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THE ANALYSIS OF ARMENIA’S TRANS-CAUCASUS POLICY IN THE CONTEXT OF THE “SMALL STATE” CONCEPT (1991-2020)

Yıl 2024, Sayı: 75, 61 - 94, 24.05.2024
https://doi.org/10.36542/erma.1411153

Öz

The point of view that the international system has been formed on the basis of sovereign political units since the 1648 Peace Treaties of Westphalia is generally accepted in the literature. According to us, although the importance of the sovereign nation state continues today, it has faced a post-positivist theoretical challenge since the 1970s. However, it is seen that de jure sovereign equal nation states are not de facto equal as well. Therefore, some states are considered strong and “great”, and some states are considered weak and “small”. It is known that the distinction between great and small states was firstly seen in the 1815 Congress of Vienna. Yet the five states that shaped the system also defined as European Concert were considered great and other states were considered small. After the Vienna System, with the experience of the League of Nations (LN) and the United Nations (UN), all actors in the system began to be represented in the general assembly and hereby de jure equality was achieved. The small states concept has entered the international relations literature with the inclusion of newly independent former colonial states in the international system since the 1960s.
However, there are some ambiguities (geography, population, military capacity, impact on global politics) regarding the small state conceptualization as well. Despite categorical ambiguity, Armenia can be considered as a small state in terms of population and other objective criteria. However, despite being a small and weak actor, Armenia continued its maximalist and irredentist policies in the Trans-Caucasus regional subsystem between 1991 and 2020. As is known despite the imbalance between means and ends, Armenia has challenged its powerful neighbor Turkey within the framework of the ideal of “Greater Armenia”, occupied the territory of its another neighbor Azerbaijan contrary to international law and created instability in the Javakhati Region of Georgia as well.
Within the framework of available information we explain generally and abstractly, Armenia's Trans-Caucasus policy between the years 1991-2020, which will be analyzed despite the imbalances concerning purpose-means and Armenia’s nature as a small state. The main reason for limiting our study to 2020 is that the Second Karabakh War started an irreversible process in Armenia's domestic and foreign policy.

