The Effect of Training Protocols Applied in Horizontal and Vertical Planes on Jump and Sprint Acceleration Parameters

Öz

This study aimed to investigate the effects of two different training programs, comprising horizontal and combined (vertical and horizontal) oriented, on jumping and 30-m sprint parameters in young male soccer players. Twenty-eight volunteer soccer athletes, aged 16-22 and actively involved in the sport, participated in the study. Participants were divided into three groups: horizontal (HT: hip thrust), combined (SHT: back squat + hip thrust), and control (C). Active jumping (countermovement jump: CMJ), standing long jump (DUA), change of direction (COD), and 30-m sprint tests were administered before and after the 8-week training program. Significant differences were determined in jump and sprint performance values of the HT and SHT groups before and after the training program (p<0.05). Following the training, significant improvements were observed in CMJ (%9.65), 30-m sprint (%1.95), COD (%4.48), and DUA (%7.01) performances in the SHT group. The combined training applied in the SHT group was more effective in the acceleration phase. The fact that DUA performance requires both horizontal and vertical force exertion suggests that both the back squat and HT have optimal effects. The results of this study indicate that HT also affects sprinting by increasing hip extension.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• hip thrust
• squat
• sprint
• jumping

Yatay ve Dikey Yönlerde Uygulanan Antrenman Protokollerinin Sıçrama ve Sprint İvmelenme Parametrelerine Etkisi

Öz

Bu çalışmada, genç erkek futbolcularda yatay ve kombine (dikey+dikey) yönelimli farklı uygulamalarla oluşturulan iki farklı antrenman programının, sıçrama ve 30 m sprint parametrelerine etkisini belirlemek amaçlanmıştır. Araştırmaya 16-22 yaş aralığında futbol sporu ile aktif olarak uğraşan, müsabık 28 sporcu gönüllü katılmıştır. Katılımcılar yatay (HT:hip thrust), kombine (SHT:back squat+hip thrust) ve kontrol (K)antrenman gruplaına ayrıldı. 8 hafta süren antrenman programı öncesinde ve sonrasında aktif sıçrama (countermovement jump:CMJ), durarak uzun atlama(DUA), yön değiştirme (COD) ve 30 m sprint testi uygulanmıştır. Antrenman sonrasında SHT grubunda CMJ(%9.65), 30m sprint(%1.95), COD(%4.48), DUA(%7.01) performanlarında daha fazla iyileşme elde edilmiştir. HT ve SHT grubunun antrenman programı öncesi-sonrası sıçrama ve sprint performans değerlerinde (p<0.05). Hem HT grubunda hem de SHT grubunda kısa mesafe sprint performanslarında benzer iyileşme değerleri görülmüştür. SHT grubunda uygulanan kombine antrenman ivmelenme evresi üzerinde daha etkili olmuştur. DUA performansının hem yatay hem de dikey yönlü kuvvet uygulanması gerektiren bir performans olması hem back squat hareketinin hem de HT’nin optimum seviyede etki ettiğini göstermektedir. Bu çalışmanın sonuçları HT’nin kalça ekstensiyonunu arttırarak sprint üzerinde de etkili olduğunu göstermektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• hip thrust
• squat
• sprint
• sıçrama

