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Transition from the Basic Structure Doctrine to Unamendable Articles: Bangladesh Example

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 19 Sayı: 2, 1189 - 1222, 28.10.2024

Öz

The 1972 Constitution of Bangladesh clearly regulates the ju
risdiction of the Bangladesh Supreme Court. However, there is no
provision in the Constitution for judicial review of constitutional
amendments. There is also no one or more unamendable provisions
in the first version of the Constitution. In Bangladesh, the issue of
review of constitutional amendments was first raised in the Anwar
Hossain Chowdhury case. In Anwar Hossain Chowdhury, the Bang
ladesh Supreme Court resolved the constitutionality of the Eighth
Amendment by adopting a practice similar to that of the Supreme
Court of India, known as the “basic structure doctrine”. It should be
noted that most of the judges in the Anwar Hossain Chowdhury
case drew heavily from the jurisprudence in the Indian jurisdiction
in shaping their thinking on the basic structure doctrine in the judi
cial review of constitutional amendments. As a result, with this ca
se, it has been accepted that the Constitution has implied limits and
in this context, the so-called “basic structure doctrine” has been
recognized by the judicial organs in the country. Thus, with this
case, the basic structure doctrine has been introduced as a norma
tive tool in determining the conformity of a constitutional amend
ment with the Constitution in terms of substance (content).In recent years, the “basic structure doctrine”, which has been
put forward by the judicial organs of some countries that embrace the
supremacy of the constitution, has found an important place in the
constitutional law agenda. Courts using this doctrine give themselves
extraordinary power to review constitutional amendments based on
their content. In some constitutions, there are clauses that prevent
the amendment of certain provisions and principles of the constitu
tion, “entrenching” them, so to speak. However, the constitutions of
countries where the “basic structure doctrine” is applied do not have
such clauses. Instead, courts have imposed “implied limits” on the
legislature's power to amend the constitution. The Bangladesh Consti
tution did not contain such a protective clause when it came into for
ce. However, in 2011, the Fifteenth Amendment to the Constitution of
Bangladesh introduced a comprehensive unamendable article (Article
7B).
Instead of making only the fundamental constitutional principles
and the character of the Republic unamendable, Article 7B renders
unamendable an unusually long series of provisions, totaling 52 artic
les, almost a third of the Constitution. Moreover, it is an extremely
radical innovation to make “the provisions of the articles relating to
the basic structures of the Constitution” unamendable without iden
tifying the basic structures one by one.
In sum, in Anwar Hossain Chowdhury, the judges stated that
amendments to constitutional provisions are permissible as long as
they do not undermine the basic structures of the Constitution; they
did not impose an absolute prohibition on amending any provision of
the Constitution. In contrast, Article 7B identifies certain provisions of
the Constitution as fundamental structures and provides that
amendment of any of these protected provisions is absolutely prohi
bited in any manner whatsoever. In other words, Article 7B transpo
sed the concept of fundamental structures into the text of the Consti
tution. In the doctrine, this practice is referred to as the “the basic
provision doctrine”. The Supreme Court of Bangladesh has to take this
article into account when it comes to reviewing the validity of constitutional amendments in the future. In other words, as long as Article7B exists in the Constitution, it will continue to be important for the Court in determining the validity of constitutional amendments...continued in the article