Kaynakça

  • “Armenian Declaration of Independence,” n.d. https://www.gov.am/en/independence/.
  • Bakshiyeva, Yegane. “Threats and Provocations Originating from The Republic of Armenia Towards the Water Resources of The Republic of Azerbaijan.” Review of Armenian Studies, no. 40 (2019): 113–31.
  • Baldacchino, Godfrey. “Thucydides of Kissinger? A Critical Review of Smaller State Diplomacy.” In The Diplomacies of Small States: Between Vulnerability and Resilience. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009.
  • Biletska, Yuliya and Tuncel, Turgut Kerem. “Ahıska Türklerinin Gürcistan’a Geir Dönüşü ve ‘Ermeni Faktörü.’” In Gürcistan’daki Müslüman Topluluklar: Azınlık Hakları, Kimlik, Siyaset, 319–46. Ankara: Terzi Yayıncılık, 2016.
  • Brady, Anne-Marie. “Small States and the Turning Point in Global Politics.” In Small States and the New Security Environment. Cham: Springer, 2021.
  • Branch, Anthony R. “Armenia and the South Caucasus.” Connections 17, no. 2 (Spring 2018): 47–60.
  • Cabbarlı, Hatem. “Ermenistan Dış Politikasını Belirleyen Ögeler ve Kavramsal Yaklaşım.” In Ermenistan Dış Politikası (1991-2019), 1–79. Ankara: Nobel Yayıncılık, 2020.
  • ———. “Ermenistan’ın Bölge Politikasında Gürcistan: Tarihi Süreçte Karşılıklı İlişkiler” 6 (Yaz 2002): 158–81.
  • ———. “Rusya’da Ermeni Diasporası: Oluşumuve Faaliyetleri.” Ermeni Araştırmaları 3 (2001): 131–52.
  • Çakmak, Cenap and Özşahin, Cüneyt M. “Explaining Russia’s Inertia in the Azerbaijan-Armenia Dispute: Reward and Punishment in an Asymmetric Alliance.” Europe-Asia Studies 75, no. 6 (July 2023): 972–88.
  • Çoban Öztürk, Ebru. “Diaspora ve Dış Politika: Türkiye-Ermenistan İlişkilerinde Diasporanın Rolü.” Ermeni Araştırmaları, no. 46 (2013): 143–62.
  • Crispolti, Valerio. “Do Small States Need Large External Buffers? Evidence from an Event-Study Analysis.” In Handbook of Small States. Routledge, 2018.
  • Crowards, Tom. “Defining the Category of ‘Small States.’” Journal of International Development, no. 14 (2002): 143–79.
  • De Waal, Thomas. Black Garden: Armenia and Azerbaijan through Peace and War. New York & London: New York University Press, 2003.
  • Ekinci, Fatma Didem. “Güney Kafkasya’da İki-Taraflılığın İzlerini Bağlamsallaştırmak: Ermenistan ve Gürcistan Örneği.” Ermeni Araştırmaları 63 (2019): 83–113.
  • ———. “Küçük Devlet Dış Politikasında Zafiyet ve Dirençlilik.” Ermeni Araştırmaları, no. 61 (2018): 71–106.
  • Gauin, Maxime. “Understanding the Ideological Blockades in Armenia’s Contemporary Politics.” Caucasus International 7, no. 1 (Summer 2017): 137–48.
  • Göka, Erol. “Ermeni Sorunu’nun (Gözden Kaçan) Psikolojik Boyutu.” Ermeni Araştırmaları, no. 1 (May 2001): 128–38.
  • Hagelin, Björn. “Arms Transfers to the South Caucasus and Central Asia Compared, 1992–2002.” In Armament and Disarmament in the Caucasus and Central Asia, 21–31. Stockholm: Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, 2003.
  • İsmayılov, Meşdi and Özdal, Barış. “Sosyal Teori Bağlamında Ermeni Milliyetçiliğinin Tarih ve Coğrafya Retoriği.” Ermeni Araştırmaları, no. 61 (2018): 31–70.
  • İşyar, Ömer Göksel. Bölgesel ve Global Güvenlik Çıkarları Bağlamında Sovyet-Rus Dış Politikaları ve Karabağ Sorunu. İstanbul: Alfa Yayınları, 2004.
  • Jane, Murat. Rusya Federasyonunun Trans-Kafkasya Politikasının Analizi: Süreklilik Mi Dönüşüm Mü? 1st ed. Bursa: Dora Yayıncılık, 2020.
  • ———. In Analysis of Nikol Pashinyan’s Performance In Digital Diplomacy From The Tovuz Crisis To The 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh Ceasefire Agreement, 10. İstanbul, 2023.
  • Kasım, Kamer. “Armenia’s Foreign Policy: Small State Irredentism.” Review of Armenian Studies, no. 25 (2012): 133–50.
  • Kaya, Zeynep. “Iran and Armenia.” Review of Armenian Studies 24 (2011): 153–72.
  • Kelbizadeh, Elnur. “Robert Koçaryan’ın Cumhurbaşkanlığı Döneminde Ermenistan-İran İlişkileri.” Ermeni Araştırmaları 62 (2019): 73–94.
  • Kelkitli, Fatma Aslı. “Russian Foreign Policy in South Caucasus Under Putin.” Perceptions 13, no. 3 (Winter 2008): 73–91.
