Fuat Sezgin and The Re-writing of The History of Geography

Öz

ABSTRACT

Fuat Sezgin has shown in his deep studies on the history of mathe- matical geography and cartography in Islam and its continuation in the West that during the reign of Abbāsid caliph al-Maʾmūn (813- 833 AC) the disciplines had been further developed decisively. The al-Maʾmūn era went hand in hand with an early enlightenment. While introducing a new world view – not least into the history of cartography – European mapmakers started from the mid of the 13th century onwards to adapt the Arabic rational cartography. Against the background of current debates on theoretical approaches towards history of sciences, the contribution will discuss motives behind mapmaking. World maps reflect intentions beyond pure cartographies, thus also with regard to various meta-scientific and extra-scientific objectives. Map-making in Venice in the first quarter of the 14th century was motivated by imperial expansion. The world map of Marino Sanuto (1260-1331) is an outstanding example of early imperial geography and cartography. Geographical and cartographical knowledge of so far unknown regions and oceans, especially the Indian Ocean, was a pre-condition for expansionist proto-imperialism of European powers in the footsteps of the so-called crusades. In contrast to the travel reports of the Venetian traveller Marco Polo (1254-1324) – still playing an important role in Eurocentric geographies, cartographies and in so- called history of discoveries – the “Secret Book of the Holy Crusade” (liber secretorum fidelium crucis) spoke plainly on the desire to con- quer Egypt and Palestine. In the context of resent debates on theoretical approaches towards history of science which mainly discuss problems of e.g. global or entangled history, it  will be asked for motivations and intentions of map makers. As history of science and techniques in general, not least history of geography, cartography and so-called discoveries are in urgent need to be discussed critically. The following paper will, based on the path-breaking findings of Fuat Sezgin, contribute to the decolonization of early European map-making.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Fuat Sezgin,History of cartography,al-Maʾmūn era,Marino Sanuto,Marco Polo,Imperial map making,decolonial history

Fuat Sezgin ve Coğrafya Tarihinin Yeniden Yazımı

Öz

Fuat Sezgin, İslam Dünyası ve onun devamındaki Batı matematiksel coğrafya ve kartografi üzerine derin çalışmalarıyla, Abbasi halifesi el- Me’mûn’un hükümdarlığı döneminde (813-833) bu alanların belirgin bir biçimde ilerlediğini göstermiştir. el-Me’mûn dönemi, bir erken aydınlanmayla el ele gelişmiştir. XIII. yüzyılın ortalarından itibaren Avrupalı haritacılar, -yalnızca coğrafya tarihi bakımından da değil- yeni bir dünya anlayışını tanıtırken Arap rasyonel kartografisini benimsemeye başladılar. Bilimler tarihindeki güncel teorik tartışmaların aksine bu katkı, haritacılığın ardındaki motivasyonları tartışacaktır. Dünya haritaları salt kartografi değildir, niyetleri de yansıtır; dolayısıyla farklı farklı meta-bilimsel ve bilimin dışındaki hedefleri de hesaba katarlar. XIV. yüzyılın ilk çeyreğinde Venedik’teki haritacılık, emperyal yayılmacılık motivasyonuyla yapılmıştır. Marina Sanuto’nun (1260-1331) dünya haritası, erken emperyal coğrafyacılık ve haritacılığın çok önemli bir örneğidir. Özellikle Hint Okyanusu gibi uzak ve bilinmeyen bölgelerin coğrafi ve kartografik bilgisi, Avrupa güçlerinin sözde Haçlı seferlerinin devamındaki yayılmacı proto-emperyalizminin ön koşuluydu.  Venedikli gezgin Marco Polo’nun (1254-1324) gezi raporlarının aksine- Marina Sanuto hâlâ Avrupa merkezli coğrafyalar, kartografiler ve sözde keşifler tarihi kitaplarında önemli yerler alan- Kutsal Haçlı Seferinin Gizli Kitabıʼnda (liber seretorum fidelim crucis), Mısır’ı ve Filistin’i fetih isteğinden açıkça bahsetmektedir.

Bu çalışmada bilim tarihinde küresel ya da dolanık tarih gibi problemlerini tartışan çağdaş kuramsal yaklaşımlar bağlamında, haritacıların motivasyonları ve niyetleri soruşturulacaktır. Yalnızca coğrafya, kartografi ve sözde keşifler tarihi değil, genel anlamda bilim ve teknikler tarihi de ciddi bir biçimde eleştirel düşünmeye ihtiyaç duymaktadır. Fuat Sezgin’in çığır açan bulgularını temele alan bu makale erken dönem Avrupa haritacılığının dekolonizasyonuna katkı sağlayacaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Fuat Sezgin,Kartografi Tarihi,el-Me’mûn dönemi,Marina Sanuto,Marco Polo,emperyal haritacılık,dekolonizasyon tarihi

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