EKG/Nabız Ölçmek için Gömülü Sistem Tabanlı Taşınabilir Cihaz Tasarımı

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 18 Sayı: 2, 414 - 430, 31.08.2025

Ahmet Turan , Aslı Avcı

https://doi.org/10.18185/erzifbed.1563090

https://izlik.org/JA89FX79PU

Öz

Kardiyovasküler rahatsızlığı olan hastalarda, EKG (Elektrokardiyografi) kaydının ve nabız verisinin takip edilmesi gerekmektedir. Hastanelerde sıkça kullanılan EKG cihazları kağıt üzerinde çıktı vermekte fakat bilgisayar ortamına veri aktarımı yapamamaktadır. Bu durumda hastaya ait verilerin saklanması, karşılaştırılması ve analizi mümkün olmamaktadır. Günümüzde kullanılan taşınabilir holter cihazları genellikle ağır ve hastaya rahatsızlık verecek boyutlardadır. Kullanılan uzun kablolar hem gürültüyü artırmakta hem de hastayı rahatsız etmektedir. Tasarlanan yeni nesil cihazların bir kısmında da kontrol ünitesi ve sensörler ayrık kartlarda olup kablolarla bir araya getirilmektedir. Bu durum gürültü eklenmelerine neden olmaktadır. Bu çalışmada; hafif, ergonomik, tek kart üzerinde bütünleştirilmiş, kısa elektrot kabloları kullanan EKG/Nabız test cihazı tasarlanmıştır. Cihazı, göğüs kafesi ortasına yerleştirecek ergonomik bir kılıf üretilmiştir. Gömülü sistem kullanılarak tasarlanan cihazda, kullanıcıdan alınan veriler Python dilinde oluşturulmuş bir yazılım kullanılarak bilgisayara ve bir veri tabanına kaydedilmiştir. Hastaya ait veriler, anlık hasta takibi için oluşturulan mobil yazılım sayesinde, uzman doktora aktarılabilmektedir. Yapılan tasarım, özellikle yoğun bakım ünitelerinde hasta takibi için oldukça faydalı olacaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Taşınabilir elektrokardiyografi , nabız ölçme , ESP32-Wroom , biyomedikal işaret işleme

Embedded System Based Portable Device Design for Measuring ECG/Pulse

https://izlik.org/JA89FX79PU

Öz

In patients with cardiovascular disease, ECG (Electrocardiography) recording and pulse data must be monitored. ECG devices frequently used in hospitals provide output on paper but cannot transfer data to a computer environment. In this case, it is not possible to store, compare and analyze patient data. Portable holter devices used today are generally heavy and are of a size that will cause discomfort to the patient. The long cables used both increase noise and disturb the patient. In some of the new generation devices designed, the control unit and sensors are on separate cards and are combined with cables. This causes noise to be added. In this study; a lightweight, ergonomic, integrated on a single card, ECG/Pulse test device using short electrode cables was designed. An ergonomic case was produced to place the device in the middle of the rib cage. In the device designed using an embedded system, the data received from the user was recorded on the computer and a database using software created in Python. Patient data can be transferred to the specialist doctor thanks to the mobile software created for instant patient monitoring. The design will be very useful for patient monitoring, especially in intensive care units.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Portable electrocardiography , pulse measurement , ESP32-Wroom , biomedical signal processing

Etik Beyan

There are no ethical issues regarding the publication of this study

Destekleyen Kurum

This study was supported by TÜBİTAK (project no. 2022-01 TÜBİTAK 1512 BİGG HD-2220264). We thank the relevant institution for their support. This study is derived from the master's thesis titled "Wearable, ECG, Pulse and Respiration Measurement Wireless Test Device Design", which is being prepared by Aslı AVCI under the supervision of Assist. Prof. Dr. Ahmet TURAN (Thesis Ref. No. 10500360).