Kaynakça

1. Argus CK, Gill ND, Keogh JW, McGuigan MR, Hopkins WG. (2012). Effects of two contrast training programs on jump performance in rugby union players during a competition phase. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 7(1):68-75. https://doi.org/ 10.1123/ijspp.7.1.68.
2. Bartlett, J. L., Sumner, B., Ellis, R. G., Kram, R. (2014). Activity and functions of the human gluteal muscles in walking, running, sprinting, and climbing. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 153(1), 124- 131. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.22419
3. Bangsbo, J, Norregaard, L, and Thorso, F. Activity profile of competition soccer. Can J Sport Sci 16: 110-116, 1991.
4. Beardsley, C., & Contreras, B. (2014). The increasing role of the hip extensor musculature with heavier compound lower-body movements and more explosive sport actions. Strength & Conditioning Journal, 36(2), 49-55. https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.000.000.0000000047
5. Bel, L., Mathieu, N., Ducrest, V., Bizzini, M. (2021). Lower limb Exercise-Based injury prevention programs are effective in improving sprint speed, jumping, Agility and balance: an umbrella review. International journal of sports physical therapy, 16(6), 1396. https://doi.org/10.26603/001c.29860
6. Brughelli, M., Cronin, J., Levin, G., Chaouachi, A. (2008). Understanding change of direction ability in sport: a review of resistance training studies. Sports Medicine, 38(12), 1045-1063. https://doi. org/10.2165/00007.256.200838120-00007
7. Buchheit, M., Samozino, P., Glynn, J. A., Michael, B. S., Al Haddad, H., Mendez-Villanueva, A., Morin, J. B. (2014). Mechanical determinants of acceleration and maximal sprinting speed in highly trained young soccer players. Journal of sports sciences, 32(20), 1906-1913. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640.414.2014.96 5191
8. Chelly, M. S., Fathloun, M., Cherif, N., Amar, M. B., Tabka, Z., Van Praagh, E. (2009). Effects of a back squat training program on leg power, jump, and sprint performances in junior soccer players. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 23(8), 2241-2249. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181b86c40

