Uluslararası Hukuk Çerçevesinde Taliban Rejiminin Tanınması Sorunu

Öz

Günümüz uluslararası hukukun güncel sorunlarından biri de, meşru olmayan bir şekilde iktidara gelen hükümetlerin hukuki açıdan tanınması konusudur. Uluslararası hukukta hükümetlerin tanınması hukuki olmasının yanı sıra siyasi nitelikli bir işlem olma özelliğini içermektedir. Hükümetlerin tanınması yalnızca bir devletin iç işlerini değil, aynı zamanda uluslararası toplumda yerini alabilmesi, hak ve yükümlülükleri açısından oldukça önemli bir yere sahiptir. ABD ile Taliban arasın-da imzalanan Anlaşma çerçevesinde 2021 yılında ABD’nin Afganistan’dan çekilmesinin hemen akabinde gayrimeşru bir şekilde kabil’i ele geçirmiştir. Nitekim, Afganistan’ın eski Cumhurbaşkanı Eşref Gani gizlice ülkeden kaçmış ve bu olayın ardından Kabil yönetimi tamamen Taliban’ın kontrolüne geçmiştir. Bu gelişmelerin sonucunda, Taliban yönetiminin uluslararası hukuk bağlamında tanınması, meşruiyet ve uluslararası ilişkilerde yerini alması sorunu gündeme gelmiştir. Bu çalışmada analitik yöntem kullanılarak öncelikle uluslararası hukuk açısından tanıma türleri teorik olarak incelenecektir. Ardından, Taliban’ın nasıl ortaya çıktığı ve hangi süreçler sonucunda iktidara geldiği ayrıntılı biçimde ele alınacaktır. Son olarak, hükümetlerin tanınmasına ilişkin esasların Taliban yönetiminin fiili uygulamalarıyla ne ölçüde örtüştüğü analiz edilecektir. Bu çerçevede, Taliban yönetiminin uluslararası toplum nezdinde tanınmasına ilişkin bir değerlendirme yapılacaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Taliban
• ABD
• Uluslararası Hukuk
• Hükümetlerin Tanınması Doktrini
• Meşruiyet

Destekleyen Kurum

Bulunmamaktadır

Etik Beyan

Bulunmamaktadır

Teşekkür

Bulunmamaktadır

The Problem of Recognition of the Taliban Regime Within the Framework of International Law

Öz

One of the current problems of today’s IL is the legal recognition of governments that come to power illegitimately. IL, the recognition of governments is not only a legal process but also a political one. Recognition of governments is of great importance not only in the internal affairs of a state but also in its rights and obligations to take its place in the international community. Within the framework of the agreement signed between the US and the Taliban, they illegitimately captured Kabul immediately after the US withdrawal from Afghanistan in 2021. Former Afghan President Ashraf Ghani secretly fled the country and following this incident, the Kabul administration came completely under Taliban control. The issue of the recognition of the Taliban government within the context of IL, its legitimacy and its place in international relations has been brought to the agenda. In this study, the analytical method will be employed to theoretically examine the types of recognition under IL. Subsequently, the emergence of the Taliban and the processes through which it came to power will be discussed in detail. Finally, the extent to which the principles governing the recognition of governments align withe the de facto practices of the Taliban administration will be analyzed. Within this framework, an assessment will be made regarding the recognition of the Taliban administration by the international community.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Taliban
• USA
• International Law
• Legitimacy
• Doctrines of Recognition of Governments

