Araştırma Makalesi
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A Novel Miniaturized Implementation of the Minitaur Quadruped: Design, Gait Control, and Experimental Validation

Yıl 2026, Cilt: 19 Sayı: 1 , 395 - 412 , 30.03.2026
https://izlik.org/JA32UH29RE

Öz

We present the design, fabrication, and experimental validation of a novel miniature quadruped robot, drawing inspiration from the Ghost Robotics Minitaur platform. This work is primarily motivated by the desire to explore the significant benefits of scale reduction for legged locomotion, including lower cost, enhanced portability, and the ability to operate effectively in constrained environments. Our approach meticulously retains the core mechanical and kinematic features of the original Minitaur, adapting them to a much smaller scale. The robot's development involved integrating 3D-printed structural components (PLA), readily available off-the-shelf micro servos, and an Arduino Pro Mini for control. We specifically addressed key engineering challenges inherent in downscaling, such as achieving a compact chassis design, managing power efficiently within strict weight limits, and implementing robust gait control algorithms, including inverse kinematics for trot gait. Quantitative evaluation of the prototype demonstrates its performance: it successfully operates at a sub-0.5 kg mass, achieves forward speeds of approximately 0.15 m/s, and draws around 1050 mAh at 5 V during continuous motion. A comparative analysis highlights the critical trade-offs when contrasted with the original Minitaur (6 kg, ∼2.0 m/s) and other similar DIY (do-it-yourself) micro-quadrupeds, notably their differing kinematic approaches. Our results conclusively demonstrate that full locomotion capabilities can be successfully retained in a highly compact form factor, representing a significant advancement in the development of more accessible and versatile legged robotic platforms.

Kaynakça

  • [1] Tripathy, S., & Gaur, S. (2021). Rough terrain quadruped robot–BigDog. Materials Today: Proceedings, 81, 481–485.
  • [2] Boston Dynamics. (2025, May 12). Spot | Boston Dynamics.
  • [3] He, J., Shao, J., Sun, G., & Shao, X. (2019). Survey of quadruped robots coping strategies in complex situations. Electronics, 8(12), 1414.
  • [4] Ackerman, E. (2023, September 22). Ghost Robotics’ Minitaur Quadruped conquers stairs, doors, and fences and is somehow affordable. IEEE Spectrum.
  • [5] Design principles for a family of Direct-Drive legged robots. (n.d.). IEEE Journals & Magazine | IEEE Xplore.
  • [6] Wei, J., Shi, Z., Zhang, Q., Tu, J., & Wang, Z. (2011). Gait and stability analysis of a quadruped robot. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Computer Science and Information Engineering (Vol. 152, pp. 347–354).
  • [7] Misenti, S., Hertel, B., Weng, B., Donald, R., Jawaji, A., Kosoko-Thoroddsen, M., Trafton, J. G., Norton, A., Azadeh, R., & Gu, Y. (2025). Experimental evaluation of commercial quadruped robots: stability and performance in non-inertial environments. International Journal of Intelligent Robotics and Applications.
  • [8] Asada, H., & Slotine, J. J. (2012). Robot analysis and control. Wiley-Interscience.
  • [9] Li, J., Wang, J., Yang, S. X., Zhou, K., & Tang, H. (2016). GAIT Planning and stability control of a quadruped robot. Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience, 2016, 1–13.
  • [10] Xing, B., Liu, Y., Wang, Z., Liang, Z., Zhao, J., Su, B., & Jiang, L. (2021). The Moco-Minitaur: A low-cost direct-drive quadruped robot for dynamic locomotion. In Lecture Notes in Computer Science (pp. 378–389). Springer.
  • [11] Dharmawan, A. G., Hariri, H. H., Soh, G. S., Foong, S., & Wood, K. L. (2018). Design, analysis, and characterization of a two-legged miniature robot with piezoelectric-driven four-bar linkage. Journal of Mechanisms and Robotics, 10(2).
  • [12] Wei, J., et al. (2011). Arduino-powered micro quadruped.
  • [13] Day, L. (2021, July 25). Little Quadruped uses many servos. Hackaday.
  • [14] Design and operation of MinIAQ: An untethered foldable miniature quadruped with individually actuated legs. (n.d.). IEEE Conference Publication | IEEE Xplore. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8014025
  • [15] MinIAQ-II: A miniature foldable quadruped with an improved leg mechanism. (n.d.). IEEE Conference Publication | IEEE Xplore.
  • [16] Lu, M., et al. (2022). Small servo-actuated quadruped.
  • [17] Iscen, A., Caluwaerts, K., Tan, J., Zhang, T., Coumans, E., Sindhwani, V., & Vanhoucke, V. (2019, October 7). Policies modulating trajectory generators.
  • [18] Gu, S., Meng, F., Liu, B., Zhang, Z., Sun, N., & Wang, M. (2023). Stability control of quadruped robot based on active state adjustment. Biomimetics, 8(1), 112.
  • [19] Wu, Y., & Hong, D. (2025, August 2). Design of Q8bot: A Miniature, Low-Cost, Dynamic Quadruped Built with Zero Wires. arXiv.org. https://www.arxiv.org/abs/2508.01149
  • [20] Kawaharazuka, K., Inoue, S., Suzuki, T., Yuzaki, S., Sawaguchi, S., Okada, K., & Inaba, M. (2024, September 23). Mevius: A quadruped robot easily constructed through e-commerce with sheet metal welding and machining. arXiv.org.