  • Keohane, Robert O. “Lilliputians’ Dilemmas: Small States in Internatinal Politics.” International Organization 23, no. 2 (April 1969): 291–310. https://doi.org/10.1017/S002081830003160X.
  • Kopecek, Vincent. “Nagorno-Karabakh and Javakhati: Two Different Trajectories of Armenian Seperatist Movements.” In De Facto States in Eurasia, 109–35. London & New York: Routledge, 2020.
  • ———. “The Nagorno-Karabakh Republic Andthe Republic of Armenia: Who Instrumentalizes Whom?” In De Facto States in Eurasia, 208–24. London & New York: Routledge, 2020.
  • Küçük, Ayşe. “Critical Constructivism and ‘Nakhichevan Crisis’: How Did Türkiye Reconstruct Its National Interest?” Akdeniz İİBF Dergisi 23, no. 2 (2023): 200–210.
  • ———. Tekrarlayan Çatışmalar Türk(Iye)-Yunan(Istan) ve Türk(Iye)-Ermeni(Stan) İlişkilerinde Algı, Söylem, Siyasa. İstanbul: Otorite Yayınları, 2023.
  • Lewis, Vaughan A. “Foreword: Studying Small States over the Twentieth into the Twenty-First Centuries.” In The Diplomacies of Small States: Between Vulnerability and Resilience. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009.
  • Lorgeoux, Marie. “Armenia: what degree of dependence on Russia?” REGARD SUR L’EST (blog), January 17, 2022. https://regard-est.com/armenia-what-degree-of-dependence-on-russia.
  • Maden, Tuğba Evrim. “Azerbaycan’da Su Kıtlığı ve Ermenistan Ile Sarsang Rezervuarı Sorunu.” Ermeni Araştırmaları 52 (2015): 189–220. Markarov, Alexandr and Davtyan, Vahe. “Post-Velvet Revolution Armenia’s Foreign Policy Challenges.” Demokratizatsiya: The Journal of Post-Soviet Democratization 26, no. 4 (Fall 2018): 531–46.
  • Markarov, Alexandr, Galtsyan, Narek S., and Hayrapetyan, Grigor. “The Main Dimensions and Issues of Armenia’s Foreign Security Policy.” In Values and Identity as Sources of Foreign Policy in Armenia and Georgia, 107–44. Tbilisi: Universal, 2016.
  • Miarka, Agnieszka and Lapaj-Kucharska, Justyna. “Armenian Foreign Policy in the Wake of the Velvet Revolution.” European Politics and Society 23, no. 5 (2022): 698–711.
  • Minasyan, Sergey. “Armenia’s Attitudes Towards Its Past: History and Politics.” Caucasus Analytical Digest, no. 8 (July 17, 2019): 10–13.
  • “Montevideo Convention on the Rights and Duties of States.” Accessed August 20, 2023. https://www.jus.uio.no/english/services/library/treaties/01/1-02/rights-duties-states.html.
  • “National Security Strategy of the Republic of Armenia.” Https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/155589/Armenia%20National%20Security%20Strategy%202007_eng.pdf, n.d. Accessed December 3, 2023.
  • “National Security Strategy of The Republic of Armenia,” n.d. https://phlconnect.ched.gov.ph/admin/uploads/add217938e07bb1fd8796e0315b88c10/2020-National-Security-Strategy.pdf.
  • Neumann, Iver B. and Gstöhl, Sieglinde. “Introduction: Lilliputians in Gulliver’s World?” In Small States in International Relations, 3–36. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2006.
  • Özdal, Barış. “AGİ(K)T Minsk Grubu’nun Dağlık Karabağ Sorunu’nun Barışçıl Yöntemlerle Çözüm(Süzlüğü) Sürecinde Başarısız Olma Nedenlerinin Analizi.” In Karabağ: Dünü, Bugünü, Yarını, 135–63. İstanbul: Selenge Yayınları, 2021.
  • ———. “Ermeni Sorununun Analizinde Önemli Bir Parametre: Tehcir.” Global Strateji Dergisi 3, no. 10 (Yaz 2007): 95–104.
  • Paronyan, Hayk. “Armenian Foreign Policy between Eurasian and European Integration Models.” Eastern Journal of European Studies 12, no. 1 (June 2021): 258–73.
  • Pazarcı, Hüseyin. Uluslararası Hukuk. 2. Baskı. Ankara: Turhan Kitabevi, 2004.
  • Rogers, James. “Small States, Great Powers and Armed Drones.” In Small States and the New Security Environment. Cham: Springer, 2021.
  • Roren, Pal and Wivel, Anders. “King in the North: Evaluating the Status Recognition and Performance of the Scandinavian Countries.” International Relations 37, no. 2 (2023): 298–323.
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“KÜÇÜK DEVLET” KAVRAMI BAĞLAMINDA ERMENİSTAN’IN TRANS-KAFKASYA POLİTİKASININ ANALİZİ (1991-2020)

