EDEBİYAT VE SİNEMADA ÜTOPYA VE DİSTOPYA

Yıl 2013, Cilt: 1 Sayı: 34, 204 - 223, 01.06.2013

Vesna Suljıc

Öz

Sinemacılıkta ve edebiyatta bilim kurgu genellikle kıyamet sahneleriyle ya gelişen teknolojinin insanlar üzerine zararlı etkisini ya da yaşamın muhtemel başkalaşmış şekilleriyle insanoğlunun evrendeki azmanlığını öngören bir tür olarak algılanmaktadır. Teknolojinin zararlı etkisi genellikle anti-ütopik; azmanlaşma hem anti-ütopik hem de ütopik görüşleri oluşturmaktadır. Matrix’in Yapısökümü başlıklı makale, 1999 yılında Andy ve Larry Wachlowski’nin yönetmenliğini yaptığı Matrix filmi bu tür filme özellikle vurgu yapar. Bu filmin hedefi geleneksel bilim kurgu anlayışının sadece eğlendirmek gibi kısıtlı amaç için değil; aynı zamanda birçok yorumu da ihtiva etmesinde yatmaktadır. Bu çalışmada yapı sökücü metot uygulanarak filmde gösterilen ana temaların ikili zıtlıklarına odaklanılacaktır. Görsel ve dilsel malzeme yapısökücülüğe uğratılarak, tutarsızlıklar, yanlış ifadeler ve çelişkiler başka bir tartışmanın konusu olarak ortaya konacaktır. Sonuç olarak, ana metinlerde ve alt metinlerde var olan ve aynı zamanda var olmayan görsel ve dilsel unsurlar incelenecek ve karşılaştırılacaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Bilimkurgu, Ütopya, Anti-ütopya, Edebiyat, Sinema

UTOPIA AND DYSTOPIA IN LITERATURE AND CINEMA

Öz

Science fiction in literature and cinematography has been usually perceived as a genre which either exposes the dangers of growing technology and its effects on mankind, usually in an apocalyptic setting, or which foresees an expansion of humankind into the Universe and possible encounters with other forms of life. The former usually carries a dystopian, while the latter both dystopian and, although rarely, utopian views of the future. In the article Deconstructing The Matrix, particular attention will be paid to one film of this genre, The Matrix, directed by Andy and Larry Wachlowski in 1999. The purpose of this work is to demonstrate that a perspective of the conventional perception of the genre as mostly entertaining is a limited one, and to provide arguments for multiple interpretations of the work. The work will be analyzed by applying a methodology of deconstructive analysis and will be focused in more detail into binary oppositions of the main themes presented in the film. Finally, by deconstructing the visual and linguistic material, it will be suggested how and where the inconsistencies, misstatements or contradictions open up the material for further questioning. The visual and linguistic elements which are present and also absent from the core text and the subtexts will be consequently examined and compared.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Science Fiction, Utopia, Dystopia, Literature, Cinema

Kaynakça

• Baccolini, Raffaella. “The Persistence of Hope in Dystopian Science Fiction”. PMLA, Vol. 119, No. 3, Special Topic: Science Fiction and Literary Studies: The NextMillennium (May, 2004), pp. 518-521. JSTOR, on 11/03/2013, http//jstor.org
• Baudrillard, Jean. “The Anorexic Ruins”. Looking Back On The End Of The World, ed. by D. Kamper and C. Wolf. New York.1989.
• Baudrillard, Jean. “Simulacra and Simulation”. Translated into English by Sheila Glaser. University of Michigan Press. 1994.
• Bressler, Charles, E. “Literary Criticism – An Introduction to Theory and Practice, Fourth Edition”. Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey. 2007.
• Campbell, Joseph with Moyers, Bill. “The Power of Myth”. Anchor Books. New York. 1991.
• Collins, Karen. “Dead Channel Surfing: The Commonalities Between Cyberpunk Literature and Industrial Music”. Popular Music, Vol.24, No.2. Literature and Music. (May, 2005) pp. 165-178. JSTOR, on 14/3/2013. http//jstor.org
• Cotterell, Arthur. “The Encyclopedia of Mythology”. Anness Publishing Ltd. 2001.
• Crompton, Samuel Willard. “Gods and Goddesses of Classical Mythology”. Dovetail Books. 1997.
• Dobie, Ann B. “Theory Into Practice–An Introduction to Literary Criticism”. Wadsworth Cengage Learning. 2009.
• Fisher, William. “Of Living Machines and Living-Machines. Blade Runner and the Terminal Genre”. New Literary History, Vol. 20, No.1. Critical Reconsiderations. (Autumn, 1988) pp. 187-198. JSTOR, on 14/3/2013. http//jstor.org
• Green, Christopher, D. “Classics in the History of Psychology”. York University, Toronto, Ontario.
• Jung, C.G. “Memories, Dreams, Reflections”. Ed. by Aniela Jaffe. Translated into English by Richard and Clara Winston. Vintage Books. 1961.
• McNamara, Kevin R. “ ‘Blade Runner’s’ Post-Individual Worldspace”. Contemporary Literature, Vol.38, No.3. (Autumn, 1997) pp. 422-446. JSTOR, on 14/03/2013, http//jstor.org
• Monaco, James. “How To Read A Film”/Film e-book http://adferoafferro.wordpress.com/2011/06/19/film-book-how-to-read-afilm-by-james-monaco
• Stein, Murray. “Jung’s Map of the Soul: An Introduction”. Translated into Serbian by Žanet Prinčevac de Villablanca as Jungova mapa duše. Uvod. Laguna. 2007.
• - “The Matrix”. Warner Brothers Pictures and Village Roadshow Pictures. Directed by Andy and Larry Wachowsky. 1999.
• - “The Australian Concise Oxford Dictionary – Third Edition”. Oxford University Press. 2002.
• - “The Holy Bible – New International Version.” International Bible Society. 1984.
• - “501 Must-See Movies”. Bounty Books. 2005.
• Thacher, Eugene. “The Science Fiction of Technoscience: The Politics of Simulation and Challenge for New Media Art”. Leonardo, Vol. 34, No.2. (2001) pp.155- 158. JSTOR, on 14/03/2013, http//jstor.org
• Yalcin, N. “Using Movies in Language Classrooms as Means of Understanding Cultural Diversity”. Epiphany, Vol.6, No.1 (2013).