SINIR ÖTESİ NÜKLEER ZARARLARLA MÜCADELEDE DEVLETİN KUSURSUZ SORUMLULUĞU

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 16 Sayı: 2, 313 - 336, 20.10.2021

Ahmet Sefa Dinleyici

Öz

Nükleer enerjinin önemli derecede sınır aşan zararlara yol açabileceği kabul edilmektedir. Bu sorunla mücadelede devletin kusursuz sorumluluğu, devletin kusurlu sorumluluğu ve işletmecinin kusursuz sorumlu olduğu mevcut sorumluluk rejimi olmak üzere üç farklı sorumluluk sistemi ortaya konulmuştur. Bunların içinden ise işletmecinin kusursuz sorumluluğu ile devletin kusurlu sorumluluğunun bazı unsurları nükleer zararlarda sorumluluk konusunda kabul görmüş olsa da devletler devletin kusursuz sorumluluğu tartışmalarına çekin-ce ile yaklaşmışlardır. Ancak Fukuşima sonrası, mevcut sorumluluk sisteminin eksikliği dikkate alınarak, devletin kusursuz sorumluluğu konusunun netleştirilmesi hususu aciliyet kazanmıştır. Zira mevcut sorumluluk sistemindeki eksiklikler dolayısıyla zaman zaman bazı sınır aşan nükleer zarar hallerinde tazmin edilememe durumları oluşabilmektedir. Bu hallerde kusursuz devlet sorumluluğuna olan ihtiyacı dikkate alarak makalede uluslararası hukuk çerçevesinde devle-tin kusursuz sorumluluğuna yer olup olmadığı ve eğer varsa bu sorumluluğun hukuk sistemine nasıl dâhil edilebileceği analiz edilecek-tir. Kusursuz devlet sorumluluğunun hukuki durumu analiz edilirken uluslararası çevre hukuku, emsal olaylar ve Uluslararası Hukuk Komisyonu’nun çalışmalarından faydalanılmıştır. Sonuç olarak ise uluslararası hukukun devletin kusursuz sorumluluğu sistemi konusunda net olmadığı görülmektedir ancak bu belirsizlik devletleri mevcut sorumluluk rejimi ile devletin kusursuz sorumluluğu sistemlerini bir arada içeren yeni mekanizmalar oluşturmaktan uzak tutmamalıdır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Devletin Kusursuz Sorumluluğu, Sınır Aşan Zararlar, Nükleer Enerji, Devletin Kusurlu Sorumluluğu, İşletmecinin Kusursuz Sorumluluğu

STRICT LIABILITY OF STATES FOR DEALING WITH TRANSBOUNDARY NUCLEAR DAMAGES

Öz

It is undeniable that nuclear energy may cause very serious transboundary damages. In dealing with this problem, three different liability schemes have been put forward, namely state’s strict liability, state responsibility and current regime in which operator is strict liability. Amongst them, operator’s strict liability and some elements of state responsibility have been accepted in dealing with nuclear damages and states generally have absented themselves from strict liability discussions. But, after Fukushima, it is now very urgent that state’s strict liability issue must be clarified given the fact that the current nuclear liability scheme is very deficient. As a result of deficiencies in current nuclear liability system, there may be some cases of uncompensated transboundary victims. Considering the urgent need of clarification of state’s strict liability for transboundary nuclear damages, this article will try to answer if there is a firm ground for state’s strict liability in international law and if so, how this concept could be incorporated into legal system. During the research, transnati-onal environmental law, related cases and International Law Commission’s works were used as main sources when analysing the legal status of state’s strict liability. It can be briefly concluded that international law is not clear on the state’s strict liability, but this ambiguity should not prevent states to create new mechanisms in which both current nuclear liability and state’s strict liability elements are included.

Anahtar Kelimeler

State’s Strict Liability, Transboundary Damages, Nuc-lear Energy, State Responsibility, Strict Liability of Operator

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