250–261.
  • Goldfield, B.A., ve Reznick, J.S. (1990). Early lexical acquisition: Rate, content, and the vocabulary spurt. Journal of Child Language, 17, 171–184.
  • Hains, S. M. J. ve Muir, D. W. (1996). Effects of stimulus contingency in infant–adult interactions. Infant Behavior and Development, 19(1), 49–61.
  • Hasson, U., Landesman, O., Knappmeyer, B., Vallines, I., Rubin, N., ve Heeger, D. J. (2008). Neurocinematics: The neuroscience of film. Projections, 2(1), 1-26.
  • Healey, J. M. (1990). Endangered Minds: Why children don’t think – and what we can do about it. New York, NY: Simon ve Schuster.
  • Huston, A. C. ve Wright, J. C. (1983). Children’s processing of television: The informative functions of formal features. In J. Bryant ve D. R. Anderson (Eds.), Children’s Understanding of Television: Research on Attention and Comprehension (pp. 35–68). New York: Academic Press.
  • Huston, A. C., Wright, J. C., Rice, M. L., Kerkman, D., ve St. Peters, M. (1990). Development of television viewing patterns in early childhood: A longitudinal investigation. Developmental Psychology, 26, 409–420.
  • Kırbaş, S. I. (2012). Comprehension Differences Between Art And Commercial Movie Watchers: An Empirical Study On Differences In The Interpretation of The Movie Hidden By Michael Haneke. İstanbul Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi Hakemli Dergisi, (42).
  • Kirkorian, H. L., Anderson, D. R., ve Keen, R. (2012). Age differences in online processing of video: An eye movement study. Child Development, 83(2), 497-507.
  • Krcmar, M., Grela, B. ve Lin, K. (2007). Can toddlers learn vocabulary from television? An experimental approach. Media Psychology, 10(1), 41-63.
  • Kuhl, P. K., Tsao, F. M., ve Liu, H. M. (2003). Language experience in infancy: Effects of shortterm exposure and social interaction on phonetic learning. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 100, 9096–9101.
  • Kumanyika, S. K. ve Grier, S. (2006). Targeting interventions for ethnic minority and lowincome populations. The Future of Children, 16(1), 187-207.
  • Landhuis, C. E., Poulton, R., Welch, D., ve Hancox, R. J. (2008). Programming obesity and poor fitness: The long term impact of childhood television. Obesity, 16, 1457.
  • Linebarger, D. L. ve Vaala, S. E. (this issue). Screen media and language development in infants and toddlers: An ecological perspective. Developmental Review, 30, 176–202. Lowe, P. J. ve Durkin, K. (1999). The effects of flashback on children’s understanding of television crime content. Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media, 43, 83–97.
  • Mistry, K. B., Minkovitz, C. S., Strobino, D. M., ve Borzekowski, D. (2007). Children’s television exposure and behavioral and social outcomes at 5.5 years: Does timing of exposure matter? Pediatrics, 120, 762–769.
  • Muir, D., Hains, S. M. J., Cao, Y. ve D’Entremont, B. (1996). Three-to six-month olds’ sensitivity to adult intentionality: The role of adult contingency and eye direction in dyadic interactions. Infant Behavior and Development, 19, 200.
  • Munk, C., Rey, G. D., Diergarten, A. K., Nieding, G., Schneider, W. ve Ohler, P. (2012). Cognitive processing of film cuts among 4-to 8-year-old children: An eye tracker experiment. European Psychologist, 17(4), 257.
  • Obel, C., Henriksen, T. B., Dalsgaard, S., Linnet, K. M., Skajaa, E., Thomsen, P. H., et al (2004). Does children’s watching of television cause attention problems? Retesting the hypothesis in a Danish cohort. Pediatrics, 114, 1372–1373.
  • Öztürk, C., Karayağız, G. (2007). Okul Öncesi Dönemdeki Çocukların Televizyon İzleme Durumları ve Bunu Etkileyen İncelemesi. Milli Eğitim Dergisi, 175, 116-128
  • Pempek, T. A., Kirkorian, H. L., Richards, J. E., Anderson, D. R., Lund, A. F. ve Stevens, M. (2010). Video comprehensibility and attention in very young children. Developmental Psychology, 46(5), 1283.
  • Phillips, A. T. ve Wellman, H. M. (2005). Infants’ understanding of object-directed action. Cognition, 98(2), 137-155.