Yıl 2024, Sayı: 75, 61 - 94, 24.05.2024
https://doi.org/10.36542/erma.1411153

Öz

Uluslararası sistemin 1648 Westphalia Barış Antlaşmaları’ndan itibaren egemen politik birimler temelinde oluştuğuna dair bakış açısı, literatürde genel kabul görmektedir. Egemen ulus devletin önemi 1970’li yıllardan itibaren post-pozitivist teorik bir meydan okumayla karşı karşıya kalsa da bizce günümüzde halen devam etmektedir. Ancak de jure egemen eşit ulus devletlerin, facto eşit olmadıkları da görülmektedir. Dolayısıyla bazı devletler güçlü ve “büyük”, bazı devletler de güçsüz ve “küçük” olarak değerlendirilmektedir. Büyük ve küçük devletler arasındaki ayrımın ise ilk olarak 1815 Viyana Kongresi’nde kullanıldığı bilinmektedir. Zira Avrupa Ahengi olarak da tanımlanan bu sistemi oluşturan beş aktör büyük, diğer aktörler de küçük olarak kabul edilmiştir. Viyana Sistemi’nden sonra Milletler Cemiyeti (MC) ve Birleşmiş Milletler (BM) deneyimiyle sistemdeki tüm aktörler genel kurulda temsil edilmeye başlamış böylelikle, de jure eşitlik sağlanmıştır. Küçük devletler kavramı ise literatüre 1960’lı yıllardan itibaren yeni bağımsız eski sömürge devletlerin uluslararası sisteme dahil olmasıyla girmiştir.
Fakat küçük devlet kavramsallaştırmasıyla ilgili birtakım muğlaklıklar (coğrafya, nüfus, askeri kapasite, küresel siyasete etki) da bulunmaktadır. Kategorik muğlaklığa rağmen Ermenistan gerek nüfusu gerek de diğer objektif kriterler açısından küçük devlet olarak değerlendirilebilir. Ancak Ermenistan küçük ve güçsüz bir aktör olmasına rağmen Trans-Kafkasya bölgesel alt sisteminde 1991-2020 yılları arasında maksimalist ve irredantist politikalarını sürdürmüştür. Bilindiği üzere Ermenistan, araç-amaç dengesizliğine rağmen güçlü komşusu Türkiye’ye “Büyük Ermenistan” ülküsü çerçevesinde meydan okumuş, diğer bir komşusu olan Azerbaycan’ın topraklarını uluslararası hukuka aykırı olarak işgal etmiş, Gürcistan’ın Cavahati Bölgesi’nde de istikrarsızlık yaratmıştır.
Genel ve soyut olarak aktardığımız bilgiler çerçevesinde çalışmamızda Ermenistan’ın amaç-araç dengesizliğine ve küçük devlet niteliğine rağmen 1991-2020 yılları arasında yürüttüğü Trans-Kafkasya politikası analiz edilecektir.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Küçük Devletler, Ermenistan, Trans-Kafkasya, Azerbaycan, Rusya Federasyonu