Destekleyen Kurum

None

Etik Beyan

None

Teşekkür

None

Kaynakça

1. 1. Ahmadi, Akbarshah. “Dinsel Şiddetin Sosyo-Politik Kaynakları: Taliban Örneği”. Uludağ Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi. 26/1 (2017): 117-132.
2. 2. Akbar, Saavar, Rahmatifar Samaneh and Zarneshan Shahram. “The Legitimacy of Taliban Government: Viewe Point of International Law”. Journal: Recent Developments in Public Law. 2/5 (2023): 82-101.
3. 3. Akgün, Sibel. “The Relationship between the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus and the Organization of Turkish States in the Framework of the Concept of Recognition in International Law”. Sakarya Üniversitesi Türk Akademi Dergisi. 2/1 (2023): 48-60.
4. 4. Akipek, Ömer İlhan. Devletler Hukuku, II Kitap. Ankara: İstiklal Matbaası, 1964.
5. 5. Al-Badri, Marwa Hamed, Warda Hashem Ali and Aya Ahmed Mohamed Mahmoud. “The Appearance and Evolution of the Jihadist Groups: Taliban, AL Qaeda and Islamist state”. The Journal of Research and Business Studies. 34/1 (2020): 1-73.
6. 6. Azizi, Sattar. “The Recognition of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (Taliban) from the Perspective of International Law”. International Studies Journal. 18/2 (2021): 7-22.
7. 7. Azubuike, Lawrence. “Status of Taliban and Al Qaeda Soldiers: Another Viewpoint”. Connecticut Journal of International Law. 9/1 (2003): 127-154.
8. 8. Begzad, Ruhullah. “11 Eylül Sonrası Afganistan’da Demokratikleşme ve Taliban Örgütü”. Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Gazi Üniversitesi, 2014.