  • Richards, J. E. ve Cronise, K. (2000). Extended visual fixation in the early preschool years: Look duration, heart rate changes, and attentional inertia. Child Development, 71(3), 602-6
  • Rideout, V. J. ve Hamel, E. (2006). The Media Family: Electronic Media in the Lives of Infants, Toddlers, Preschoolers, and Their Parents. Menlo Park, Calif.: The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation.
  • Rideout, V. J., van de water, E. A., ve Wartella, E. A. (2003). Zero to six: Electronic media in the lives of infants, toddlers, and preschoolers. Children’s Digital Media Centers: The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation (Report).
  • Rideout, V. J. (2007). Parents, children and media. Children’s Digital Media Centers. Menlo Park, CA: The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation (Report).
  • Ruff, H. A., ve Rothbart, M. K. (1996). Attention in early development: Themes and variations. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Schmidt, M. E., Crawley-Davis, A. M., ve Anderson, D. R. (2007). Two-year-olds’ object retrieval based on television: Testing a perceptual account. Media Psychology, 9(2), 389-40
  • Schmidt, M. E., Pempek, T. A., Kirkorian, H. L., Lund, A. F., ve Anderson, D. R. (2008). The effect of background television on the toy play behavior of very young children. Child Development, 79, 1137–1151.
  • Schmidt, M. E., Rich, M., Rifas-Shiman, S. L., Oken, E., ve Traveras, E. M. (2009). Viewing television in infancy and child cognition at 3 years of age in a US cohort. Pediatrics, 123, e370–e375.
  • Seehagen, S. ve Herbert, J. S. (2010). The role of demonstrator familiarity and language cues on infant imitation from television. Infant Behavior and Development, 33(2), 168-175. Singer, J. L. (1980). The power and limits of television: A cognitive–affective analysis. In P. Tannenbaum (Ed.), The Entertainment Function of Television (s. 31–65). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
  • Slavin, R. E. (1995). Best evidence synthesis: an intelligent alternative to meta-analysis. Journal of clinical epidemiology, 48(1), 9-18.
  • Stevens, T., ve Muslow, M. (2006). There is no meaningful relation between television exposure and the symptoms of attentiondeficit/ hyperactivity disorder. Pediatrics, 117, 665–672. Strouse, G. A. ve Troseth, G. L. (2014). Supporting toddlers’ transfer of word learning from video. Cognitive Development, 30, 47-64.
  • Schmitt, K. L. ve Anderson, D. R. (2002). Television and reality: Toddlers’ use of visual information from video to guide behavior. Media Psychology, 4(1), 51–76.
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  • Troseth, G. L.,ve DeLoache, J. S. (1998). The medium can obscure the message: Young children’s understanding of video. Child Development, 69, 950–965.
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  • Vandewater, E. A., Rideout, V. J., Wartella, E. A., Huang, X., Lee, J. H., Shim, M. (2007). Digital childhood: Electronic media and technology use among infants, toddlers, and preschoolers. Pediatrics, 119, 1006-1015.
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  • Zimmerman, F. J. ve Christakis, D. A. (2005). Children’s television viewing and cognitive outcomes: A longitudinal analysis of national data. Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, 159, 619–625.
  • Zimmerman, F. J., Christakis, D. A. ve Meltzoff, A. N. (2007). Media viewing by children under 2 years old. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, 161(5), 473-479.

MİNİK SEYİRCİLER: BEBEK VE KÜÇÜK ÇOCUKLARDA HAREKETLİ GÖRÜNTÜ ALGISININ GELİŞİMİ ÜZERİNE BİR DERLEME

Yıl 2014, , 26 - 40, 12.07.2014
https://doi.org/10.17680/akademia.v3i4.5000013958

Öz

Günümüzde bebekler 3 ay ila 9 ay arasında ekran başına geçmeye başlamakta, bir yaşlarına geldiklerinde küçük çocuklara yönelik yapılmış programların düzenli seyircileri olmaktadırlar. Yapımcılar için bebekler yeni seyirciler olarak görülmekte, onlara yönelik pek çok program, video ve hatta televizyon kanalı üretilmektedir. Bu derleme, (1) bebeklerin ve küçük çocukların ekranlarda gördükleri hareketli görüntülerden ne anladıkları ve bu anlamalarında nelerin rol oynadığı, (2) ekrana maruz kalmanın onlar üzerindeki etkileri ve (3) hareketli görüntülerin onlar için öğretici olup olamayacağına dair araştırma sorularına, alanda bebeklere yönelik ilk videoların üretildiği 1997 yılından bugüne (Ocak 1997-Ocak 2014) kadar yapılmış ilgili araştırmaları tarayarak cevap aramaktadır. 

