Evaluation of the Effects of Food Consumption Frequency and Exercise Behaviors on Type 2 Diabetes Risk in Nutrition and Dietetics and Coaching Education Department Students

Öz

In this study, the effect of food consumption frequency and exercise behaviors on the risk of Type 2 diabetes among students of the Department of Nutrition and Dietetics and students of the Department of coaching education of the Faculty of Sports Sciences was evaluated and comparisons were made. The research was carried out with an online questionnaire on a total of 315 students form the Department of Nutrition and Dietetics (N=156), and the of Department of Coaching Education (N=159). The data on the nutritional status of the participants were determined by the food frequency questionnaire and the risk of Type 2 diabetes was determined by the FINDRISK Type 2 Diabetes Risk Questionnaire. It was determined that the students of the department of Nutrition and Dietetics consumed more dairy product, vegetables-fruits, grains, beverages and foods from fat and sugar groups than the students of the of Department of Coaching Education of the Faculty of Sports Sciences. There was no statistically significant difference between the departments compared in terms of type 2 diabetes risk (p>0,05). Those who exercise regularly consume dairy products, vegetables-fruits and beverages more than those who do not do physical activity (p<0.05) It has been statistically determined that having a chronic disease, high blood pressure and blood sugar, high Body Mass Index (BMI) and one of the family members having diabetes increase the risk of Type 2 diabetes, while exercising for 30 minutes daily and consuming vegetables and fruits every day reduces the risk of Type 2 diabetes (p<0.05). While the risk of diabetes decreases with an increase in vegetable consumption, an increase in body weight and BMI increases the risk of Type 2 diabetes (p<0.05). As a result, our research has shown that exercising regularly for at least 30 minutes every day, consuming vegetables and fruits every day and maintaining a healthy body weight reduces the risk of Type 2 diabetes in university students from both departments. Modifiable lifestyle changes, such as healthy eating and exercise, should be acquired at a young age as a preventive step against the risk of type 2 diabetes.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Exercise
• Healthy nutrition
• Healthy lifestyle
• Type 2 diabetes risk
• university students

Beslenme ve Diyetetik ile Antrenörlük Eğitimi Bölümü Öğrencilerinde Besin Tüketim Sıklığı ve Egzersiz Davranışlarının Tip 2 Diyabet Riskine Etkilerinin Değerlendirilmesi

Öz

Bu araştırmada Beslenme ve Diyetetik Bölümü öğrencileri ile Spor Bilimleri Fakültesi Antrenörlük Bölümü öğrencilerinde besin tüketim sıklığı ve egzersiz davranışlarının Tip 2 diyabet riskine etkisini değerlendirilmiş ve karşılaştırmalar yapılmıştır. Araştırma Beslenme ve Diyetetik Bölümü’nden (N=156), Spor Bilimleri Fakültesi Antrenörlük Bölümü’nden (N=159) toplam 315 öğrenci üzerinde online anket yöntemiyle yürütülmüştür. Katılımcıların beslenme durumlarına ilişkin veriler Besin Tüketim Sıklığı Anketi ile, Tip 2 diyabet riski ise FINDRISK Tip 2 Diyabet Risk Anketi ile belirlenmiştir. Beslenme ve Diyetetik bölümü öğrencilerinin süt ürünlerini, sebze-meyve, tahıl, içecek ve yağ-şeker grubundaki besinleri, Spor Bilimleri Fakültesi Antrenörlük Bölümü öğrencilerinden daha fazla tükettiği belirlenmiştir (p<0,05). Tip 2 diyabet riski bakımından karşılaştırıldığında bölümler arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir farka rastlanmamıştır (p>0,05). Düzenli egzersiz yapanlar süt ürünlerini, sebze-meyveyi ve içeceği fiziksel aktivite yapmayanlardan daha fazla tüketmektedir (p<0,05). Kronik hastalığa sahip olmak, tansiyon ve kan şekerinin yüksek olması, yüksek Beden Kütle İndeksi (BKİ) ve aile bireylerinden birinin diyabetli olmasının Tip 2 diyabet riskini arttırdığı, günlük 30 dakika egzersiz yapmanın ve her gün sebze-meyve tüketmenin ise Tip 2 diyabet riskini azalttığı istatistiksel olarak tespit edilmiştir (p<0,05). Sebze tüketiminin artışı ile diyabet riski azalırken, vücut ağırlığı ve BKİ’nin artması Tip 2 diyabet riskini arttırmaktadır (p<0,05). Sonuç olarak araştırmamızda her gün en az 30 dakika düzenli egzersiz yapmak, her gün sebze ve meyve tüketmek ve sağlıklı vücut ağırlığında kalmanın her iki bölümden üniversite öğrencilerinde Tip 2 diyabet riskini azalttığı ortaya konmuştur. Sağlıklı beslenme ve egzersiz gibi değiştirilebilir yaşam tarzı değişiklikleri Tip 2 diyabet riskine karşı koruyucu bir önlem olarak genç yaşta edinilmelidir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Egzersiz
• Sağlıklı beslenme
• Sağlıklı yaşam tarzı
• Tip 2 diyabet riski
• Üniversite öğrencileri

