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TÜRK İTFAİYECİLERDE BİR MESLEKİ PSİKOLOJİK HASTALIK OLARAK TRAVMA SONRASI STRES

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 2, 186 - 196, 15.08.2024
https://doi.org/10.33439/ergonomi.1422118

Öz

Bu çalışmanın birincil amacı, birçok ülkede itfaiyeciler için bir meslek hastalığı olarak görülen Travma Sonrası Stres Bozukluğunun (TSSB) Türkiye’de profesyonel olarak çalışan itfaiye personeli arasındaki yaygınlığını tespit etmektir. Bu amaçla DSM IV kriterlerine dayanan PTDS yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Bu soruların yanında demografik, mesleki ve psikososyal risklere yönelik bazı sorular da anket formuna eklenmiştir. Çalışmaya Antalya, Adana, Konya ve Ankara Büyükşehir Belediye İtfaiye Dairesinde çalışan 273 personel gönüllü olarak katılmıştır. Olası TSSB yaygınlığı, PTDS yöntemi kullanılarak hesaplanmıştır. Bununla beraber toplam şiddet skoru metriği üzerinden bazı faktörlerin TSSB’ye etkisi de incelenmiştir. Ortaya çıkan sonuçlara göre Türk itfaiyecilerinde TSSB yaygınlığı %16,5 (%95 güven aralığıyla %12,3-%21,4) olarak tespit edilmiştir. Bu oran farklı ülkelerdeki itfaiyeciler üzerinde yapılan çalışmalara kıyasla düşük sayılabilir. Ancak genel popülasyon oranlarıyla kıyaslandığında oldukça yüksektir. Bu da TSSB’nin itfaiyeciler için bir meslek hastalığı olduğu tezini güçlendirmektedir. Yapılan ayrıntılı analizlerde TSSB toplam şiddet skoru üzerinde yaş, medeni durum, eğitim, gelir, sigara ve alkol kullanımı, deneyim gibi faktörlerin anlamlı etkisi ortaya konamazken, çalışılan il, psikolojik tedavi geçmişi, mesleği isteyerek seçmek, mobbing uygulamalarına maruz kaldığını düşünmek, müdahale edilen olay sayısı gibi faktörlerin anlamlı etkisi olduğu görülmüştür. Bu durum psikososyal risklerin etkisini de ortaya koymaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • American Psychiatric Association (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author
  • American Psychiatric Association (2014). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Washington, DC: Author
  • Bastug, G., Ergul-Topcu, A., Ozel-Kizil, E. T., & Ergun, O. F. (2019). Secondary traumatization and related psychological outcomes in firefighters. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 24(2), 143-158.
  • Binbay, T., Direk, N., Aker, T., Akvardar, Y., Alptekin, K., Cimilli, C., ... & Ulaş, H. (2014). Psychiatric epidemiology in Turkey: main advances in recent studies and future directions. Turk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 25(4).
  • Brewin, C. R. (2005). Systematic review of screening instruments for adults at risk of PTSD. Journal of Traumatic Stress: Official Publication of The International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, 18(1), 53-62. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.20007
  • Carlier, I. V., Lamberts, R. D., Van Uchelen, A. J., & Gersons, B. P. (1998). Clinical utility of a brief diagnostic test for posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychosomatic Medicine, 60(1), 42-47.
  • Carlson, E. B. (2001). Psychometric study of a brief screen for PTSD: Assessing the impact of multiple traumatic events. Assessment, 8(4), 431-441. https://doi.org/10.1177/107319110100800408
  • Chari, R., Chang, C. C., Sauter, S. L., Sayers, E. L. P., Cerully, J. L., Schulte, P., ... & Uscher-Pines, L. (2018). Expanding the paradigm of occupational safety and health a new framework for worker well-being. Journal of occupational and environmental medicine, 60(7), 589.
  • Crawford, J. O., & Graveling, R. A. (2012). Non-cancer occupational health risks in firefighters. Occupational medicine, 62(7), 485-495.
  • Davidson, J. R., Book, S. W., Colket, J. T., Tupler, L. A., Roth, S., David, D., Hertzberg, M., Mellman, T., Beckham, J. C., Smith, R. D., & Davison, R. M. (1997). Assessment of a new self-rating scale for post-traumatic stress disorder. Psychological Medicine, 27(1), 153-160. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291796004229
  • Del Ben, K. S., Scotti, J. R., Chen, Y. C., & Fortson, B. L. (2006). Prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in firefighters. Work & Stress, 20(1), 37-48. https://doi.org/10.1080/02678370600679512
  • Foa, E. B., Cashman, L., Jaycox, L., & Perry, K. (1997). The validation of a self-report measure of posttraumatic stress disorder: the Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale. Psychological Assessment, 9(4), 445. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/1040-3590.9.4.445
  • Foa, E. B., Riggs, D. S., Dancu, C. V., & Rothbaum, B. O. (1993). Reliability and validity of a brief instrument for assessing post‐traumatic stress disorder. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 6(4), 459-473. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.2490060405