Kaynakça

  • “Armenian Declaration of Independence,” n.d. https://www.gov.am/en/independence/.
  • Bakshiyeva, Yegane. “Threats and Provocations Originating from The Republic of Armenia Towards the Water Resources of The Republic of Azerbaijan.” Review of Armenian Studies, no. 40 (2019): 113–31.
  • Baldacchino, Godfrey. “Thucydides of Kissinger? A Critical Review of Smaller State Diplomacy.” In The Diplomacies of Small States: Between Vulnerability and Resilience. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009.
  • Biletska, Yuliya and Tuncel, Turgut Kerem. “Ahıska Türklerinin Gürcistan’a Geir Dönüşü ve ‘Ermeni Faktörü.’” In Gürcistan’daki Müslüman Topluluklar: Azınlık Hakları, Kimlik, Siyaset, 319–46. Ankara: Terzi Yayıncılık, 2016.
  • Brady, Anne-Marie. “Small States and the Turning Point in Global Politics.” In Small States and the New Security Environment. Cham: Springer, 2021.
  • Branch, Anthony R. “Armenia and the South Caucasus.” Connections 17, no. 2 (Spring 2018): 47–60.
  • Cabbarlı, Hatem. “Ermenistan Dış Politikasını Belirleyen Ögeler ve Kavramsal Yaklaşım.” In Ermenistan Dış Politikası (1991-2019), 1–79. Ankara: Nobel Yayıncılık, 2020.
  • ———. “Ermenistan’ın Bölge Politikasında Gürcistan: Tarihi Süreçte Karşılıklı İlişkiler” 6 (Yaz 2002): 158–81.
  • ———. “Rusya’da Ermeni Diasporası: Oluşumuve Faaliyetleri.” Ermeni Araştırmaları 3 (2001): 131–52.
  • Çakmak, Cenap and Özşahin, Cüneyt M. “Explaining Russia’s Inertia in the Azerbaijan-Armenia Dispute: Reward and Punishment in an Asymmetric Alliance.” Europe-Asia Studies 75, no. 6 (July 2023): 972–88.
  • Çoban Öztürk, Ebru. “Diaspora ve Dış Politika: Türkiye-Ermenistan İlişkilerinde Diasporanın Rolü.” Ermeni Araştırmaları, no. 46 (2013): 143–62.
  • Crispolti, Valerio. “Do Small States Need Large External Buffers? Evidence from an Event-Study Analysis.” In Handbook of Small States. Routledge, 2018.
  • Crowards, Tom. “Defining the Category of ‘Small States.’” Journal of International Development, no. 14 (2002): 143–79.
  • De Waal, Thomas. Black Garden: Armenia and Azerbaijan through Peace and War. New York & London: New York University Press, 2003.
  • Ekinci, Fatma Didem. “Güney Kafkasya’da İki-Taraflılığın İzlerini Bağlamsallaştırmak: Ermenistan ve Gürcistan Örneği.” Ermeni Araştırmaları 63 (2019): 83–113.
  • ———. “Küçük Devlet Dış Politikasında Zafiyet ve Dirençlilik.” Ermeni Araştırmaları, no. 61 (2018): 71–106.
  • Gauin, Maxime. “Understanding the Ideological Blockades in Armenia’s Contemporary Politics.” Caucasus International 7, no. 1 (Summer 2017): 137–48.
  • Göka, Erol. “Ermeni Sorunu’nun (Gözden Kaçan) Psikolojik Boyutu.” Ermeni Araştırmaları, no. 1 (May 2001): 128–38.
  • Hagelin, Björn. “Arms Transfers to the South Caucasus and Central Asia Compared, 1992–2002.” In Armament and Disarmament in the Caucasus and Central Asia, 21–31. Stockholm: Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, 2003.
  • İsmayılov, Meşdi and Özdal, Barış. “Sosyal Teori Bağlamında Ermeni Milliyetçiliğinin Tarih ve Coğrafya Retoriği.” Ermeni Araştırmaları, no. 61 (2018): 31–70.
  • İşyar, Ömer Göksel. Bölgesel ve Global Güvenlik Çıkarları Bağlamında Sovyet-Rus Dış Politikaları ve Karabağ Sorunu. İstanbul: Alfa Yayınları, 2004.
  • Jane, Murat. Rusya Federasyonunun Trans-Kafkasya Politikasının Analizi: Süreklilik Mi Dönüşüm Mü? 1st ed. Bursa: Dora Yayıncılık, 2020.
  • ———. In Analysis of Nikol Pashinyan’s Performance In Digital Diplomacy From The Tovuz Crisis To The 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh Ceasefire Agreement, 10. İstanbul, 2023.
  • Kasım, Kamer. “Armenia’s Foreign Policy: Small State Irredentism.” Review of Armenian Studies, no. 25 (2012): 133–50.