Kaynakça

1. Akyil, R.C., Miloglu, O., Olgun, N., Bayrakdar, I.S. (2014). A comparison of three different diabetes screening methods among dental patients in Turkey. Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences, 30 (1),65–69. https:// doi.org/10.12669/pjms.301.4238.
2. Alebiosu, O. C., Familoni, O. B., Ogunsemi, O. O., Raimi, T. H., Balogun, W. O., Odusan, O., ... & Adewuyi, P. A. (2013). Community based diabetes risk assessment in Ogun state, Nigeria (World Diabetes Foundation project 08-321). Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism, 17(4), 653. https://doi. org/10.4103/2230-8210.113756
3. Al-Shudifat, A.E., Al-Shdaifat, A., Al-AbdouhMohammad, A.A., Aburoman, I., Otoum, S. M., Sweedan, A.G., Khrais, I., Abdel-Hafez, I.H. & Johannessen, A. (2017). Diabetes Risk Score in a Young Student Population in Jordan: A Cross-Sectional Study. Journal of Diabetes Research, 2017: 8290710. https://doi. org/10.1155/2017/8290710
4. Amanat, S., Ghahri, S., Dianatinasab, A., Fararouei, M., Dianatinasab, M. (2020). Exercise and Type 2 Diabetes. Physical Exercise for Human Health, Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 1228, https://doi. org/10.1007/978-981-15-1792-1_6
5. Aris, A., Khalid, M. Z., Yahaya, H., Yoong, L. O., & Ying, N. Q. (2020). Type 2 diabetes risk among University Students in Malaysia. Current Diabetes Reviews, 16(4), 387-394. https://doi.org/10.2174/157.339.98156 66.190.712192527
6. Colagiuri, S., Cull, C.A., Holman, R.R. (2002). Are Lower Fasting Plasma Glucose Levels at Diagnosis of Type 2 Diabetes Associated With Improved Outcomes?. Diabetes Care, 25(8), 1410-1417.
7. Coşansu, G., Celik, S., Özcan, S., Olgun, N., Yıldırım, N., & Demir, H. G. (2018). Determining type 2 diabetes risk factors for the adults: A community based study from Turkey. Primary Care Diabetes, 12(5), 409- 415. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcd.2018.05.001
8. Çevik, A. B., Karaaslan, M. M., Koçan, S., Pekmezci, H., Şahin, S. B., Kırbaş, A., & Ayaz, T. (2016). Prevalence and screening for risk factors of type 2 diabetes in Rize, Nourtheast Turkey: findings from a populationbased study. Primary Care Diabetes, 10(1), 10-18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcd.2015.06.002