  • Guidotti, T. L., & Brandt-Rauf, P. W. (1995). Occupational mortality among firefighters: assessing the association. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 37(12), 1348-1356.
  • Harvey, S. B., Milligan-Saville, J. S., Paterson, H. M., Harkness, E. L., Marsh, A. M., Dobson, M., & Bryant, R. A. (2016). The mental health of fire-fighters: An examination of the impact of repeated trauma exposure. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 50(7), 649-658. https://doi.org/10.1177/0004867415615217
  • Hsu, J. (1996). Multiple comparisons: theory and methods. CRC Press.
  • International Labour Organization. (2010). ILO list of occupational diseases (revised 2010). https://www.ilo.org/safework/info/publications/WCMS_125137/lang--en/index.htm
  • Kessler, R. C., Chiu, W. T., Demler, O., & Walters, E. E. (2005). Prevalence, severity, and comorbidity of 12-month DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62(6), 617-627. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.617
  • Kim, K. S. (2010). Health hazards in firefighters. Hanyang Medical Reviews, 30(4), 296-304.
  • Kocabaş, F., Aydın, U., Özgüler, V. C., İlhan, M. N., Demirkaya, S., Nihan, A. K., & ÖZBAŞ, C. (2018). Çalışma ortamında psikososyal risk etmenlerinin iş kazası, meslek hastalıkları ve işle ilgili hastalıklarla ilişkisi. Sosyal Güvence, (14), 28-62.
  • Lee, J. H., Lee, D., Kim, J., Jeon, K., & Sim, M. (2017). Duty‐related trauma exposure and posttraumatic stress symptoms in professional firefighters. Journal of traumatic stress, 30(2), 133-141.
  • Meltzer-Brody, S., Churchill, E., & Davidson, J. R. (1999). Derivation of the SPAN, a brief diagnostic screening test for post-traumatic stress disorder. Psychiatry Research, 88(1), 63-70. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-1781(99)00070-0
  • Minitab. (n.d.). Data considerations. Minitab Support. https://support.minitab.com/en-us/minitab/help-and-how-to/statistical-modeling/anova/how-to/one-way-anova/before-you-start/data-considerations/
  • Na, K. S., Kim, E. K., & Park, J. T. (2017). Decreased plasma adiponectin among male firefighters with symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders, 221, 254-258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2017.06.015
  • National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. (2023). Fundamentals of Total Worker Health® Approaches. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2017-112/pdfs/2017_112.pdf?id=10.26616/NIOSHPUB2017112
  • Penn State (n.d.). Chapter 1: Introduction to Statistics. The Pennsylvania State University Online. https://online.stat.psu.edu/stat200/book/export/html/144
  • Salleh, M. N. B. M., Ismail, H. B., & Yusoff, H. B. M. (2020). Prevalence and predictors for PTSD among firefighters. A systematic review. International Journal of Public Health Research, 10(1). https://spaj.ukm.my/ijphr/index.php/ijphr/article/view/259.
  • Sheeran, T., & Zimmerman, M. (2002). Screening for posttraumatic stress disorder in a general psychiatric outpatient setting. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 70(4), 961. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.70.4.961
  • Sosyal Sigortalar ve Genel Sağlık Sigortası Kanunu, 5510, 2006, Resmi Gazete, 26200, 16 Temmuz 2006, m. 14.
  • Teixeira, T., Santos, J., Vaz, M., Baptista, J. S., & Guedes, J. C. (2022). Psychological Diseases in Firefighters: A Short Review. Occupational and Environmental Safety and Health IV, 677-688.
  • Wagner, D., Heinrichs, M., & Ehlert, U. (1998). Prevalence of symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder in German professional firefighters. American Journal of Psychiatry, 155(12), 1727-1732. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.155.12.1727
  • Wagner, S. L., White, N., Buys, N., Carey, M. G., Corneil, W., Fyfe, T., ... & Fleischmann, M. H. (2021). Systematic review of mental health symptoms in firefighters exposed to routine duty-related critical incidents. Traumatology, 27(3), 285.
  • Weathers, F. W., Huska, J. A., & Keane, T. M. (1991). The PTSD Checklist-Civilian Version (PCL-C). Available from FW Weathers. National Center for PTSD, Boston Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 150, 02130.
  • Wolffe, T. A., Robinson, A., Clinton, A., Turrell, L., & Stec, A. A. (2023). Mental health of UK firefighters. Scientific reports, 13(1), 62.
  • Yeşil, A. (2010). 112 acil sağlık hizmetlerinde çalışan sağlık çalışanlarında ruhsal travma ve ilişkili sorunların yaygınlığı (Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Kocaeli Üniversitesi, Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü).
  • Yılmaz, B. (2007). Yardım Çalışanlarında Travmatik Stres. Klinik Psikiyatri Dergisi, 10(3).

POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS AS AN OCCUPATIONAL PSYCHOLOGICAL DISEASE IN TURKISH FIREFIGHTERS

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 2, 186 - 196, 15.08.2024
https://doi.org/10.33439/ergonomi.1422118

Öz

The primary objective of this study is to assess the prevalence of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), acknowledged as an occupational disease for firefighters in numerous countries, within the professional firefighter community in Turkey. To achieve this objective, the PTSD method based on DSM-IV criteria was employed. In addition to these queries, the survey incorporated questions related to demographic, occupation, and psychosocial risks. A total of 273 personnel who were employed in the Municipal Fire Departments of Antalya, Adana, Konya, and Ankara voluntarily participated. The potential prevalence of PTSD was calculated using the PTSD method. Furthermore, an examination of the effect of various factors on PTSD was conducted through the total severity score metric. According to the findings, the prevalence of PTSD among Turkish firefighters was determined to be 16.5% (95% confidence interval: 12.3%-21.4%). While this rate might be considered lower than studies conducted on firefighters in different countries, it is notably higher when compared to general population rates. This reinforces the assertion that PTSD is indeed an occupational disease for firefighters. In detailed analyses, significant effects of factors such as age, marital status, education, income, smoking and alcohol use, and experience could not be revealed on the total severity score of PTSD. However, factors such as the city of employment, history of psychological treatment, choosing the profession willingly, perceiving exposure to mobbing practices, and the number of incidents intervened showed a significant impact. This underscores the influence of psychosocial risks.