Kaynakça

  • Ahmed, Kawser. “Misreading or Leapfrogging? SC’s Power to Re-view Constitutional Amendment”, The Daily Star (Dhaka), 22 August 2017. (Erişim Tarihi:13.07.2024). https://www.thedailystar.net/ law-our-rights/scs-power-review-constitutional-amendment-1452340.
  • Ahmed, Kawser. “What is Actually the Basic Feature Doctrine?”. The Daily Star (Dhaka). 5 June 2018. 15. (Erişim Tarihi:14.07.2024). https://www.thedailystar.net/law-our-rights/what-actually-the-basic-feature-doctrine-1586476.
  • Ahmed, Kawser. “Revisiting Judicial Review of Constitutional Amendments in Bangladesh: Article 7B, the Asaduzzaman Case, and the Fall of the Basic Structure Doctrine”. Israel Law Review. 56(2023): 263-287.
  • Ahmed, Nafiz. “The Intrinsicallay Uncertain Doctrine of Basic Structure”. Washington University Jurisprudence Review. 14/2(2022):307-340.
  • Albert, Richard. “Nonconstitutional Amendments”. Canadian Jo-urnal of Law and Jurisprudence. 22/1(2009): 5-47.
  • Albert, Richard. “Constitutional Handcuffs”. Arizona State Law Jo-urnal. 42(2010): 664-715.
  • Albert, Richard. “The Expressive Function of Constitutional Amendment Rules”. McGill Law Journal. 59/2(2013): 225-281.
  • Anayurt, Ömer. Anayasa Hukuku Genel Kısım. 6. Baskı. Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık, 2023.
  • Barak, Aharon. “Unconstitutional Constitutional Amendments”. Israel Law Review. 44/3(2011): 321-341.
  • Batum, Süheyl. Anayasa ve İnsan. 99 Soruda Çağdaş Anayasa. 3. Baskı. İstanbul: Cumhuriyet Kitapları, 2011.
  • Carlos, Bernal. “Unconstitutional Constitutional Amendments in the Case Study of Colombia: An Analysis of the Justification and Mea-ning of the Constitutional Replacement Doctrine”. International J of Constitutional Law. 11/2(2013): 339-357.
  • Colón-Ríos, Joel. “Beyond Parliamentary Sovereignty and Judicial Supremacy: The Doctrine of Implicit Limits to Constitutional Reform in Latin America”. Victoria University Wellington Law Review. 44(2013): 521-534.
  • Dixon, Rosalind and Landau, David. “Transnational Constitutiona-lism and a Limited Doctrine of Unconstitutional Constitutional Amendment”. International Journal of Constitutional Law. 13/3(2015): 606-638.
  • Doğru, Ceren. Sınırötesi Anayasacılık Bağlamında Anayasaya Ay-kırı Anayasa Değişikliklerinin Yargısal Denetimi (Türkiye Çözümle-mesi). Ankara: Yetkin Yayınları, 2022.
  • Friedman, Andrew. “Dead Hand Constitutionalism: Honduras and the Danger of Eternity Clauses in New Democracies”. Mexican Law Review. 4/1(2011): 77-96.
  • Gözler, Kemal. Judicial Review of Constitutional Amendments. Bursa: Ekin Press, 2008.
  • Gözler, Kemal. Kurucu İktidar. 2. Baskı. Bursa: Ekin Basım Yayım Dağıtım, 2016.
  • Güner Yaşar, Gizem. Anayasa Değişikliklerinin Esas Bakımından Denetimi. Ankara: Adalet Yayınevi, 2023.
  • Halmai, Gabor. “Unconstitutional Constitutional Amendments: Constitutional Courts as Guardians of the Constitution?”. Constella-tions. 19/2(2012): 182-203.
  • Hein, Michael. “The Least Dangerous Branch? Constitutional Re-view of Constitutional Amendments in Europe”. İçinde Court, Politics and Constitutional Law: Judicialization of Politics and the Judiciary, Ed. Martin Belov. Routledge, 2019.
  • Hein, Michael. “Do Constitutional Entrenchment Clauses Matter? Constitutional Review of Constitutional Amendments in Europe”. In-ternational Journal of Constitutional Law. 18/1(2020): 78-110.
  • Hoque, Ridwanul. “Eternal Provisions in the Constitution of Bang-ladesh: A Constitution Once and for All” İçinde An Unamendable Cons-titution? Unamendability in Constitutional Democracies. Eds. Richard Albert and Bertil Emrah Oder, Springer, 2018.
  • Hoque, Ridwanul. “The Politics of Unconstitutional Amendments in Bangladesh”, İçinde The Law and Politics of Unconstitutional Cons-titutional Amendments in Asia. Eds. Rehan Abeyratne and Ngoc Son Bui. Routledge, 2022.
  • Hossain, Muzammel. “21. Yüzyılda Hak ve Özgürlük Hareketleri ve Anayasa Mahkemelerinin Rolü: Bangladeş Perspektifi”. Anayasa Yargısı. 2(2012): 53-72.
  • Jacobsohn, Gary Jeffrey. “An Unconstitutional Constitution? A Comparative Perspective”, International Journal Of Constitutional Law. 4/3(2006): 460-487.
  • Jacobsohn, Gary Jeffrey. “The Formation of Constitutional Identi-ties”, İçinde Comparative Constitutional Law. Eds. Ginsburg Tom, Dixon Rosalind, Edward Elgar Publishing, 2011.
  • Kamal, Mustafa. Bangladesh Constitutions: Trends and Issues. University of Dhaka, 1994.