9. Demirağ, H., Hintistan, S., Tuncay, B., Cin, A. (2018). Sağlık Meslek Yüksekokulu Öğrencilerinin Diyabet Risklerinin Belirlenmesi. İnönü Üniversitesi Sağlık Hizmetleri Meslek Yüksekokulu Dergisi, 6(2), 25-35.
10. Doğan, E. S., Koşar Şahin, C., Deniz Akan, D., Çınar Pakyüz, S., Işık, K., Mıngır, K. (2022). Hemşirelik Öğrencilerinin Diyabet Risklerinin Belirlenmesi. Izmir Democracy University Health Sciences Journal, 5(2), 607-619. https://doi.org/10.52538/iduhes.1107704
11. ElSayed, N. A., Aleppo, G., Aroda, V. R., Bannuru, R. R., Brown, F. M., Bruemmer, D., ... & Gabbay, R. A. (2023). Facilitating Positive Health Behaviors and Well-being to Improve Health Outcomes: Standards of Care in Diabetes-2023. Diabetes Care 46(Suppl. 1), 68–96 https://doi.org/10.2337/dc23-S005
12. Eroglu N., Temiz G. (2022). Determining the Type 2 Diabetes Risks and Healthy Lifestyle Behaviors of First Year University Students. Journal of Basic and Clinical Health Sciences, 6(2), 86-94. https://doi.org/10.30621/ jbachs.939375
13. Evert, A. B., Dennison, M., Gardner, C. D., Garvey, W. T., Lau, K. H. K., MacLeod, J., ... & Yancy Jr, W. S. (2019). Nutrition therapy for adults with diabetes or prediabetes: a consensus report. Diabetes Care, 42(5), 731- 754. https://doi.org/10.2337/dci19-0014
14. Finnish Diabetes Associaton. (2003). Programme for the Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes in Finland https://www. diabetes.fi/files/1108/Programme for the Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes in Finland 2003-2010. pdf
15. Gillett, M., Royle, P., Snaith, A., Scotland, G., Poobalan, A. S., Imamura, M., ... & Waugh, N. (2012). Nonpharmacological interventions to reduce the risk of diabetes in people with impaired glucose regulation: a systematic review and economic evaluation. Health Technology Assessment, 16(33). https://doi. org/10.3310/hta16330
16. Gray, N., Picone, G., Sloan, F., & Yashkin, A. (2015). The relationship between BMI and onset of diabetes mellitus and its complications. Southern Medical Journal, 108(1), 29-36. https://doi.org/10.14423/ SMJ.000.000.0000000214
17. Grundy, S. M., Howard, B., Smith, S., Eckel, R., Redberg, R., & Bonow, R. O. (2002). Prevention conference VI: Diabetes and cardiovascular disease-Executive summary: Conference proceeding for healthcare professionals from a special writing group of the American Heart Association. Circulation, 105(18), 2231-2239. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.000.001.3952.86046.DD
18. International Diabetes Federation. (2021). Diabetes Atlas. https://diabetesatlas.org/atlas/tenth-edition İlaslan, E., Taylan, S., Özkan, İ., & Adıbelli, D. (2020). Bir ilçedeki üniversite öğrencilerinin fiziksel aktivite düzeyleri ve ilişkili faktörlerin incelenmesi. Türkiye Klinikleri Journal of Internal Medicine,5(1), 15-21. https://doi.org/10.5336/intermed.2019-71187
19. Kes, D., & Can Çicek, S. (2021). Mindful eating, obesity, and risk of type 2 diabetes in university students: A cross-sectional study. Nursing Forum, 56(3), 483-489. https://doi.org/10.1111/nuf.12561
20. Knowler, W. C., Barrett-Connor, E., Fowler, S. E., Hamman, R. F., Lachin, J. M., Walker, E. A., ... & Spandorfer, J. M. (2002). Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin. The New England Journal of Medicine, 346(6),393-403. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa012512.
21. Kulak, E., Berber, B., Temel, H., Kutluay, S. N., Yıldırım, M., Dedeoğlu, F. N., ... & Save, D. (2019). Determination of type 2 diabetes risk levels in individuals applying to family medicine. Turkish Journal of Family Practice, 23(1), 20-30. https://doi.org/10.15511/tahd.19.00120
22. Ley, S. H, Hamdy, O., Mohan, V., Hu, F. B. (2014). Prevention and Management of Type 2 Diabetes: Dietary Components and Nutritional Strategies. Lancet, 283(9933), 1999-2007. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140- 6736(14)60613-9
23. Lima, A. C., Araújo, M. F., Freitas, R. W., Zanetti, M. L., Almeida, P. C., Damasceno, M. M. (2014). Risk factors for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in college students: association with sociodemographic variables. Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem, 22(3), 484-490. https://doi.org/10.1590/0104-1169.3053.2441
24. Marks, J. B., & Raskin, P. (2000). Cardiovascular risk in diabetes: a brief review. Journal of Diabetes and its Complications, 14(2), 108-115. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1056-8727(00)00065-9
25. Mohammadbeigi, A., Asgarian, A., Moshir, E., Heidari, H., Afrashteh, S., Khazaei, S., & Ansari, H. (2018). Fast food consumption and overweight/obesity prevalence in students and its association with general and abdominal obesity. Journal of Preventive Medicine and Hygiene, 59(3), E236-E240. https://doi. org/10.15167/2421-4248/jpmh2018.59.3.830