  • Kaya, Zeynep. “Iran and Armenia.” Review of Armenian Studies 24 (2011): 153–72.
  • Kelbizadeh, Elnur. “Robert Koçaryan’ın Cumhurbaşkanlığı Döneminde Ermenistan-İran İlişkileri.” Ermeni Araştırmaları 62 (2019): 73–94.
  • Kelkitli, Fatma Aslı. “Russian Foreign Policy in South Caucasus Under Putin.” Perceptions 13, no. 3 (Winter 2008): 73–91.
  • Keohane, Robert O. “Lilliputians’ Dilemmas: Small States in Internatinal Politics.” International Organization 23, no. 2 (April 1969): 291–310. https://doi.org/10.1017/S002081830003160X.
  • Kopecek, Vincent. “Nagorno-Karabakh and Javakhati: Two Different Trajectories of Armenian Seperatist Movements.” In De Facto States in Eurasia, 109–35. London & New York: Routledge, 2020.
  • ———. “The Nagorno-Karabakh Republic Andthe Republic of Armenia: Who Instrumentalizes Whom?” In De Facto States in Eurasia, 208–24. London & New York: Routledge, 2020.
  • Küçük, Ayşe. “Critical Constructivism and ‘Nakhichevan Crisis’: How Did Türkiye Reconstruct Its National Interest?” Akdeniz İİBF Dergisi 23, no. 2 (2023): 200–210.
  • ———. Tekrarlayan Çatışmalar Türk(Iye)-Yunan(Istan) ve Türk(Iye)-Ermeni(Stan) İlişkilerinde Algı, Söylem, Siyasa. İstanbul: Otorite Yayınları, 2023.
  • Lewis, Vaughan A. “Foreword: Studying Small States over the Twentieth into the Twenty-First Centuries.” In The Diplomacies of Small States: Between Vulnerability and Resilience. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009.
  • Lorgeoux, Marie. “Armenia: what degree of dependence on Russia?” REGARD SUR L’EST (blog), January 17, 2022. https://regard-est.com/armenia-what-degree-of-dependence-on-russia.
  • Maden, Tuğba Evrim. “Azerbaycan’da Su Kıtlığı ve Ermenistan Ile Sarsang Rezervuarı Sorunu.” Ermeni Araştırmaları 52 (2015): 189–220. Markarov, Alexandr and Davtyan, Vahe. “Post-Velvet Revolution Armenia’s Foreign Policy Challenges.” Demokratizatsiya: The Journal of Post-Soviet Democratization 26, no. 4 (Fall 2018): 531–46.
  • Markarov, Alexandr, Galtsyan, Narek S., and Hayrapetyan, Grigor. “The Main Dimensions and Issues of Armenia’s Foreign Security Policy.” In Values and Identity as Sources of Foreign Policy in Armenia and Georgia, 107–44. Tbilisi: Universal, 2016.
  • Miarka, Agnieszka and Lapaj-Kucharska, Justyna. “Armenian Foreign Policy in the Wake of the Velvet Revolution.” European Politics and Society 23, no. 5 (2022): 698–711.
  • Minasyan, Sergey. “Armenia’s Attitudes Towards Its Past: History and Politics.” Caucasus Analytical Digest, no. 8 (July 17, 2019): 10–13.
  • “Montevideo Convention on the Rights and Duties of States.” Accessed August 20, 2023. https://www.jus.uio.no/english/services/library/treaties/01/1-02/rights-duties-states.html.
  • “National Security Strategy of the Republic of Armenia.” Https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/155589/Armenia%20National%20Security%20Strategy%202007_eng.pdf, n.d. Accessed December 3, 2023.
  • “National Security Strategy of The Republic of Armenia,” n.d. https://phlconnect.ched.gov.ph/admin/uploads/add217938e07bb1fd8796e0315b88c10/2020-National-Security-Strategy.pdf.
  • Neumann, Iver B. and Gstöhl, Sieglinde. “Introduction: Lilliputians in Gulliver’s World?” In Small States in International Relations, 3–36. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2006.
  • Özdal, Barış. “AGİ(K)T Minsk Grubu’nun Dağlık Karabağ Sorunu’nun Barışçıl Yöntemlerle Çözüm(Süzlüğü) Sürecinde Başarısız Olma Nedenlerinin Analizi.” In Karabağ: Dünü, Bugünü, Yarını, 135–63. İstanbul: Selenge Yayınları, 2021.
  • ———. “Ermeni Sorununun Analizinde Önemli Bir Parametre: Tehcir.” Global Strateji Dergisi 3, no. 10 (Yaz 2007): 95–104.