  • Köybaşı, Serkan. “Anayasalarda Değişmezlik Değişmez Maddele-rin Teorisi ve Pratiği”, Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Galatasaray Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Kamu Hukuku Anabilim Dalı, 2013.
  • Landau, David. “Abusive Constitutionalism”. University of Cali-fornia. Davis Law Review. 47(2013): 189-260.
  • Lima, Jairo and Andrea Celemín, “Unconstitutional Constitutional Amendments: A Comparative Analysis Between Brazil and Colombia”. Aspectos Políticos e Históricos do Constitucionalismo. 3(2019): 123-133.
  • Mazzone, Jason. “Unamendments”. Iowa Law Review. 90/5(2005): 1747-1855.
  • Mendes, Hubner. “Judicial Review of Constitutional Amendments in the Brazilian Supreme Court”. Florida Journal of International Law. 17/3(2005): 449-462.
  • Murphy, Walter, F. “Merlin’s Memory: The Past and Future Imper-fect of the Once and Future Policy”, İçinde Responding to Imperfec-tion: The Theory and Practice of Constitutonal Amendment. Ed. San-ford Levinson, (Princeton University Press, 1995).
  • Neo, Jaclyn L. “A Contextual Approach to Unconstitutional Consti-tutional Amendments: Judicial Power and the Basic Structure Doctri-ne in Malaysia”. Asian Journal of Comparative Law. 15/1(2020): 69-94.
  • Pfersman, Otto. “Unconstitutional Constitutional Amendments: A Normativist Approach”. Zeitschrift für öffentliches Recht (ZÖR). 67(2012): 81-113.
  • Preuss, Ulrich K. “The Implications of Eternity Clauses: The Ger-man Experience”. Israel Law Review. 44/3(2011): 429-448.
  • Roznai, Yaniv. “Unconstitutional Constitutional Amendments—the Migration and Success of a Constitutional Idea”. American Journal of Comparative Law. 61 (2013): 657-719.
  • Roznai, Yaniv. Unconstitutional Constitutional Amendments: The Limits of Amendment Powers. Oxford University Press, 2017.
  • Stith, Richard. “Unconstitutional Constitutional Amendments: The Extraordinary Power of Nepal’s Supreme Court”. American University International Law Review. 11/1(1996): 47-77.
  • Tehami, Isfar. “A Critical Analysis of the Impacts of Article 7B of the Constitution Over Constitutionalism in Bangladesh”. (5 July 2023). 29. (Erişim Tarihi: 15.07.2024), https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers. cfm?abstract_id=4656048.
  • Turhan, Mehmet. “Anayasaya Aykırı Anayasa Değişiklikleri”. AÜHFD. 33/1-4(1976): 63-104.
  • Vinx, Lars. “Carl Schmitt and the Problem of Constitutional Guar-dianship”. İçinde The Contemporary Relevance of Carl Schmitt. eds. Matilda Arvidsson, Leila Brännström and Panu Minkkinen. Routledge, 1995.
  • Vinx, Lars. The Guardian of the Constitution: Hans Kelsen and Carl Schmitt on the Limits of Constitutonal Law. Cambridge University Press, 1995.
  • Yap, Po Jen. “Conundrum of Unconstitutional Constitutional Amendments”. Global Constitutionalism. 4/1(2015): 114-136.
  • Bangladeş Yüksek Mahkemesi, Abdul Mannan Khan v Bangladesh [2012] 64 DLR (AD) 169.
  • Bangladeş Yüksek Mahkemesi, Anwar Hossain Chowdhury and Others v Bangladesh [1989] BLD (SPL) 1. (Anwar Hossain Chowdhury Davası). (Erişim Tarihi:12.07.2024), https://betterjustice.wordpress. com/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/1989-bld-spl-1-8th-amendment-judgment.pdf.
  • Bangladeş Yüksek Mahkemesi, Bangladesh v Asaduzzaman Sid-diqui (2017) CLR (AD) (Spl) 1, (Asaduzzaman Davası), (Erişim Tarihi: 17.07.2024), https://supremecourt.gov.bd/resources/documents/783957_ WP9989of2014.pdf.
  • Bangladeş Yüksek Mahkemesi, Bangladesh Italian Marble Works Ltd v Bangladesh [2010] 62 DLR (HCD), 70.
  • Bangladeş Yüksek Mahkemesi, Siddique Ahmed v Bangladesh [2011] 63 DLR (HCD) 565.
  • Hindistan Yüksek Mahkemesi, Golak Nath v. State of Punjab, 1967 AIR 1643, 1967 SCR (2).
  • Hindistan Yüksek Mahkemesi, Kesavananda Bharti Sripadagalvaru v State of Kerala (1973) SCR 000.
  • Hindistan Yüksek Mahkemesi, Minerva Mills v Union of India 1980 AIR 1789, 1981 SCR (1) 206.
  • Hindistan Yüksek Mahkemesi. Union of India v. K. M. Shankarap-pa, (2001) 4 LRI 903.
  • Hindistan Yüksek Mahkemesi. Election Commission of India v. Ashok Kumar, (2000) 3 LRI 1042.
  • Hindistan Yüksek Mahkemesi. State of Bihar v. Bal Mukund Sah, (2000) 2 LRI 471.
  • Hindistan Yüksek Mahkemesi. Mohd Chaman v. State (N.C.T. of Delhi), (2000)11 LRIU 1.
  • Hindistan Yüksek Mahkemesi. Raghunathrao Ganpatrao Etc. Etc vs Union Of India on 4 February, 1993.
  • Türk Anayasa Mahkemesi. E. 1963/173, K. 1965/40, K.T. 26.09.1965.