26. Özdemir, İ., & Hocaoğlu, Ç. (2009). Tip 2 diabetes mellitus ve yaşam kalitesi: Bir gözden geçirme. Göztepe Tıp Dergisi, 24(2), 73-78.
27. Pan, X. R., Li, G. W., Hu, Y. H., Wang, J. X., Yang, W. Y., An, Z. X., ... & Howard, B. V. (1997). Effects of diet and exercise in preventing NIDDM in people with impaired glucose tolerance: the Da Qing IGT and Diabetes Study. Diabetes Care, 20(4), 537-544. https://doi.org/10.2337/diacare.20.4.537
28. Raymond, J. L., & Morrow, K. (2020). Krause and mahan’s food and the nutrition care process e-book. (15th edition). Elsevier Health Sciences.
29. Raynor, H. A., & Champagne, C. M. (2016). Position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics: Interventions for the Treatment of Overweight and Obesity in Adults. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, 116(1), 129-147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jand.2015.10.031
30. Saaristo, T., Peltonen, M., Lindström, J., Saarikoski, L., Sundvall, J., Eriksson, J. G., & Tuomilehto, J. (2005). Cross-sectional evaluation of the Finnish Diabetes Risk Score: a tool to identify undetected type 2diabetes, abnormal glucose tolerance and metabolic syndrome. Diabetes and Vascular Disease Research, 2(2), 67-72. https://doi.org/10.3132/dvdr.2005.01
31. Tabák, A. G., Herder, C., Rathmann, W., Brunner, E. J., & Kivimäki, M. (2012). Prediabetes: a high-risk state for diabetes development. The Lancet, 379(9833), 2279-2290. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140- 6736(12)60283-9
32. Tankova, T., Chakarova, N., Atanassova, I., & Dakovska, L. (2011). Evaluation of the Finnish Diabetes Risk Score as a screening tool for impaired fasting glucose, impaired glucose tolerance and undetected diabetes. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, 92(1), 46-52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2010.12.020
33. Topbaş, E. (2019). Üniversite öğrencilerinde Tip 2 DM riski ve ilişkili faktörler. Acıbadem Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 10(4), 616-620. https://doi.org/10.31067/0.2019.192 A Türkiye Beslenme Rehberi [TÜBER]. (2022) T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı Yayın No:1 031, Ankara. https://hsgmdestek.
34. saglik.gov.tr/depo/birimler/saglikli-beslenme-hareketli-hayat-db/Turkiye_Beslenme_Rehberi_ TUBER_18_04_2019.pdf
35. Türkiye Diyabet Programı 2015-2020. (2014). Türkiye Halk Sağlığı Kurumu, Sağlık Bakanlığı Yayın, No: 816, 2. Basım. https://erzurumism.saglik.gov.tr/Eklenti/8856/0/turkiyediyabetprogrami2015-2020pdf.pdf
36. Türkiye Endokrinoloji ve Metabolizma Derneği [TEMD]. (2022). Diabetes Mellitus ve Komplikasyonlarının Tanı, Tedavi ve İzlem Kılavuzu. https://file.temd.org.tr/Uploads/publications/guides/documents/ diabetes-mellitus_2022.pdf
37. Uusitupa, M., Khan, T. A., Viguiliouk, E., Kahleova, H., Rivellese, A. A., Hermansen, K., ... & Sievenpiper, J. L. (2019). Prevention of type 2 diabetes by lifestyle changes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrients, 11(11), 2611. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11112611
38. World Health Organization. (2021, June 9). Obesity and Overweight. https://www.who.int/news-room/factsheets/detail/obesity-and-overweight Yang, J., Qian, F., Chavarro, J. E., Ley, S. H., Tobias, D. K., Yeung, E., ... & Zhang, C. (2022). Modifiable risk factors and long term risk of type 2 diabetes among individuals with a history of gestational diabetes mellitus: prospective cohort study. BMJ 2022;378:e070312. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj-2022-070312
39. Yıldız, T., Zuhur, S., Shafi Zuhur, S. (2021). Diabetes risk assessment and awareness in a university academics and employees. Medical Bulletin of Sisli Etfal Hospital. 55(4)524-531. https://doi.org/10.14744/ SEMB.2021.84770
40. Yumuk, V., Frühbeck, G., Oppert, J. M., Woodward, E., & Toplak, H. (2014). An EASO position statement on multidisciplinary obesity management in adults. Obesity Facts, 7(2), 96-101. https://doi. org/10.1159/000362191
41. Yumuk, V., Tsigos, C., Fried, M., Schindler, K., Busetto, L., Micic, D., & Toplak, H. (2015). European guidelines for obesity management in adults. Obesity Facts, 8(6), 402-424. https://doi.org/10.1159/000442721
42. Zhang, L., Zhang, Z., Zhang, Y., Hu, G., & Chen, L. (2014). Evaluation of Finnish Diabetes Risk Score in screening undiagnosed diabetes and prediabetes among US adults by gender and race: NHANES 1999-2010. PloS One, 9(5), e97865. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0097865