  • Paronyan, Hayk. “Armenian Foreign Policy between Eurasian and European Integration Models.” Eastern Journal of European Studies 12, no. 1 (June 2021): 258–73.
  • Pazarcı, Hüseyin. Uluslararası Hukuk. 2. Baskı. Ankara: Turhan Kitabevi, 2004.
  • Rogers, James. “Small States, Great Powers and Armed Drones.” In Small States and the New Security Environment. Cham: Springer, 2021.
  • Roren, Pal and Wivel, Anders. “King in the North: Evaluating the Status Recognition and Performance of the Scandinavian Countries.” International Relations 37, no. 2 (2023): 298–323.
  • Sapmaz, Ahmet. Rusya’nın Transkafkasya Politikası ve Türkiye’ye Etkileri. İstanbul: Ötüken Neşriyat, 2008.
  • Shaffer, Brenda. “Iran’s Policy toward the Caucasus and Central Asia.” The Central Asia-Caucasus Analyst, August 17, 2022.
  • “SIPRI Military Expenditure Database,” n.d. https://doi.org/10.55163/CQGC9685.
  • Socor, Vladimir. “Armenia’s Economic Dependence on Russia Insurmountable by the European Union.” Jamestown. Accessed December 22, 2023. https://jamestown.org/program/armenias-economic-dependence-on-russia-insurmountable-by-the-european-union/.
  • Ter-Matevosyan, Vahram and Currie, Brent. “A Conflict That Did Not Happen: Revising the Javakh Affair in Georgia.” Nations and Nationalism 25, no. 2 (August 2018): 1–21.
  • Ter-Matevosyan, Vahram and Mkrtchyan, Narek. “The Conduct of Armenian Foreign Policy: Limits of the Precarious Balance.” In Small States and the New Security Environment, 203–15. Cham: Springer, 2021.
  • Terzyan, Aram. “The Evolutıon of Armenia’s Foreign Policy Identity: The Conceptıon of Identity Driven Paths. Friends and Foes in Armenian Foreign Policy Discourse.” In Values and Identity as Sources of Foreign Policy in Armenia and Georgia, 145–83. Tbilisi: Universal, 2016.
  • Thorhallsson, Baldur. “Studying Small States: A Review.” Small States & Territorries 1, no. 1 (2018): 17–34.
  • Tonoyan, Artyom. “Rising Armenian-Georgian Tensions and the Responsibility of a New Ethnic Conflict in the South Caucasus.” Demokratizatsiya 18, no. 4 (Fall 2010): 287–308.
  • Tüysüzoğlu, Göktürk. “Gürsictan’da Muhtemel Bir Ayrılıkçı Bölge: Samtske-Cevahati.” Karadeniz Araştırmaları 14, no. 55 (Güz 2017): 67–83.
  • Vaicekauskaite, Zivile Marija. “Security Strategies of Small States in a Changing World.” Journal on Baltic Security 3, no. 2 (2017): 7-15.
  • Valiyev, Javid. “Foreign Policy of Azerbaijan in 25 Years of Independence: Priorities, Principles and Achievements.” Caucasus International 7, no. 1 (Summer 2017): 29–46.
  • Wakizaka, Keisuke. “Ermenistan’ın Ulus-Devlet İnşası ve Meşruiyetinde, Ermeni Meselesi ve Karabağ Sorununun Rolü.” Yeni Türkiye, no. 60 (2014): 1–12.
  • Wivel, Anders. “The Grand Strategies of Small States.” In The Oxford Handbook of Grand Stretegy, 490-506. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2021.
  • Yavuz, M. Hakan, and Michael M. Gunter. The Karabakh Conflict between Armenia and Azerbaijan: Causes & Consequences. Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan, 2023.
Toplam 63 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Bölgesel Çalışmalar
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Murat Jane 0000-0002-2409-131X

Yayımlanma Tarihi 24 Mayıs 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 28 Aralık 2023
Kabul Tarihi 17 Nisan 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Sayı: 75

Kaynak Göster

Chicago Jane, Murat. “‘KÜÇÜK DEVLET’ KAVRAMI BAĞLAMINDA ERMENİSTAN’IN TRANS-KAFKASYA POLİTİKASININ ANALİZİ (1991-2020)”. Ermeni Araştırmaları, sy. 75 (Mayıs 2024): 61-94. https://doi.org/10.36542/erma.1411153.