Kaynakça

  • Aksaçlıoğlu, A. G. ve Yılmaz, B. (2007). Öğrencilerin televizyon izlemeleri ve bilgisayar kullanmalarının okuma alışkanlıkları üzerine etkisi. Türk Kütüphaneciliği, 21(1), 3-28. Aral, N., Ceylan, R., ve Bıçakçı, M. Y. 2011). Çocukların Televizyon Seyretme Alışkanlıklarının Yaş Ve Cinsiyete Göre İncelenmesi. Kastamonu Eğitim Dergisi 19 (2), 489-498
  • Akyüz, G. (2013). Öğrencilerin Okul Dışı Etkinliklere Ayırdıkları Süreler Ve Matematik Başarısı Arasındaki İlişkinin İncelenmesi. Electronic Journal Of Social Sciences, 12(46).
  • Anand, S., ve Krosnick, J. A. (2005). Demographic predictors of media use among infants, toddlers, and preschoolers. American Behavioral Scientist, 48, 539–561.
  • Anderson, D. R., Lorch, E. P., Field, D. E. ve Sanders, J. (1981). The effects of TV program comprehensibility on preschool children’s visual attention to television. Child Development, 151-157.
  • Anderson, D. R., ve Lorch, E. P. (1983). Looking at television: Action or reaction. Children’s Understanding of Television: Research on Attention and Comprehension, 1-33.
  • Anderson, D. R., Bryant, J., Wilder, A., Santomero, A., Williams, M. ve Crawley, A. M. (2000). Researching Blue’s Clues: Viewing behavior and impact. Media Psychology, 2(2), 179-19
  • Anderson, D. R., Huston, A. C., Schmitt, K. L., Linebarger, D. L. ve Wright, J. C. (2001). Early childhood television viewing and adolescent behavior: The recontact study. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 66(1), vii-147.
  • Anderson, D. R., Huston, A. C., Schmitt, K. L., Linebarger, D. L., ve Wright, J. C. (2003). Early childhood television viewing and adolescent behavior: The recontact study. Monographs for the Society for Research in Child Development, 66(1)
  • Anderson, D. R. ve Pempek, T. A. (2005). Television and very young children. American Behavioral Scientist, 48(5), 505–522.
  • Anderson, D. R. ve Hanson, K. G. (2010). From blooming, buzzing confusion to media literacy: The early development of television viewing. Developmental Review, 30(2), 239-255. American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Public Education (2001). Children, adolescents, and television. Pediatrics, 107(2):423–426. [PubMed: 11158483]
  • Baldwin, D. A., Baird, J. A., Saylor, M. M., & Clark, M. A. (2001). Infants parse dynamic action. Child development, 72(3), 708-717.
  • Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological review, 84(2), 191.
  • Barr, R., Muentener, P., Garcia, A., Fujimoto, M. ve Chávez, V. (2007). The effect of repetition on imitation from television during infancy. Developmental Psychobiology, 49(2), 196-20
  • Barr, R., Zack, E., Garcia, A., ve Muentener, P. (2008). Infants’ attention and responsiveness to television increases with prior exposure and parental interaction. Infancy, 13(1), 305
  • Barr, R. ve Hayne, H. (1999). Developmental changes in imitation from television during infancy. Child Development, 70(5), 1067–1081.
  • Bauer, P. J. (2007). Remembering the times of our lives: Memory in infancy and beyond. Hove, UK: The Psychology Press.
  • Beentjes, J. W., de Koning, E., ve Huysmans, F. (2001). Children’s comprehension of visual formal features in television programs. Journal of applied developmental psychology, 22(6), 623-638.
  • Benedict, H. (1979). Early lexical development: Comprehension and production. Journal of Child Language, 6, 183–200.
  • Bigelow, A. E. ve Birch, S. A. J. (2000). The effects of contingency in previous interactions on infants’ preference for social partners. Infant Behavior and Development, 22(3), 367–382.
