MADDİ VARLIĞIN ÖTESİNDE: ULUSLARARASI İNSANCIL HUKUKTA “NESNE” KAVRAMININ DİJİTAL ÇAĞDA YENİDEN YORUMLANMASI

Öz

Dijital teknolojilerin silahlı çatışmalarda giderek daha yoğun biçimde kullanılması, fiziksel altyapıya zarar verilmeksizin dijital verilerin hedef alınmasını mümkün hale getirmiştir. Bu durum, uluslararası insancıl hukukta sivil nesnelerin korunmasına ilişkin rejimin fiziksel varlığı bulunmayan dijital verileri ne ölçüde kapsadığı sorusunu gündeme getirmektedir. Tartışmanın merkezinde, 1977 tarihli I No.lu Ek Protokol’ün (I No.lu Ek Protokol) 52. maddesinde yer alan “nesne” kavramının dijital verileri kapsayacak şekilde yorumlanıp yorumlanamayacağı bulunmaktadır. Bu çalışma, maddeselliğin 52. maddede açıkça öngörülmüş bağımsız bir hukuki unsur olmadığını ve tanımlanmamış “nesne” kavramının Viyana Andlaşmalar Hukuku Sözleşmesi’nin 31. maddesinde yer alan yorum kuralları çerçevesinde belirli dijital verileri kapsayacak şekilde yorumlanabileceğini savunmaktadır. Bununla birlikte bu yaklaşım, tüm dijital verilerin kendiliğinden “nesne” sayılmasını değil, özellikle sivil yaşamın ve temel sivil hizmetlerin devamlılığı bakımından işlevsel önem taşıyan verilerin koruma kapsamına alınmasını gerektirmektedir. Böyle bir yorum, yeni bir hukuk kuralı yaratılmasından ziyade mevcut hukukun değişen teknolojik koşullara uygulanmasını ifade etmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Uluslararası İnsancıl Hukuk
• Dijital Veri
• Siber Operasyonlar
• Nesne Kavramı
• Teleolojik Yorum

Beyond Materiality: Reinterpreting the Concept of “Object” under International Humanitarian Law in the Digital Age

Öz

The increasing use of digital technologies in armed conflicts has made it possible to target digital data without causing damage to physical infrastructure. This development raises the question of the extent to which the international humanitarian law regime protecting civilian objects encompasses digital data that lack physical existence. At the center of this debate is whether the concept of “objects” in Article 52 of the 1977 Additional Protocol I can be interpreted to include digital data. This article argues that materiality is not expressly prescribed as an independent legal requirement under Article 52 and that the undefined concept of “objects” can be interpreted, in accordance with the rules of treaty interpretation set out in Article 31 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, to encompass certain digital data. This approach does not entail treating all digital data as “objects”; rather, it requires extending protection particularly to data that are functionally significant for the continuity of civilian life and essential civilian services. Such an interpretation constitutes an application of existing law to changing technological conditions rather than the creation of a new legal rule.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• International Humanitarian Law
• Digital Data
• Cyber Operations
• Object
• Teleological Interpretation

Kaynakça

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