9. 9. Buergenthal, Thomas and Sean D. Murphy. Public International Law. Minneapolis: West Publishing, 2013.
10. 10. Carter, Barry. Philip Trimble and Allen Weiner, International Law. New york:Walters Kluwers, 2007.
11. 11. Caşın, Mesut Hakkı. Modern Uluslararası Hukukun Temel Esasları. İstanbul: Legal Yayınları, 2013.
12. 12. Cochran, C. L.. “The Estrada Doctrine and United States Policy”. University of Miami Inter-American Law Review. 5/2 (1973): 27–31.
13. 13. Crawford, James. Brownlie’s Principles of Public International Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2019.
14. 14. Crawford, James. The Creation of States in International Law. New York: Oxford University, 2006.
15. 15. Dashti, Zabihullah. “ABD’nin Afganistan’dan Çekilmesi İle Taliban’ın Yeniden İktidara Gelmesi”. Asya Araştırmaları Uluslararası Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi. 5/2 (2021): 195-212.
16. 16. Dawlatyar, Ahmad Khan. “The Factors that Led to the Taliban’s Return to Power and the Future of Afghanistan”. Journal of Regional Studies. 5/2 (2021): 433-455.
17. 17. Ekşi, Nuray. “Milletlerarası Hukuk Açısından Dünden Bugüne Taliban ve Taliban’ın Hükümet Olarak Tanınıp Tanınmayacağı Meselesi”. Public and Private International Law Bulletin. 42/1 (2022): 1-28.
18. 18. Elham, Hossein Khani. "Afghanistan Securıty and The Problem of Taliban Power Regaıning". Politıcal Science Quarterly. 16 (2011): 205-240.
19. 19. Erdal, Selcen. “Uluslararası Hukukta Tanıma Kurumu ve Kuzey Kıbrıs Türk Cumhuriyeti Örneği”. Selçuk Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi. 13/1 (2005): 157-196.
20. 20. Galloway, Thomas. Recognizing Foreign Governments: The Practice of the United States. Washington: American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, 1978.
21. 21. Göktuğ, Sönmez, Gökhan Bozbaş and Serhat Konuşul. “Afgan Talibanı: Dünü, Bugünü ve Yarını”. Necmettin Erbakan Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dergisi. 2/2 (2020): 59-77.
22. 22. Hasar, Seyfullah. “Recognition of Governments and the Case of the Taliban”. Chinese Journal of International Law. 23/1 (2024): 73–122.
23. 23. Holland, Kenneth M. “Pakistan’s National Interest and Recognition of Afghanistan’s Taliban Regime”. Journal of Security and Strategic Analyses. 7/2 (2021): 07-22.
24. 24. Jennings, Robert and Arthur Watts. Oppenheim’s International Law: Volume I – Peace. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992.
25. 25. Jessup, Philip C.. “The Estrada Doctrine”. American Journal of International Law. 25/4 (1931): 719–723.
26. 26. Kelsen, Hans. “Recognition in International Law: Theoretical Observations”. The American Journal of International Law. 35/4 (1941): 605-617.
27. 27. Kuğu, Ali Rıza. “Afganistan’da İktidar Mücadelesi ve Dış Müdahale Sorunsalı: Uluslararası Toplum İçin Yeni Bir Yol Haritası”. Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi, İstanbul Üniversitesi, 2020.
28. 28. Meray, Seha L. Devletler Hukukuna Giriş. Ankara: Ajans-Türk Matbaası, 1959.
29. 29. Mundkur, Ramanand, “Recognition of Governments in International Organizations, Including at the International Monetary Fund”. Current Developments in Monetary and Financial Law, 77-97. Washington: International Monetary Fund, 2005.
30. 30. Pazarcı, Hüseyin. Uluslararası Hukuk Dersleri, II Kitap. Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Yayınları, 1989.
31. 31. Pazarcı, Hüseyin. Uluslararası Hukuk. Ankara: Turhan Kitabevi, 2015.
32. 32. Qazi Zada, Sebghatullah and Mohd Ziaolhaq Qazi Zada. “The Taliban and women's human rights in Afghanistan: the way forward”. The International Journal of Human Rights. 28/10 (2024): 1687-1722.
33. 33. Rahimi, Haroun and Mahir Hazim. “International Law and the Taliban's Legal Status: Emerging Recognition Criteria?”. Washington International Law Journal. 32/3 (2023): 227-259.
34. 34. Rahimullah Farzam, Tarihsel ve Güncel Boyutlarıyla Hazara Toplumu (Ankara: İram Yayınları, 2020).
35. 35. Shaw, Malcolm N. International Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2017.
36. 36. Sur, Melda. Uluslararası Hukukun Esasları. İstanbul: Beta yayınları, 2018.
37. 37. Şeyhanlıoğlu, Hüseyin. “18. Yüzyıldan Günümüze Kadar Afganistan’ın Jeostratejik Önemi”. Avrasya Etüdleri. 34/2 (2008): 61-82.
38. 38. Yosufi, Syed Ismail. “The Strategic Dimensions of American–Afghan Relations 2001–2014”. Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Middle East University, 2014.
39. 39. INTERNET SOURCE
40. 40. Afganistan Analysts Network, Whose Seat is it Anyway: The UN’s (non)decision on Who Represents Afghanistan”, 07 Dec 2023, (Erişim Tarihi: 20.09.2025), https://www.afghanistan-analysts.org/en/reports/international-engagement/whose-seat-is-it-anyway-the-uns-nondecision-on-who-represents-afghanistan/.
41. 41. Afganistan Bade Ameyn min Hukum Taliban: Avde Karitiyye ve Tehdidat Emniyye Mutasaide, 5 Eylül 2022, (Erişim Tarihi: 10.04.2024), https://www.qposts.com/.
42. 42. Afghanistan: Taliban Responsible for Brutal Massacre of Hazara Men–New Investigation, Amnesty Internationbal, 19 August 2021, (Erişim Tarihi: 10.04.2024), https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2021/08/afghanistan-taliban-responsible-for-brutal-massacre-of-hazara-men-new-investigation/?utm_source=chatgpt.com.