  • Brito, N., Barr, R., McIntyre, P. ve Simcock, G. (2012). Long-term transfer of learning from books and video during toddlerhood. Journal of experimental child psychology, 111(1), 108-1
  • Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). The Ecology of Human Development: Experiments by nature and design. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
  • Bronson, P., Merryman, A. (2006). Baby Einstein vs. Barbie [Electronic Version]. Time. Retrieved February 21, 2008.
  • Certain, L. K., ve Kahn, R. S. (2002). Prevalence, correlates, and trajectory of television viewing among infants and toddlers. Pediatrics, 109, 634–642.
  • Ceylan, R,Bıçakçı ve Y. M., Aral, N.(2012). Çocukların benlik kavramlarında televizyon seyretme süresi ve seyredilen programların etkisinin incelenmesi, Uludağ Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 25(1):25-33
  • Christakis, D. A., Zimmerman, F. J., DiGiuseppe, D. L., ve McCarthy, C. A. (2004). Early television exposure and subsequent attentional problems in children. Pediatrics, 113, 708–713.
  • Courage, M. L., ve Howe, M. L. (2004). Advances in early memory development research: Insights about the dark side of the moon. Developmental Review, 24, 6–32.
  • Courage, M. L., ve Howe, M. L. (2010). To watch or not to watch: Infants and toddlers in a brave new electronic world. Developmental Review, 30(2), 101-115.
  • DeLoache, J. S., Chiong, C., Sherman, K., Islam, N., Vanderborght, M., Troseth, G. L. ve diğerleri (2010). Do babies learn from baby media?. Psychological Science, 21(11), 1570-1574.
  • Dennison, B. A., Erb, T. A., ve Jenkins, P. L. (2002). Television viewing and television in bedroom associated with overweight risk among low-income preschool children. Pediatrics, 109, 1028–1035.
  • Doğan, A., ve Göker, G. (2012) Tematik Televizyon Ve Çocuk: İlköğretim Öğrencilerinin Televizyon İzleme Alışkanlıkları. Eğitim ve Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 41(2) 5-31
  • Dorland, W. (2007). Dorland’s Medical Dictionary for Health Consumers. Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier.
  • Düşyeri Çizgi Film ve Canlandırma Stüdyosu. (t.y.). 16.04.2014, http://www.dusyeri.com.tr/ index.php?p=pepee
  • Evans, M. K., ve Anderson, D. R. (2007). The impact of television on cognitive development and educational achievement. In J. Murray, N. Pecora, ve E. Wartella (Eds.), Fifty Years of Children’s Television (pp. 65–84). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
  • Ferguson, C. J. (2011). The influence of television and video game use on attention and school problems: A multivariate analysis with other risk factors controlled. Journal of psychiatric research, 45(6), 808-813.
  • Foster, E. M., ve Watkins, S. (2010). The value of reanalysis: Television viewing and attention problems. Child Development, 81,368–375.
  • Garrison, M.M. ve Christakis, D.A. (2005). A Teacher in the Living Room? Educational Media For Babies, Toddlers and Preschoolers. Menlo Park, CA: Kaiser Family Foundation. Geist, E. A., ve Gibson, M. (2000). The effect of network and public television programs on 4- and 5-year-olds ability to attend to educational tasks. Journal of Instructional Psychology, 27, 250–261.
  • Goldfield, B.A., ve Reznick, J.S. (1990). Early lexical acquisition: Rate, content, and the vocabulary spurt. Journal of Child Language, 17, 171–184.
  • Hains, S. M. J. ve Muir, D. W. (1996). Effects of stimulus contingency in infant–adult interactions. Infant Behavior and Development, 19(1), 49–61.
  • Hasson, U., Landesman, O., Knappmeyer, B., Vallines, I., Rubin, N., ve Heeger, D. J. (2008). Neurocinematics: The neuroscience of film. Projections, 2(1), 1-26.
  • Healey, J. M. (1990). Endangered Minds: Why children don’t think – and what we can do about it. New York, NY: Simon ve Schuster.
  • Huston, A. C. ve Wright, J. C. (1983). Children’s processing of television: The informative functions of formal features. In J. Bryant ve D. R. Anderson (Eds.), Children’s Understanding of Television: Research on Attention and Comprehension (pp. 35–68). New York: Academic Press.
  • Huston, A. C., Wright, J. C., Rice, M. L., Kerkman, D., ve St. Peters, M. (1990). Development of television viewing patterns in early childhood: A longitudinal investigation. Developmental Psychology, 26, 409–420.