Kaynakça

• [1] Rithic, C.H., Narendran, S. and Marimuthu C., (2021). ECG and pulse oxygen level monitoring and arrhythmia classification using CNN. International Journal of Engineering Applied Sciences and Technology, vol. 6, Issue.8, pp.171-176, https://doi.org/10.33564/ ijeast.2021.v06i08.028
• [2] Demirtaş, M., Tulum, G., Sağbaş, M. and Ayten, U.E., (2018) Çevrimiçi çalışabilen çoklu ortama uygun hasta izleme sistemi. Sakarya Üniversitesi Journal of the Institute of Science and Technology, 22(1), 1~7, https://doi.org/10.16984/ saufenbilder.337262
• [3] Uymaz, S.C., (2022) Development of holter ECG, Master Thesis, Aydın Adnan Menderes University, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Master’s Programme in Mechanical Engineering, Türkiye, 2022.
• [4] Saleem, K., Bajwa, I.S., Sarwar, N., Anwar, W. and Ashraf, A., (2020). IoT Healthcare: design of smart and cost-effective sleep quality monitoring system. Journal of Sensors. vol. 2020, Article ID 8882378, 17 pages, https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/8882378
• [5] Özkaraca, O., (2013). Giyilebilir bir EKG sisteminde uzaktan sinyalin algılanması ve işlenmesi, Ph. D. Thesis, Gazi University Informatics Institute, Türkiye.
• [6] Habte, T.T., Saleh, H., Mohammad, B. and Ismail M., (2019). Background on ECG processing. In Ultra Low Power ECG Processing System for IoT Devices, New York: Springer, pp. 13-26. [7] Merdjanovska, E. and Rashkovska, A., (2022). Comprehensive survey of computational ECG analysis: databases, methods and applications. Expert Systems with Applications, vol 203, 117206, https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.eswa.2022.117206.
• [8] Vavrinsky, E., Subjak, J., Donoval, M., Wagner, A., Zavodnik, T. and Svobodova, H., (2020). Application of modern multi-sensor holter in diagnosis and treatment. Sensors. 20(9):2663. https://doi.org/10.3390/ s20092663
• [9] Passler, S., Müller, N. and Senner, V., (2019). In-ear pulse rate measurement: a valid alternative to heart rate derived from electrocardiography? Sensors (Basel) 21;19(17): 3641, https://doi.org/10.3390/ s19173641
• [10] Dündar,Ö.M.andAydın,A.,(2021).SporcularınkalpatımhızınınESP-Nowkullanılarak kablosuz iletimi. Konya Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, c.9, s.3, 633-646, https://doi.org/10.36306/konjes. 879392
• [11] Alsahi, Q.N., Marhoon, A.F. and Hamad, A.H., (2020). Remote patient healthcare surveillance system based real-time vital signs. Al-Khwarizmi Engineering Journal, vol.16 No.4, https://doi.org/10.22153/kej.2020. 10.003
• [12] Ghadge, U., Jadhav, A. S. and Mahalakshmi, P., (2019). ECG Tracking And Analysis Using Bluetooth and Support Vector Machine Algorithm. 2019 Innovations in Power and Advanced Computing Technologies (i-PACT), pp. 1-4, Vellore, India, https://doi.org/10.1109/ iPACT44901.2019.8960237
• [13] Rahman, A., Nabeed, T. and Rahman, T., (2021). Remote monitoring of heart rate and ECG signal using ESP32. 4th International Conference on Advanced Electronic Materials, Computers and Software Engineering (AEMCSE), Changsha, China, pp. 604-610, https://doi.org/10.1109/AEMCSE51986.2021. 00127
• [14] Sugandi, B., Satria, H., Arif, H., Nelmiawati, N. and Mulyadi, I., (2020). Low cost wireless ECG patch using ESP32. Jurnal Integrasi, vol 12. no:1 31-35, https://doi.org/10.30871/ji.v12i1.1764. [15] Yakut, Ö., Solak, S. and Bolat, E.D., (2018). EKG işaretindeki gürültülerin temizlenmesi için IIR tabanlı sayısal filtre tasarımı. Gazi Üniversitesi, Politeknik Dergisi, 21(1): 173-181, https://doi.org/10.2339 /politeknik. 386970 [16] Kavya, R. and Kumar, S., (2020). Health monitoring system. PalArch’s Journal of Archaeology of Egypt/ Egyptology, 17(9), 1258-1265. https://archives. palarch.nl/index.php/jae/article/view/3746