TEMEL YAPI DOKTRİNİNDEN DEĞİŞTİRİLEMEZ MADDELERE GEÇİŞ: BANGLADEŞ ÖRNEĞİ

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 19 Sayı: 2, 1189 - 1222, 28.10.2024

Öz

Son yıllarda anayasanın üstünlüğünü benimseyen bazı ülkelerin
yargı organları tarafından ortaya konan “temel yapı doktrini”, anayasa
hukuku gündeminde önemli bir yer bulmuştur. Bu doktrini kullanan
mahkemeler, anayasa değişikliklerinin içeriğine bakarak denetim
yapma konusunda kendilerine olağanüstü bir yetki tanımaktadırlar.
Bangladeş Yüksek Mahkemesi “temel yapı doktrini”ni ilk kez,
1989 yılında karara bağlanan Anwar Hossain Chowdhurdy davasında
benimsemiştir. Bu tarihten sonra uzun bir zaman boyunca temel yapı
doktrini, Bangladeş’te anayasa değişikliklerinin yargısal denetiminde
tek ölçü olarak kullanılmıştır. Bangladeş Anayasasında 2011 yılındayapılan On Beşinci Anayasa Değişikliği ile getirilen geniş kapsamlı 7B
maddesi, Anayasanın önemli sayıda hükmünün değiştirilemeyeceğini
açıkça ortaya koymuştur. Bu çalışmada, 7B hükmünün getirilmesiyle
birlikte temel yapı doktrininin, Bangladeş Anayasasında gelecekte
yapılacak olan anayasa değişikliklerinin yargısal denetiminde en
önemli ölçü olma özelliğini yitireceği ifade edilmeye çalışılmıştır. Yük-
sek Mahkeme yargıçlarının görevden alınmasına ilişkin parlamento
mekanizmasının Anayasanın 7B maddesine dayanılarak anayasaya
aykırı bulunduğu Asaduzzaman Siddiqui davası ise bu iddiayı kanıtlar
niteliktedir.