Kaynakça

  • American Psychiatric Association (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author
  • American Psychiatric Association (2014). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Washington, DC: Author
  • Bastug, G., Ergul-Topcu, A., Ozel-Kizil, E. T., & Ergun, O. F. (2019). Secondary traumatization and related psychological outcomes in firefighters. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 24(2), 143-158.
  • Binbay, T., Direk, N., Aker, T., Akvardar, Y., Alptekin, K., Cimilli, C., ... & Ulaş, H. (2014). Psychiatric epidemiology in Turkey: main advances in recent studies and future directions. Turk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 25(4).
  • Brewin, C. R. (2005). Systematic review of screening instruments for adults at risk of PTSD. Journal of Traumatic Stress: Official Publication of The International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, 18(1), 53-62. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.20007
  • Carlier, I. V., Lamberts, R. D., Van Uchelen, A. J., & Gersons, B. P. (1998). Clinical utility of a brief diagnostic test for posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychosomatic Medicine, 60(1), 42-47.
  • Carlson, E. B. (2001). Psychometric study of a brief screen for PTSD: Assessing the impact of multiple traumatic events. Assessment, 8(4), 431-441. https://doi.org/10.1177/107319110100800408
  • Chari, R., Chang, C. C., Sauter, S. L., Sayers, E. L. P., Cerully, J. L., Schulte, P., ... & Uscher-Pines, L. (2018). Expanding the paradigm of occupational safety and health a new framework for worker well-being. Journal of occupational and environmental medicine, 60(7), 589.
  • Crawford, J. O., & Graveling, R. A. (2012). Non-cancer occupational health risks in firefighters. Occupational medicine, 62(7), 485-495.
  • Davidson, J. R., Book, S. W., Colket, J. T., Tupler, L. A., Roth, S., David, D., Hertzberg, M., Mellman, T., Beckham, J. C., Smith, R. D., & Davison, R. M. (1997). Assessment of a new self-rating scale for post-traumatic stress disorder. Psychological Medicine, 27(1), 153-160. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291796004229
  • Del Ben, K. S., Scotti, J. R., Chen, Y. C., & Fortson, B. L. (2006). Prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in firefighters. Work & Stress, 20(1), 37-48. https://doi.org/10.1080/02678370600679512
  • Foa, E. B., Cashman, L., Jaycox, L., & Perry, K. (1997). The validation of a self-report measure of posttraumatic stress disorder: the Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale. Psychological Assessment, 9(4), 445. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/1040-3590.9.4.445
  • Foa, E. B., Riggs, D. S., Dancu, C. V., & Rothbaum, B. O. (1993). Reliability and validity of a brief instrument for assessing post‐traumatic stress disorder. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 6(4), 459-473. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.2490060405
  • Guidotti, T. L., & Brandt-Rauf, P. W. (1995). Occupational mortality among firefighters: assessing the association. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 37(12), 1348-1356.
  • Harvey, S. B., Milligan-Saville, J. S., Paterson, H. M., Harkness, E. L., Marsh, A. M., Dobson, M., & Bryant, R. A. (2016). The mental health of fire-fighters: An examination of the impact of repeated trauma exposure. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 50(7), 649-658. https://doi.org/10.1177/0004867415615217
  • Hsu, J. (1996). Multiple comparisons: theory and methods. CRC Press.
  • International Labour Organization. (2010). ILO list of occupational diseases (revised 2010). https://www.ilo.org/safework/info/publications/WCMS_125137/lang--en/index.htm
  • Kessler, R. C., Chiu, W. T., Demler, O., & Walters, E. E. (2005). Prevalence, severity, and comorbidity of 12-month DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62(6), 617-627. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.617
  • Kim, K. S. (2010). Health hazards in firefighters. Hanyang Medical Reviews, 30(4), 296-304.
  • Kocabaş, F., Aydın, U., Özgüler, V. C., İlhan, M. N., Demirkaya, S., Nihan, A. K., & ÖZBAŞ, C. (2018). Çalışma ortamında psikososyal risk etmenlerinin iş kazası, meslek hastalıkları ve işle ilgili hastalıklarla ilişkisi. Sosyal Güvence, (14), 28-62.