• [17] Oktay, M., (2019). EKG olay kaydedici ve hekim telemetri sistemi tasarımı. Master Thesis, Akdeniz University, Institute of Science and Technology, Türkiye.
• [18] Bilgin, G., Oktay, M. and Bilgin, S., (2021). Kardiyak olay kaydedici ve telemetri sistemi için yeni bir bileklik tasarımı. Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, Journal of the Institute of Science and Technology, 12(1), 104-120, https://doi.org/10.29048/makufebed.889637
• [19] Bakiya, A., Kamalanand, K. and Britto, D., (2021). Mechano-electric correlations in the human physiological system. (First edition) CRC Press, (33487-2742).
• [20] Şentürk, Ü., (2013). EKG sinyallerinin bilgisayarda görüntülenmesi, ayrıştırılması ve analizi. Master Thesis, Marmara University, Institute of Science and Technology, Türkiye.
• [21] Uzun,M.,(2016).Kardiyovaskülersistemveegzersiz.JournalofCardiovascularNursing, vol.15, Issue.36, 7(2):48-53, https://doi.org/10.5543/khd.2016.77487
• [22] Mossa, H.A.L., (2008). Engineering modeling of human cardiovascular system. AlNahrain University, College of Engineering Journal - NUCEJ. 11. 307-314.
• [23] Özyener, F. and Gür, H., (2002). Kardiyorespiratuvar egzersiz testleri: uygulama ve değerlendirme, neden, nasıl? 7. Uluslararası Spor Bilimleri Kongresi, Türkiye.
• [24] Kouekeu, L.C.N., Mohamadou, Y., Djeukam, A., Tueche, F. and Tonka, M., (2022). Embedded QRS complex detection based on ECG signal strength and trend. Biomedical Engineering Advances, vol.3, Id:100030, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bea.2022.100030 [25] Wessel, N., Riedl, M. and Kurths, J. (2009). Is the normal heart rate “Chaotic” due to respiration? Chaos, 19, 028508, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3133128
• [26] Türker, A.Y., (2018). Gömülü sistem tabanlı elektrokardiyogram holter cihazının tasarlanması ve yapay sinir ağı genetik algoritma hibrit modeli ile aritmi tespiti, Master Thesis, Sakarya University, Institute of Science and Technology, Türkiye.
• [27] Wanyenze, A., (2019). Yapay sinir ağları tabanlı topluluk öğrenme yöntemi ile EKG sinyallerinin sınıflandırılması. Master Thesis, Selçuk University, Institute of Science and Technology, Türkiye.
• [28] Ekmekci, H.D., (2017). E-Health kalkan ve Arduino kullanılarak çoklu fizyolojik işaretlerin bilgisayar ortamında görüntülenmesi. Master Thesis, Afyon Kocatepe University, Institute of Science and Technology, Türkiye.
• [29] İzci, E., Değirmenci, M., Özdemir, M.A. and Akan, A., (2020). ECG arrhythmia detection with deep learning. 28th Signal Processing and Communications Applications Conference (SIU), pp. 1-4, Gaziantep, Turkey, https://doi.org/10.1109/SIU49456.2020.9302219
• [30] Togo, F. and Yamamoto, Y., (2001). Decreased fractal component of human heart rate variability during non-REM sleep. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 280(1): H17-21, https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.2001. 280.1.H17
• [31] Ishbulatov, Y.M., Bibicheva, T.S., Gridnev, V.I., Prokhorov, M.D., Ogneva, M.V., Kiselev, A.R. and Karavaev, A.S., (2022). Contribution of cardiorespiratory coupling to the ırregular dynamics of the human cardiovascular system. Mathematics 10(7):1088, https://doi.org /10.3390/math10071088
• [32]Karavaev,A.S.,Ishbulatov,Y.M.,Ponomarenko,V.I.,Bezruchko,B.P.,Kiselev,A.R.and Prokhorov, M.D. (2019). Autonomic control is a source of dynamical chaos in the cardiovascular system. Chaos 29, 12110129, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5134833