Dört Bacaklı Minitaur Robotun Özgün ve Minyatür Edilmiş Uygulaması: Tasarım, Yürüyüş Kontrolü ve Deneysel Doğrulama

Yıl 2026, Cilt: 19 Sayı: 1 , 395 - 412 , 30.03.2026
https://izlik.org/JA32UH29RE

Öz

Biz, Ghost Robotics Minitaur platformundan ilham alarak, yeni ve minyatür bir dört ayaklı robotun tasarımı, üretimi ve deneysel doğrulamasını sunuyoruz. Bu çalışma, özellikle ayaklı hareketlilikte ölçek küçültmenin önemli faydalarını keşfetme isteğiyle motive edilmiştir; bunlar arasında daha düşük maliyet, artırılmış taşınabilirlik ve kısıtlı ortamlarda etkin biçimde çalışabilme yeteneği bulunmaktadır. Yaklaşımımız, orijinal Minitaur’un temel mekanik ve kinematik özelliklerini titizlikle koruyarak, bunları çok daha küçük bir ölçeğe uyarlamayı amaçlamaktadır. Robotun geliştirilmesi sırasında, 3D baskılı yapı bileşenler (PLA), hazır bulunan mikro servolar ve kontrol için Arduino Pro Mini entegre edilmiştir. Özellikle, küçültme sürecinde karşılaşılan temel mühendislik zorluklarına odaklandık; bunlar arasında kompakt bir şasi tasarımı, katı ağırlık limitleri içinde enerji yönetimi ve ters kinematik kullanımıyla yürüyüş kontrol algoritmalarının uygulanması (örneğin, rahvan yürüyüşü) yer almaktadır. Prototipin kantitatif değerlendirmesi, performansını göstermektedir: robot, 0.5 kg’dan düşük bir kütlede başarılı bir şekilde çalışmakta, yaklaşık 0.15 m/sn hızlara ulaşmakta ve sürekli hareket sırasında yaklaşık 1050 mAh’lık bir akım çekmektedir (5 V). Karşılaştırmalı analizler, orijinal Minitaur (6 kg, yaklaşık 2.0 m/sn) ve diğer benzer DIY (kendi kendine yap) mikro-dört ayaklı robotlarla kıyaslandığında, kinematik yaklaşımlardaki farklılıkların kritik ticari avantajlarını vurgulamaktadır. Sonuçlarımız, yüksek derecede kompakt bir form faktöründe tam hareket kabiliyetlerinin başarıyla korunabileceğini net bir biçimde göstermektedir ve bu da daha erişilebilir ve çok yönlü ayaklı robotik platformlarının geliştirilmesinde önemli bir ilerleme olarak kabul edilmektedir.