  • Kırbaş, S. I. (2012). Comprehension Differences Between Art And Commercial Movie Watchers: An Empirical Study On Differences In The Interpretation of The Movie Hidden By Michael Haneke. İstanbul Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi Hakemli Dergisi, (42).
  • Kirkorian, H. L., Anderson, D. R., ve Keen, R. (2012). Age differences in online processing of video: An eye movement study. Child Development, 83(2), 497-507.
  • Krcmar, M., Grela, B. ve Lin, K. (2007). Can toddlers learn vocabulary from television? An experimental approach. Media Psychology, 10(1), 41-63.
  • Kuhl, P. K., Tsao, F. M., ve Liu, H. M. (2003). Language experience in infancy: Effects of shortterm exposure and social interaction on phonetic learning. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 100, 9096–9101.
  • Kumanyika, S. K. ve Grier, S. (2006). Targeting interventions for ethnic minority and lowincome populations. The Future of Children, 16(1), 187-207.
  • Landhuis, C. E., Poulton, R., Welch, D., ve Hancox, R. J. (2008). Programming obesity and poor fitness: The long term impact of childhood television. Obesity, 16, 1457.
  • Linebarger, D. L. ve Vaala, S. E. (this issue). Screen media and language development in infants and toddlers: An ecological perspective. Developmental Review, 30, 176–202. Lowe, P. J. ve Durkin, K. (1999). The effects of flashback on children’s understanding of television crime content. Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media, 43, 83–97.
  • Mistry, K. B., Minkovitz, C. S., Strobino, D. M., ve Borzekowski, D. (2007). Children’s television exposure and behavioral and social outcomes at 5.5 years: Does timing of exposure matter? Pediatrics, 120, 762–769.
  • Muir, D., Hains, S. M. J., Cao, Y. ve D’Entremont, B. (1996). Three-to six-month olds’ sensitivity to adult intentionality: The role of adult contingency and eye direction in dyadic interactions. Infant Behavior and Development, 19, 200.
  • Munk, C., Rey, G. D., Diergarten, A. K., Nieding, G., Schneider, W. ve Ohler, P. (2012). Cognitive processing of film cuts among 4-to 8-year-old children: An eye tracker experiment. European Psychologist, 17(4), 257.
  • Obel, C., Henriksen, T. B., Dalsgaard, S., Linnet, K. M., Skajaa, E., Thomsen, P. H., et al (2004). Does children’s watching of television cause attention problems? Retesting the hypothesis in a Danish cohort. Pediatrics, 114, 1372–1373.
  • Öztürk, C., Karayağız, G. (2007). Okul Öncesi Dönemdeki Çocukların Televizyon İzleme Durumları ve Bunu Etkileyen İncelemesi. Milli Eğitim Dergisi, 175, 116-128
  • Pempek, T. A., Kirkorian, H. L., Richards, J. E., Anderson, D. R., Lund, A. F. ve Stevens, M. (2010). Video comprehensibility and attention in very young children. Developmental Psychology, 46(5), 1283.
  • Phillips, A. T. ve Wellman, H. M. (2005). Infants’ understanding of object-directed action. Cognition, 98(2), 137-155.
  • Richards, J. E. ve Cronise, K. (2000). Extended visual fixation in the early preschool years: Look duration, heart rate changes, and attentional inertia. Child Development, 71(3), 602-6
  • Rideout, V. J. ve Hamel, E. (2006). The Media Family: Electronic Media in the Lives of Infants, Toddlers, Preschoolers, and Their Parents. Menlo Park, Calif.: The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation.
  • Rideout, V. J., van de water, E. A., ve Wartella, E. A. (2003). Zero to six: Electronic media in the lives of infants, toddlers, and preschoolers. Children’s Digital Media Centers: The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation (Report).
  • Rideout, V. J. (2007). Parents, children and media. Children’s Digital Media Centers. Menlo Park, CA: The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation (Report).
  • Ruff, H. A., ve Rothbart, M. K. (1996). Attention in early development: Themes and variations. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Schmidt, M. E., Crawley-Davis, A. M., ve Anderson, D. R. (2007). Two-year-olds’ object retrieval based on television: Testing a perceptual account. Media Psychology, 9(2), 389-40
  • Schmidt, M. E., Pempek, T. A., Kirkorian, H. L., Lund, A. F., ve Anderson, D. R. (2008). The effect of background television on the toy play behavior of very young children. Child Development, 79, 1137–1151.