43. 43. Agreement for Bringing Peace to Afghanistan between the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan which is not recognized by the United States as a state and is known as the Taliban and the United States of America, (Erişim Tarihi: 10.04.2024), https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Agreement-For-Bringing-Peace-to-Afghanistan-02.29.20.pdf.
44. 44. Aljazeera, Taliban Asks to Address UN After Afghanistan Takeover, 22 Sep 2021, (Erişim Tarihi: 20.09.2025). https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/9/22/taliban-asks-to-address-un-after-afghanistan-takeover.
45. 45. Amanda Macias, “Secretary of State Blinken calls Taliban ‘the de facto government of Afghanistan’”, 13 September 2021, (Erişim Tarihi: 06.04.2024), https://www.cnbc.com/2021/09/13/secretary-of-state-blinken-calls-taliban-the-de-facto-government-of-afghanistan.html.
46. 46. International Court of Justice, Accordance with International Law of the Unilateral Declaration of Independence in Respect of Kosovo, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports (22 July 2010), p. 403, https://www.icj-cij.org/sites/default/files/case-related/141/16010.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi: 27.09.2025).
47. 47. Maz, Becky. “The Legality of Denying a U.N. Member State’s Delegation Credentials: A Debate Reignited”. Michigan Journal of International Law. 43 (2022), (Erişim Tarihi: 18.09.2025), https://www.mjilonline.org/the-legality-of-denying-a-u-n-member-states-delegation-credentials-a-debate-reignited/.
48. 48. Nicaragua v. United States of America case (Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua, Merits, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1986, p. 14, https://www.icj-cij.org/sites/default/files/case-related/70/9973.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi: 27.09.2025).
49. 49. Special Inspector General For Afghanistan Reconstruction, (Erişim Tarihi: 20.09.2024), https://www.sigar.mil/pdf/quarterlyreports/2019-01-30qr.pdf.
50. 50. Tahavvul İstratici: Avdet Taliban Lihukum Afganistan ve Tedaiyatiha, Aljazeera Center For Studies, 24 Agust 2021, 5, (Erişim Tarihi: 10.04.2024), https://studies.aljazeera.net/sites/default/files/articles/documents/2021-pdf.
51. 51. Taliban Fast Facts, 15 March 2024, (Erişim Tarihi: 20.03.2024), https://edition.cnn.com/2013/09/20/world/taliban-fast-facts/index.html.
52. 52. The Guardian, Taliban Ask To Address UN General Assembly After Afghanistan Takeover, 22 Sep 2021, (Erişim Tarihi: 20.09.2025). https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/sep/22/taliban-ask-to-address-un-general-assembly-after-afghanistan-takeover.
53. 53. The Taliban in Afghanistan, 19 January 2023, (Erişim Tarihi: 06.04.2024), https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/taliban-afghanistan#!/taliban?cid=marketing_use-taliban_infoguide-012115.
54. 54. The Taliban wants to be recognised by the world. Should Western countries engage with it?, 26 Aug 2021, (Erişim Tarihi: 14.08.2024), https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-08-27/should-the-west-engage-with-the-taliban-afghanistan/100393560.
55. 55. The Tinoco Case of 1923 (Great Britain v. Costa Rica), https://www.ilsa.org/Jessup/Jessup12/Tinoco%20Claims%20Arbitration.pdf ( Erişim Tarihi: 21.09.2025).
56. 56. United Nation, UN Calls on Taliban to End Repressive Policies, 7 July 2025, https://news.un.org/en/story/2025/07/1165342, (Erişim Tarihi: 16.09.2025).
57. 57. United Nations General Assembly, 27 June 2025, A/79/L.100, https://docs.un.org/en/A/79/L.100, (Erişim Tarihi: 16.09.2025).
58. 58. United Nations General Assembly, 6 December 2023, A/78/605, https://docs.un.org/en/A/78/605, (Erişim Tarihi: 16.09.2025).
59. 59. United Nations Security Council, 12 September 2001, S/RES/1368, https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N01/533/82/PDF/N0153382.pdf?OpenElement, (Erişim Tarihi: 06.04.2024).
60. 60. United Nations Security Council, 13 October 2003, S/RES/1510, https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N03/555/55/PDF/N0355555.pdf?OpenElement, (Erişim Tarihi: 06.04.2024).
61. 61. United Nations Security Council, 14 November 2001, S/RES/1378, https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N01/638/57/PDF/N0163857.pdf?OpenElement, (Erişim Tarihi: 06.04.2024).
62. 62. United Nations Security Council, 16 March 2023, S/RES/2679 (2023), https://docs.un.org/en/S/RES/2679(2023), (Erişim Tarihi: 20.09.2025).
63. 63. United Nations Security Council, 17 March 2025, S/RES/2777 (2025), https://docs.un.org/en/S/RES/2777(2025), (Erişim Tarihi: 20.09.2025).
64. 64. United Nations Security Council, 22 December 2021, S/RES/2615 (2021), https://docs.un.org/en/S/RES/2615(2021), (Erişim Tarihi: 18.09.2025).
65. 65. United Nations Security Council, 27 April 2023, S/RES/2681 (2023), https://docs.un.org/en/S/RES/2681(2023), (Erişim Tarihi: 19.09.2025).
66. 66. United Nations Security Council, 28 September 2001, S/RES/1373, https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N01/557/43/PDF/N0155743.pdf?OpenElement, (Erişim Tarihi: 06.04.2024).
67. 67. United Nations Security Council, 30 August 2021, S/RES/2593 (2021), https://docs.un.org/en/S/RES/2593(2021), (Erişim Tarihi: 18.09.2025).