• [33] Ernst, G., (2017). Heart-rate variability-more than heart beats? Front. Public Health, 5,240. https://doi.org/ 10.3389/fpubh.2017.00240
• [34] Bilgin, S., (2008). Kalp hızı değişkenliğinin dalgacık dönüşümü ve yapay sinir ağları kullanılarak analizi, Ph. D. Thesis, Sakarya University, Institute of Science and Technology, Türkiye.
• [35] Tokmakçı, M. and Uysal, F., (2017). Kalp hızı değişkenliği ölçüm sistemi. Erciyes University Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit. Project number: 2016-6599-FYL.
• [36] Yıldırım, Ö., (2017). Kalp aritmisinin çift dalga boylu PPG sinyalleri kullanılarak belirlenmesi. Master Thesis, Karadeniz Teknik University, Institute of Science and Technology, Türkiye.
• [37] Diker, A., (2019). Uç öğrenme makineleri kullanarak EKG işaretlerinin sınıflandırma başarımlarının iyileştirilmesi. Ph. D. Thesis, Fırat University, Institute of Science and Technology, Türkiye.
• [38] Hampton J. and Hampton, J., (2019). The ECG made easy. (Ninth Edition) Elsevier Ltd. Edinburgh London New York Oxford Philadelphia St Louis Sydney.
• [39] Dastidar, A. and Panigrahy, D., (2021) Preprocessing of the electrocardiogram signal for a patient parameter monitoring system. Electronic Devices, Circuits, and Systems for Biomedical Applications and Intelligent Approach, Elsevier, Chapter-6, p:115-134. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-85172-5.00026-5
• [40] Alziarjawey, H.A.J., (2015). ECG signal processing techniques by using ASP.NET application based on GUI in MATLAB, Master Thesis, Yıldırım Beyazıt University, Institute of Science and Technology, Türkiye.
• [41] Öncü, M.R., (2008). Acil tıp asistanlarınca yorumlanan elektrokardiyografilerin doğruluk ve güvenilirliğinin değerlendirilmesi. Medical Specialization Thesis, Uludağ University Tıp Fakültesi, Türkiye.
• [42] Bharathi, M., (2013). Wireless transmission of real time electrocardiogram (ECG) signals through radio frequency (RF) waves. International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, vol.4, Issue 4, 1471. https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID :9154194
• [43] Mansoori, E., Siavashi, A. and Majidi, M., (2021). Sensing, wireless transmission, and smart processing of heart signals. 5th International Conference on Internet of Things and Applications (IoT), pp. 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1109/IoT52625.2021.9469710.
• [44] Can,S.,(2010).EKGişaretininceptelefonuileiletilmesi,MasterThesis,GaziUniversity, Institute of Science and Technology, Türkiye.
• [45] Akpınar, M.H., (2021). EKG vuru imgelerinden kardiyak aritmilerin makine öğrenmesi ve derin öğrenme yöntemleri ile sınıflandırılması. Master Thesis, Fırat University, Institute of Science and Technology, Türkiye.
• [46] Karimipour, A. and Homaeinezhad, M.Z., (2014). Real-time electrocardiogram P-QRS-T detection–delineation algorithm based on quality supported analysis of characteristic templates. Computers in Biology and Medicine, vol.52, pp.153-165. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2014.07.002
• [47] Yochum, M., Renaud, C. and Jacquir, S., (2016). Automatic detection of P, QRS and T patterns in 12 leads ECG signal based on CWT. Biomedical Signal Processing and Control, vol.25, pp.46-52, https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.bspc.2015.10.011
• [48] Madona, P., Basti, R.I. and Zain, M.M., (2021). PQRST Wave detection on ECG signals. Gaceta Sanitaria. vol. 35, Supp.2, pp:S364-S369. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.gaceta.2021.10.052
• [49] AD8232 Datasheet (2012-2020), Analog Devices Single-Lead, Heart Rate Monitor Front End
• [50] ESP32-WROOM-DA Datasheet (2023) Preliminary v0.6 Espressif Systems.