  • Schmidt, M. E., Rich, M., Rifas-Shiman, S. L., Oken, E., ve Traveras, E. M. (2009). Viewing television in infancy and child cognition at 3 years of age in a US cohort. Pediatrics, 123, e370–e375.
  • Seehagen, S. ve Herbert, J. S. (2010). The role of demonstrator familiarity and language cues on infant imitation from television. Infant Behavior and Development, 33(2), 168-175. Singer, J. L. (1980). The power and limits of television: A cognitive–affective analysis. In P. Tannenbaum (Ed.), The Entertainment Function of Television (s. 31–65). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
  • Slavin, R. E. (1995). Best evidence synthesis: an intelligent alternative to meta-analysis. Journal of clinical epidemiology, 48(1), 9-18.
  • Stevens, T., ve Muslow, M. (2006). There is no meaningful relation between television exposure and the symptoms of attentiondeficit/ hyperactivity disorder. Pediatrics, 117, 665–672. Strouse, G. A. ve Troseth, G. L. (2014). Supporting toddlers’ transfer of word learning from video. Cognitive Development, 30, 47-64.
  • Schmitt, K. L. ve Anderson, D. R. (2002). Television and reality: Toddlers’ use of visual information from video to guide behavior. Media Psychology, 4(1), 51–76.
  • Tincoff, R. ve Jusczyk, P. W. (1999). Some beginnings of word comprehension in 6-montholds. Psychological Science, 10(2), 172-175.
  • Troseth, G. L.,ve DeLoache, J. S. (1998). The medium can obscure the message: Young children’s understanding of video. Child Development, 69, 950–965.
  • TRT (Türkiye Radto Televizyon Kurumu) Haber (2012). Okul Öncesi Eğitimde Yaş Değişti. 002014. http://www.trthaber.com/haber/egitim/okul-oncesi-egitimde-yasdegisti-49253.html
  • Valkenberg, P. M., ve Vroone, M. (2004). Developmental changes in infants’ and toddlers’ attention to television entertainment. Communication Research, 31, 288–311. van de Water, E. A., Rideout, V. J., Wartella, E. A., Huang, X., Lee, J. H., ve Shim, M. (2007). Digital childhood: Electronic media and technology use among infants, toddlers, and preschoolers. Pediatrics, 119, e1006–e1015. van de Water, E. A., Bickham, D. S., Lee, J. H., Cummings, H. M., Wartella, E. A., ve Rideout, V. J. (2005). When the television is always on. American Behavioral Scientist, 48, 562–577.
  • Vandewater, E. A., Rideout, V. J., Wartella, E. A., Huang, X., Lee, J. H., Shim, M. (2007). Digital childhood: Electronic media and technology use among infants, toddlers, and preschoolers. Pediatrics, 119, 1006-1015.
  • Weber, D. S., ve Singer, D. G. (2004). The media habits of infants and toddlers: Findings from a parent survey. Zero to Three, 25(1), 30-36.
  • Wright, J. C. ve Huston, A. C. (1995). Effects of educational TV viewing of lower income preschoolers on academic skills, school readiness, and school adjustment one to three years later. Lawrence, University of Kansas: Center for Research on the Influence of Television on Children.
  • Wright, J. C., Huston, A. C., Murphy, K. C., St. Peters, M., Pinon, M., Scantlin, R., et al (2001). The relation of early television viewing to school readiness and vocabulary of children from low-income families: The early window project. Child Development, 72, 1347– 136
  • Zimmerman, F. J. ve Christakis, D. A. (2005). Children’s television viewing and cognitive outcomes: A longitudinal analysis of national data. Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, 159, 619–625.
  • Zimmerman, F. J., Christakis, D. A. ve Meltzoff, A. N. (2007). Media viewing by children under 2 years old. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, 161(5), 473-479.
Toplam 78 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Türkçe Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Sermin Ildırar

Yayımlanma Tarihi 12 Temmuz 2014
Gönderilme Tarihi 15 Nisan 2014
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2014

Kaynak Göster

APA Ildırar, S. (2014). MİNİK SEYİRCİLER: BEBEK VE KÜÇÜK ÇOCUKLARDA HAREKETLİ GÖRÜNTÜ ALGISININ GELİŞİMİ ÜZERİNE BİR DERLEME. Erciyes İletişim Dergisi, 3(4), 26-40. https://doi.org/10.17680/akademia.v3i4.5000013958