Kaynakça

  • Ahmed, Kawser. “Misreading or Leapfrogging? SC’s Power to Re-view Constitutional Amendment”, The Daily Star (Dhaka), 22 August 2017. (Erişim Tarihi:13.07.2024). https://www.thedailystar.net/ law-our-rights/scs-power-review-constitutional-amendment-1452340.
  • Ahmed, Kawser. “What is Actually the Basic Feature Doctrine?”. The Daily Star (Dhaka). 5 June 2018. 15. (Erişim Tarihi:14.07.2024). https://www.thedailystar.net/law-our-rights/what-actually-the-basic-feature-doctrine-1586476.
  • Ahmed, Kawser. “Revisiting Judicial Review of Constitutional Amendments in Bangladesh: Article 7B, the Asaduzzaman Case, and the Fall of the Basic Structure Doctrine”. Israel Law Review. 56(2023): 263-287.
  • Ahmed, Nafiz. “The Intrinsicallay Uncertain Doctrine of Basic Structure”. Washington University Jurisprudence Review. 14/2(2022):307-340.
  • Albert, Richard. “Nonconstitutional Amendments”. Canadian Jo-urnal of Law and Jurisprudence. 22/1(2009): 5-47.
  • Albert, Richard. “Constitutional Handcuffs”. Arizona State Law Jo-urnal. 42(2010): 664-715.
  • Albert, Richard. “The Expressive Function of Constitutional Amendment Rules”. McGill Law Journal. 59/2(2013): 225-281.
  • Anayurt, Ömer. Anayasa Hukuku Genel Kısım. 6. Baskı. Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık, 2023.
  • Barak, Aharon. “Unconstitutional Constitutional Amendments”. Israel Law Review. 44/3(2011): 321-341.
  • Batum, Süheyl. Anayasa ve İnsan. 99 Soruda Çağdaş Anayasa. 3. Baskı. İstanbul: Cumhuriyet Kitapları, 2011.
  • Carlos, Bernal. “Unconstitutional Constitutional Amendments in the Case Study of Colombia: An Analysis of the Justification and Mea-ning of the Constitutional Replacement Doctrine”. International J of Constitutional Law. 11/2(2013): 339-357.
  • Colón-Ríos, Joel. “Beyond Parliamentary Sovereignty and Judicial Supremacy: The Doctrine of Implicit Limits to Constitutional Reform in Latin America”. Victoria University Wellington Law Review. 44(2013): 521-534.
  • Dixon, Rosalind and Landau, David. “Transnational Constitutiona-lism and a Limited Doctrine of Unconstitutional Constitutional Amendment”. International Journal of Constitutional Law. 13/3(2015): 606-638.
  • Doğru, Ceren. Sınırötesi Anayasacılık Bağlamında Anayasaya Ay-kırı Anayasa Değişikliklerinin Yargısal Denetimi (Türkiye Çözümle-mesi). Ankara: Yetkin Yayınları, 2022.
  • Friedman, Andrew. “Dead Hand Constitutionalism: Honduras and the Danger of Eternity Clauses in New Democracies”. Mexican Law Review. 4/1(2011): 77-96.
  • Gözler, Kemal. Judicial Review of Constitutional Amendments. Bursa: Ekin Press, 2008.
  • Gözler, Kemal. Kurucu İktidar. 2. Baskı. Bursa: Ekin Basım Yayım Dağıtım, 2016.
  • Güner Yaşar, Gizem. Anayasa Değişikliklerinin Esas Bakımından Denetimi. Ankara: Adalet Yayınevi, 2023.
  • Halmai, Gabor. “Unconstitutional Constitutional Amendments: Constitutional Courts as Guardians of the Constitution?”. Constella-tions. 19/2(2012): 182-203.
  • Hein, Michael. “The Least Dangerous Branch? Constitutional Re-view of Constitutional Amendments in Europe”. İçinde Court, Politics and Constitutional Law: Judicialization of Politics and the Judiciary, Ed. Martin Belov. Routledge, 2019.
