The Effect Of Urban Areas On Human Bioclimatic Comfort Conditions; Sample Of Amasya City

Öz

Urban settlements, one of the most important developments in the history of humanity, expanded due to the migration movements from rural to urban areas and turned into dense and high-built settlements. This situation has caused urban areas to have different climatic conditions from the suburban and rural areas around them. Bioclimatic comfort is the state of people to feel comfortable, happy and fit in the atmospheric environment they are in. Uncomfortable conditions cause much negativity such as decrease in people's work efficiency, health conditions and increase in energy consumption. Amasya is a small Anatolian city in the Central Black Sea Region of the Black Sea Region, where industrialization has not developed. In this study, hourly data of the year 2021 of two meteorology stations, which are considered as urban and suburban, were used in order to examine the effects of urban areas on bioclimatic comfort conditions in Amasya. As a method, the PET (Physiological Equivalent Temperature) index obtained from the RayMan model, which calculates many factors together, was used. As a result of the study, suburban is 2.1 ˚C cooler than urban at the general PET average; 3.4˚C cooler at the maximum average and 2.8˚C cooler at the minimum average. The urban area is exposed to heat stress by 8.1% more throughout the year than the suburban area. In order to reduce the negative bioclimatic comfort conditions of cities and for sustainable urbanization, it is necessary to make urban design and planning that takes into account human, ecological and physical conditions.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Amasya
• Bioclimatic Comfort
• Urban Climate
• Urbanization
• PET

Kaynakça

1. [1] Rossi, U., (2004). The Multiplex City. The Process Of Urban Change in The Historic Centre District of Naples. European Urban and Regional Studies, 11 (2) :156-169.
2. [2] Gonzalez, M. J., De Lazora, M.L., (2011). Urban Development and Sustainability, European Journal of Geography,1: 1- 12.
3. [3] Oke TR., (1973). City Size and The Urban Heat Island, Atmospheric Environment, 7 (8): 769-779.
4. [4] Mayer, H. (1993). Urban Bioclimatology, Experientia 49: 957-963.
5. [5] Unger J. 1999. Urban–rural Air Humidity Differences in Szeged, Hungary, International Journal of Climatology, 19 (13): 1509-15015.
6. [6] Çiçek İ., Doğan U., (2005). Investigation of the Urban Heat Island in Ankara, Journal of Geographic Sciences, 3 (1), 57-72.
7. [7] Charalampopoulos, I., Tsiros, I., Sereli, A., Matzarakis, A., (2013). Analysis of Thermal Bioclimate in Various Urban Configurations in Athens, Greece, Urban Ecosyst, 16: 217–233. DOI 10.1007/s11252-012-0252-5.
8. [8] Çağlak, S., (2017). Investigation of Samsun's Bioclimatic Comfort Conditions and the Effect of Urbanization on Bioclimatic Comfort Conditions.(Unpublished Master's Thesis) Ondokuz Mayıs University / Social Sciences Institute, Department of Geography, Samsun

9. [9] Çağlak, S., Aydemir, KPK., Kazancı, G., (2021). Effects of Urbanization on Bioclimatic Comfort Conditions; Bolu Example, City Health Journal 2(2):47-55.
10. [10] Toy, S., Çağlak, S., Esrigü, A., (2021). Assessment of Bioclimatic Sensitive Spatial Planning in a Turkish City, Eskisehir. Atmosfera Early Onlıne Release DOI: 10.20937/ATM.52963.
11. [11] Bal, S., Matzarakis, A., (2022). Temporal Analysis of Thermal Bioclimate Conditions Between Kolkata (India) and its Three Neighbouring Suburban Sites, Theor Appl Climatol. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-022-04010-x.
12. [12] Toy, S., (2010). Investigation of Eastern Anatolia Region Recreational Areas in Terms of Bioclimatic Comfort Values. (Unpublished PhD Thesis), Atatürk University / Institute of Science and Technology, Department of Landscape Architecture, Erzurum.
13. [13] Çağlak, S., (2021). Effects and Possible Consequences of Climate Change on Bioclimatic Comfort Conditions. Doctoral Thesis. Ondokuz Mayıs University.
14. [14] Parsons, K.C., (2003). Human Thermal Environments: The Effects of Hot, Moderate, and Cold Environments on Human Health, Comfort And Performance. Taylor & Francis, London, New York.
15. [15] Vanoz, J.K., Warland, J.S., Gillespie, T.J., Kenny, N.A., (2010). Review of the Physiology of Human Thermal Comfort While Exercising in Urban Landscapes and Implications for Bioclimatic Design, International Journal of Biometeorology, 54: 319-334
16. [16] Nastos, P. T., Giaouzaki, K. N., Kampanis, N. A., Matzarakis, A., (2013). Acute Coronary Syndromes Related to Bio-Climate in a Mediterranean Area. The case of IeraTHIra, Crete Island, Greece, International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 23 (1): 76-90.
17. [17] Blazejczyk, K., Baranowski, J., Blazejczyk, A., (2018). Climate Related Diseases. Current Regional Variability and Projections to The Year 2100, Quaestiones Geographicae, 37 (1): 23-36.
18. [18] Schlegel, I., Muthers, S.,Mücke, H.-G., Matzarakis, A., (2020). Comparison of Respiratory and Ischemic Heart Mortalities and Their Relationship to the Thermal Environment, Atmosphere, 11 (8): 811 - 826.
19. [19] Zeybek, H.İ., (1998). Physical Geography of Amasya Plain and Its Neighborhood. Doctoral Thesis. Ondokuz Mayıs University.
20. [20] Bölük, E., (2016). Turkish Climate According to Köppen Climate Classification. MGM. Publications, Ankara. https://www.mgm.gov.tr/FILES/iklim/iklim_siniflandirmalari/koppen.pdf
21. [21] Höppe, P., (1993). Heat Balance Modelling, Experientia, 49: 741-746.
22. [22] Höppe P., 1999. The Physiological Equivalent Temperature - a Universal Index for the Biometeorological Assessment of The Thermal Environment, Int. J. Biometeorol. 43: 71-75.
23. [23] Matzarakis, A., Mayer, H., Iziomon, M. G., (1999). Applications of a Universal Thermal Index: Physiological Equivalent Temperature, Int. J. Biometeorol., 43:76–84.
24. [24] Gulyas, A., Unger, J., Matzarakis, A., (2006). Assessment of The Micro Climatic and Human Comfort Conditions in A Complex Urban Environment: Modelling And Measurements, Building and Environment, 4: 1713–1722.
25. [25] Fanger, P.O., (1970). Thermal Comfort. Copenhagen, Danish Technical Press, 244 pp.
26. [26] Mayer, H. (1993). Urban Bioclimatology, Experientia 49: 957-963
27. [27] Matzarakis, A., Mayer, H., (1996). Another Kind of Environmental Stress: Thermal Stress, WHO Newsletters, 18: 7-10.
28. [28] Türkoğlu, N., Çalışkan, O., Çiçek, İ., Yılmaz, E., (2012). An Investigation of the Effect of Urbanization on Bioclimatic Conditions in Ankara Scale, International Journal of Human Sciences, 9 (1): 932-955.
29. [29] Pecelj, M., Matzarakis, A., Vujadinović, M., Radovanović, M., Vagić, N., Đurić, D., Cvetkovic, M., (2021). Temporal Analysis of Urban-Suburban PET, mPET and UTCI Indices in Belgrade (Serbia), Atmosphere , 12: 916.