9. Contreras, B., Vigotsky, A. D., Schoenfeld, B. J., Beardsley, C., McMaster, D. T., Reyneke, J. H., & Cronin, J. B. (2017). Effects of a six-week hip thrust vs. front squat resistance training program on performance in adolescent males: a randomized controlled trial. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 31(4), 999-1008. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.000.000.0000001510
10. Contreras, B., Cronin, J., Schoenfeld, B. (2011). Barbell hip thrust. Strength & Conditioning Journal, 33(5), 58- 61. https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0b013e31822fa09d
11. Contreras, B. M., Cronin, J. B., Schoenfeld, B. J., Nates, R. J., Sonmez, G. T. (2013). Are All Hip extension exercises created equal?. Strength & Conditioning Journal, 35(2), 17-22. https://doi.org/10.1519/ SSC.0b013e318289fffd
12. Dorn, T. W., Schache, A. G., Pandy, M. G. (2012). Muscular strategy shift in human running: dependence of running speed on hip and ankle muscle performance. Journal of Experimental Biology, 215(11), 1944- 1956. https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.064527
13. Ferro, A., Villacieros, J., Floría, P., Graupera, J. L. (2014). Analysis of speed performance in soccer by a playing position and a sports level using a laser system. Journal of Human Kinetics, 44, 143.). https://doi. org/10.2478/hukin-2014-0120
14. Fitzpatrick, D. A., Cimadoro, G., Cleather, D. J. (2019). The magical horizontal force muscle? A preliminary study examining the “force-vector” theory. Sports, 7(2), 30. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports7020030
15. Gil, S., Ruiz, F., Irazusta, A., Gil, J., Irazusta, J. (2007). Selection of young soccer players in terms of anthropometric and physiological factors. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 47(1), 25.
16. Glatthorn J.F., Gouge S., Nussbaumer S., Stauffacher S., Impellizzeri F.M., Maffiuletti N.A. (2011). Validity and reliability of Optojump photoelectric cells for estimating vertical jump height. J. Strength Cond. Res., 25: 556-560. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181ccb18d
17. Hammami M, Gaamouri N, Shephard RJ, Chelly MS. /2019). Effects of Contrast Strength vs. Plyometric Training on Lower-Limb Explosive Performance, Ability to Change Direction and Neuromuscular Adaptation in Soccer Players. J Strength Cond Res. 33(8):2094-2103. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.000.000.0000002425.
18. Jarvis, P., Cassone, N., Turner, A., Chavda, S., Edwards, M., Bishop, C. (2019). Heavy barbell hip thrusts do not effect sprint performance: An 8-week randomized controlled study. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 33, S78-S84. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.000.000.0000002146
19. Jiménez-Reyes, P., Samozino, P., García-Ramos, A., Cuadrado-Peñafiel, V., Brughelli, M., Morin, J. B. (2018). Relationship between vertical and horizontal force-velocity-power profiles in various sports and levels of practice. PeerJ, 6, e5937. doi:10.7717/peerj.5937
20. Kaçoğlu, C., Yıldırım, U. (2017). İzometrik ön kondisyonlanma kontraksiyonunun sıçrama performansına akut etkileri. Spor ve Performans Araştırmaları Dergisi, 8(3), 183-194. https://doi.org/10.17155/ omuspd.281754
21. Kawamori, N., Nosaka, K., & Newton, R. U. (2013). Relationships between ground reaction impulse and sprint acceleration performance in team sport athletes. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 27(3), 568-573. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e318257805a
22. Lin, K. H., Wu, C., Huang, Y., & Cai, Z. (2017). Effects of hip thrust training on the strength and power performance in collegiate baseball players. Journal of Sports Science, 5(3). https://doi.org/10.17265/2332- 7839/2017.03.006
23. Lockie, R. G., Murphy, A. J., Schultz, A. B., Knight, T. J., De Jonge, X. A. J. (2012). The effects of different speed training protocols on sprint acceleration kinematics and muscle strength and power in field sport athletes. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 26(6), 1539-1550. https://doi.org/10.1519/ JSC.0b013e318234e8a0
24. Morin, J. B., Slawinski, J., Dorel, S., Couturier, A., Samozino, P., Brughelli, M., Rabita, G. (2015). Acceleration capability in elite sprinters and ground impulse: push more, brake less?. Journal of Biomechanics, 48(12), 3149-3154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2015.07.009
25. Nimphius, S., Callaghan, S. J., Spiteri, T., Lockie, R. G. (2016). Change of direction deficit: A more isolated measure of change of direction performance than total 505 time. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 30(11), 3024-3032. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.000.000.0000001421.
26. Peñailillo, L., Espíldora, F., Jannas-Vela, S., Mujika, I., Zbinden-Foncea, H. (2016). Muscle strength and speed performance in youth soccer players. Journal of Human Kinetics, 50, 203. https://doi.org/10.1515/ hukin-2015-0157
27. Randell, A. D., Cronin, J. B., Keogh, J. W., Gill, N. D. (2010). Transference of strength and power adaptation to sports performance-horizontal and vertical force production. Strength & Conditioning Journal, 32(4), 100-106. https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0b013e3181e91eec
28. Rouissi, M., Chtara, M., Owen, A., Chaalali, A., Chaouachi, A., Gabbett, T., Chamari, K. (2016). Effect of leg dominance on change of direction ability amongst young elite soccer players. Journal of Sports Sciences, 34(6), 542-548. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640.414.2015.1129432
29. Sáez-Sáez de Villarreal, E., Requena, B., Newton, R. U. (2012). Does plyometric training improve strength performance? A meta-analysis. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 15 (5), 407413. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.jsams.2009.08.005
30. Sari, C., Koz, M., Salcman, V., Gabrys, T., Karayigit, R. (2022). Effect of post-activation potentiation on sprint performance after combined electromyostimulation and back squats. Applied Sciences, 12(3), 1481. https://doi.org/10.3390/app12031481
31. Shimokochi, Y., Ide, D., Kokubu, M., Nakaoji, T. (2013). Relationships among performance of lateral cutting maneuver from lateral sliding and hip extension and abduction motions, ground reaction force, and body center of mass height. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 27(7), 1851-1860. https:// doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e318.276.4945
32. Silva, J. R. L. C., Detanico, D., Pupo, J. D., Freitas, C. D. L. R. (2015). Bilateral asymmetry of knee and ankle isokinetic torque in soccer players u20 category. Revista Brasileira de Cineantropometria & Desempenho Humano, 17(2), 195-204. https://doi.org/10.5007/1980-0037.2015v17n2p195 27
33. Taşkın, C., Karakoç, Ö., Acaroglu, E., Budak, C. (2015). Futbolcu Çocuklarda seçiİlmiş motorİk Özellikler arasindaki ilişkinin incelenmesi. Spor ve Performans Araştırmaları Dergisi, 6(2), 101-107. https://doi. org/10.17155/spd.74072
34. Williams, M. J., Gibson, N. V., Sorbie, G. G., Ugbolue, U. C., Brouner, J., Easton, C. (2021). Activation of the gluteus maximus during performance of the back squat, split squat, and barbell hip thrust and the relationship with maximal sprinting. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 35(1), 16-24. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.000.000.0000002651
35. Zweifel, M. (2017). Importance of horizontally loaded movements to sports performance. Strength & Conditioning Journal, 39(1), 21-26. https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.000.000.0000000272