  • Lee, J. H., Lee, D., Kim, J., Jeon, K., & Sim, M. (2017). Duty‐related trauma exposure and posttraumatic stress symptoms in professional firefighters. Journal of traumatic stress, 30(2), 133-141.
  • Meltzer-Brody, S., Churchill, E., & Davidson, J. R. (1999). Derivation of the SPAN, a brief diagnostic screening test for post-traumatic stress disorder. Psychiatry Research, 88(1), 63-70. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-1781(99)00070-0
  • Minitab. (n.d.). Data considerations. Minitab Support. https://support.minitab.com/en-us/minitab/help-and-how-to/statistical-modeling/anova/how-to/one-way-anova/before-you-start/data-considerations/
  • Na, K. S., Kim, E. K., & Park, J. T. (2017). Decreased plasma adiponectin among male firefighters with symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders, 221, 254-258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2017.06.015
  • National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. (2023). Fundamentals of Total Worker Health® Approaches. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2017-112/pdfs/2017_112.pdf?id=10.26616/NIOSHPUB2017112
  • Penn State (n.d.). Chapter 1: Introduction to Statistics. The Pennsylvania State University Online. https://online.stat.psu.edu/stat200/book/export/html/144
  • Salleh, M. N. B. M., Ismail, H. B., & Yusoff, H. B. M. (2020). Prevalence and predictors for PTSD among firefighters. A systematic review. International Journal of Public Health Research, 10(1). https://spaj.ukm.my/ijphr/index.php/ijphr/article/view/259.
  • Sheeran, T., & Zimmerman, M. (2002). Screening for posttraumatic stress disorder in a general psychiatric outpatient setting. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 70(4), 961. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.70.4.961
  • Sosyal Sigortalar ve Genel Sağlık Sigortası Kanunu, 5510, 2006, Resmi Gazete, 26200, 16 Temmuz 2006, m. 14.
  • Teixeira, T., Santos, J., Vaz, M., Baptista, J. S., & Guedes, J. C. (2022). Psychological Diseases in Firefighters: A Short Review. Occupational and Environmental Safety and Health IV, 677-688.
  • Wagner, D., Heinrichs, M., & Ehlert, U. (1998). Prevalence of symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder in German professional firefighters. American Journal of Psychiatry, 155(12), 1727-1732. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.155.12.1727
  • Wagner, S. L., White, N., Buys, N., Carey, M. G., Corneil, W., Fyfe, T., ... & Fleischmann, M. H. (2021). Systematic review of mental health symptoms in firefighters exposed to routine duty-related critical incidents. Traumatology, 27(3), 285.
  • Weathers, F. W., Huska, J. A., & Keane, T. M. (1991). The PTSD Checklist-Civilian Version (PCL-C). Available from FW Weathers. National Center for PTSD, Boston Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 150, 02130.
  • Wolffe, T. A., Robinson, A., Clinton, A., Turrell, L., & Stec, A. A. (2023). Mental health of UK firefighters. Scientific reports, 13(1), 62.
  • Yeşil, A. (2010). 112 acil sağlık hizmetlerinde çalışan sağlık çalışanlarında ruhsal travma ve ilişkili sorunların yaygınlığı (Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Kocaeli Üniversitesi, Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü).
  • Yılmaz, B. (2007). Yardım Çalışanlarında Travmatik Stres. Klinik Psikiyatri Dergisi, 10(3).
Toplam 36 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular İş ve Meslek Hastalıkları, İşçi Sağlığı ve İş Güvenliği
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri / Research Articles
Yazarlar

Recep Baltacı 0000-0001-8854-6830

Ali İşeri 0000-0002-0340-7039

Yayımlanma Tarihi 15 Ağustos 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 18 Ocak 2024
Kabul Tarihi 21 Haziran 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 7 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Baltacı, R., & İşeri, A. (2024). TÜRK İTFAİYECİLERDE BİR MESLEKİ PSİKOLOJİK HASTALIK OLARAK TRAVMA SONRASI STRES. Ergonomi, 7(2), 186-196. https://doi.org/10.33439/ergonomi.1422118

Dergi yılda 3 sayı (Nisan, Ağustos ve Aralık) olarak yayımlanmaktadır. Bu sayılara ek olarak Editörler Kurulu’nun kararıyla, Ulusal Ergonomi Kongresi’nde sunulan bildiriler “Özel Sayı” olarak yayımlanabilmektedir.