  • Hein, Michael. “Do Constitutional Entrenchment Clauses Matter? Constitutional Review of Constitutional Amendments in Europe”. In-ternational Journal of Constitutional Law. 18/1(2020): 78-110.
  • Hoque, Ridwanul. “Eternal Provisions in the Constitution of Bang-ladesh: A Constitution Once and for All” İçinde An Unamendable Cons-titution? Unamendability in Constitutional Democracies. Eds. Richard Albert and Bertil Emrah Oder, Springer, 2018.
  • Hoque, Ridwanul. “The Politics of Unconstitutional Amendments in Bangladesh”, İçinde The Law and Politics of Unconstitutional Cons-titutional Amendments in Asia. Eds. Rehan Abeyratne and Ngoc Son Bui. Routledge, 2022.
  • Hossain, Muzammel. “21. Yüzyılda Hak ve Özgürlük Hareketleri ve Anayasa Mahkemelerinin Rolü: Bangladeş Perspektifi”. Anayasa Yargısı. 2(2012): 53-72.
  • Jacobsohn, Gary Jeffrey. “An Unconstitutional Constitution? A Comparative Perspective”, International Journal Of Constitutional Law. 4/3(2006): 460-487.
  • Jacobsohn, Gary Jeffrey. “The Formation of Constitutional Identi-ties”, İçinde Comparative Constitutional Law. Eds. Ginsburg Tom, Dixon Rosalind, Edward Elgar Publishing, 2011.
  • Kamal, Mustafa. Bangladesh Constitutions: Trends and Issues. University of Dhaka, 1994.
  • Köybaşı, Serkan. “Anayasalarda Değişmezlik Değişmez Maddele-rin Teorisi ve Pratiği”, Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Galatasaray Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Kamu Hukuku Anabilim Dalı, 2013.
  • Landau, David. “Abusive Constitutionalism”. University of Cali-fornia. Davis Law Review. 47(2013): 189-260.
  • Lima, Jairo and Andrea Celemín, “Unconstitutional Constitutional Amendments: A Comparative Analysis Between Brazil and Colombia”. Aspectos Políticos e Históricos do Constitucionalismo. 3(2019): 123-133.
  • Mazzone, Jason. “Unamendments”. Iowa Law Review. 90/5(2005): 1747-1855.
  • Mendes, Hubner. “Judicial Review of Constitutional Amendments in the Brazilian Supreme Court”. Florida Journal of International Law. 17/3(2005): 449-462.
  • Murphy, Walter, F. “Merlin’s Memory: The Past and Future Imper-fect of the Once and Future Policy”, İçinde Responding to Imperfec-tion: The Theory and Practice of Constitutonal Amendment. Ed. San-ford Levinson, (Princeton University Press, 1995).
  • Neo, Jaclyn L. “A Contextual Approach to Unconstitutional Consti-tutional Amendments: Judicial Power and the Basic Structure Doctri-ne in Malaysia”. Asian Journal of Comparative Law. 15/1(2020): 69-94.
  • Pfersman, Otto. “Unconstitutional Constitutional Amendments: A Normativist Approach”. Zeitschrift für öffentliches Recht (ZÖR). 67(2012): 81-113.
  • Preuss, Ulrich K. “The Implications of Eternity Clauses: The Ger-man Experience”. Israel Law Review. 44/3(2011): 429-448.
  • Roznai, Yaniv. “Unconstitutional Constitutional Amendments—the Migration and Success of a Constitutional Idea”. American Journal of Comparative Law. 61 (2013): 657-719.
  • Roznai, Yaniv. Unconstitutional Constitutional Amendments: The Limits of Amendment Powers. Oxford University Press, 2017.
  • Stith, Richard. “Unconstitutional Constitutional Amendments: The Extraordinary Power of Nepal’s Supreme Court”. American University International Law Review. 11/1(1996): 47-77.