Kaynakça

  • [1] Tripathy, S., & Gaur, S. (2021). Rough terrain quadruped robot–BigDog. Materials Today: Proceedings, 81, 481–485.
  • [2] Boston Dynamics. (2025, May 12). Spot | Boston Dynamics.
  • [3] He, J., Shao, J., Sun, G., & Shao, X. (2019). Survey of quadruped robots coping strategies in complex situations. Electronics, 8(12), 1414.
  • [4] Ackerman, E. (2023, September 22). Ghost Robotics’ Minitaur Quadruped conquers stairs, doors, and fences and is somehow affordable. IEEE Spectrum.
  • [5] Design principles for a family of Direct-Drive legged robots. (n.d.). IEEE Journals & Magazine | IEEE Xplore.
  • [6] Wei, J., Shi, Z., Zhang, Q., Tu, J., & Wang, Z. (2011). Gait and stability analysis of a quadruped robot. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Computer Science and Information Engineering (Vol. 152, pp. 347–354).
  • [7] Misenti, S., Hertel, B., Weng, B., Donald, R., Jawaji, A., Kosoko-Thoroddsen, M., Trafton, J. G., Norton, A., Azadeh, R., & Gu, Y. (2025). Experimental evaluation of commercial quadruped robots: stability and performance in non-inertial environments. International Journal of Intelligent Robotics and Applications.
  • [8] Asada, H., & Slotine, J. J. (2012). Robot analysis and control. Wiley-Interscience.
  • [9] Li, J., Wang, J., Yang, S. X., Zhou, K., & Tang, H. (2016). GAIT Planning and stability control of a quadruped robot. Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience, 2016, 1–13.
  • [10] Xing, B., Liu, Y., Wang, Z., Liang, Z., Zhao, J., Su, B., & Jiang, L. (2021). The Moco-Minitaur: A low-cost direct-drive quadruped robot for dynamic locomotion. In Lecture Notes in Computer Science (pp. 378–389). Springer.
  • [11] Dharmawan, A. G., Hariri, H. H., Soh, G. S., Foong, S., & Wood, K. L. (2018). Design, analysis, and characterization of a two-legged miniature robot with piezoelectric-driven four-bar linkage. Journal of Mechanisms and Robotics, 10(2).
  • [12] Wei, J., et al. (2011). Arduino-powered micro quadruped.
  • [13] Day, L. (2021, July 25). Little Quadruped uses many servos. Hackaday.
  • [14] Design and operation of MinIAQ: An untethered foldable miniature quadruped with individually actuated legs. (n.d.). IEEE Conference Publication | IEEE Xplore. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8014025
  • [15] MinIAQ-II: A miniature foldable quadruped with an improved leg mechanism. (n.d.). IEEE Conference Publication | IEEE Xplore.
  • [16] Lu, M., et al. (2022). Small servo-actuated quadruped.
  • [17] Iscen, A., Caluwaerts, K., Tan, J., Zhang, T., Coumans, E., Sindhwani, V., & Vanhoucke, V. (2019, October 7). Policies modulating trajectory generators.
  • [18] Gu, S., Meng, F., Liu, B., Zhang, Z., Sun, N., & Wang, M. (2023). Stability control of quadruped robot based on active state adjustment. Biomimetics, 8(1), 112.
  • [19] Wu, Y., & Hong, D. (2025, August 2). Design of Q8bot: A Miniature, Low-Cost, Dynamic Quadruped Built with Zero Wires. arXiv.org. https://www.arxiv.org/abs/2508.01149
  • [20] Kawaharazuka, K., Inoue, S., Suzuki, T., Yuzaki, S., Sawaguchi, S., Okada, K., & Inaba, M. (2024, September 23). Mevius: A quadruped robot easily constructed through e-commerce with sheet metal welding and machining. arXiv.org.
Toplam 20 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Makine Mühendisliği (Diğer), Malzeme Mühendisliği (Diğer)
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Mustafa Reşit Haboğlu 0000-0002-5778-8383

Othman Aldulaimi 0009-0003-1793-7334

Gönderilme Tarihi 21 Haziran 2025
Kabul Tarihi 16 Ekim 2025
Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Mart 2026
IZ https://izlik.org/JA32UH29RE
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2026 Cilt: 19 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Haboğlu, M. R., & Aldulaimi, O. (2026). A Novel Miniaturized Implementation of the Minitaur Quadruped: Design, Gait Control, and Experimental Validation. Erzincan University Journal of Science and Technology, 19(1), 395-412. https://izlik.org/JA32UH29RE