  • Tehami, Isfar. “A Critical Analysis of the Impacts of Article 7B of the Constitution Over Constitutionalism in Bangladesh”. (5 July 2023). 29. (Erişim Tarihi: 15.07.2024), https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers. cfm?abstract_id=4656048.
  • Turhan, Mehmet. “Anayasaya Aykırı Anayasa Değişiklikleri”. AÜHFD. 33/1-4(1976): 63-104.
  • Vinx, Lars. “Carl Schmitt and the Problem of Constitutional Guar-dianship”. İçinde The Contemporary Relevance of Carl Schmitt. eds. Matilda Arvidsson, Leila Brännström and Panu Minkkinen. Routledge, 1995.
  • Vinx, Lars. The Guardian of the Constitution: Hans Kelsen and Carl Schmitt on the Limits of Constitutonal Law. Cambridge University Press, 1995.
  • Yap, Po Jen. “Conundrum of Unconstitutional Constitutional Amendments”. Global Constitutionalism. 4/1(2015): 114-136.
  • Bangladeş Yüksek Mahkemesi, Abdul Mannan Khan v Bangladesh [2012] 64 DLR (AD) 169.
  • Bangladeş Yüksek Mahkemesi, Anwar Hossain Chowdhury and Others v Bangladesh [1989] BLD (SPL) 1. (Anwar Hossain Chowdhury Davası). (Erişim Tarihi:12.07.2024), https://betterjustice.wordpress. com/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/1989-bld-spl-1-8th-amendment-judgment.pdf.
  • Bangladeş Yüksek Mahkemesi, Bangladesh v Asaduzzaman Sid-diqui (2017) CLR (AD) (Spl) 1, (Asaduzzaman Davası), (Erişim Tarihi: 17.07.2024), https://supremecourt.gov.bd/resources/documents/783957_ WP9989of2014.pdf.
  • Bangladeş Yüksek Mahkemesi, Bangladesh Italian Marble Works Ltd v Bangladesh [2010] 62 DLR (HCD), 70.
  • Bangladeş Yüksek Mahkemesi, Siddique Ahmed v Bangladesh [2011] 63 DLR (HCD) 565.
  • Hindistan Yüksek Mahkemesi, Golak Nath v. State of Punjab, 1967 AIR 1643, 1967 SCR (2).
  • Hindistan Yüksek Mahkemesi, Kesavananda Bharti Sripadagalvaru v State of Kerala (1973) SCR 000.
  • Hindistan Yüksek Mahkemesi, Minerva Mills v Union of India 1980 AIR 1789, 1981 SCR (1) 206.
  • Hindistan Yüksek Mahkemesi. Union of India v. K. M. Shankarap-pa, (2001) 4 LRI 903.
  • Hindistan Yüksek Mahkemesi. Election Commission of India v. Ashok Kumar, (2000) 3 LRI 1042.
  • Hindistan Yüksek Mahkemesi. State of Bihar v. Bal Mukund Sah, (2000) 2 LRI 471.
  • Hindistan Yüksek Mahkemesi. Mohd Chaman v. State (N.C.T. of Delhi), (2000)11 LRIU 1.
  • Hindistan Yüksek Mahkemesi. Raghunathrao Ganpatrao Etc. Etc vs Union Of India on 4 February, 1993.
  • Türk Anayasa Mahkemesi. E. 1963/173, K. 1965/40, K.T. 26.09.1965.
Toplam 58 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Anayasa Hukuku
Bölüm Kamu Hukuku
Yazarlar

Gizem Güner Yaşar 0000-0001-9217-6801

Yayımlanma Tarihi 28 Ekim 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 30 Temmuz 2024
Kabul Tarihi 26 Eylül 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 19 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

Chicago Güner Yaşar, Gizem. “TEMEL YAPI DOKTRİNİNDEN DEĞİŞTİRİLEMEZ MADDELERE GEÇİŞ: BANGLADEŞ ÖRNEĞİ”. Erciyes Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi 19, sy. 2 (Ekim 2024): 1189-1222.

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Erciyes Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi Creative Commons Atıf-GayriTicari-Türetilemez 4.0 Uluslararası Lisansı ile lisanslanmıştır.