Integrated Disease Management of Ascochyta Blight (Ascochyta rabiei) in Chickpea

Öz

The chickpea anthracnose [Ascochyta rabiei (Pass.) Labr.] causes a significant loss in the chickpea growing areas in our country, with 100% loss of crops, if the disease conditions are appropriate in the season. In our country, some fungicides against this disease are only recommended as seed fungicides, but the farmers do not pay much attention to seed treatment and effective control is not possible against disease. In addition, the use of sensitive or tolerant chickpeas is of great importance in the control of the disease. In this study, the effects of different application managements (seed, foliar, seed + foliar application) with Mancozeb, Thiram and Boscalid + Pyraclostrobin fungicides against Ascochyta rabiei were investigated using Koçbaşı (sensitive) and Sarı 98 (tolerance) chickpea varieties. As a result of the study, the most effective application of the seed + foliar on the Sarı 98 chickpea cultivar was detected with 27.4% disease severity. The most effective fungicide in Sarı 98 chickpea cultivars was Boscalid + Pyraclostrobin with 21.8% disease severity. In the same application, the severity of the disease in Koçbaşı cultivar was determined as 36.3%. In the evaluation of fungicide application management and fungicides at the same time, it was determined that Boscalid + Pyraclostrobin active ingredient fungicide was reduced to 12.6% as a result of both the seed + foliar application.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Fungicide Management,Koçbaşı,Sarı 98,Fungicide Seed Treatment,Foliar Fungicide

Nohut Antraknozu (Ascochyta rabiei)’nun Entegre Hastalık Yönetimi

Öz

Ülkemizde nohut ekim alanlarında önemli kayıplara yol açan nohut antraknozu [Ascochyta rabiei (Pass.) Labr.] hastalığı, koşulların uygun gittiği mevsimlerde % 100'e varan ürün kayıplarına neden olmaktadır. Ülkemizde bu hastalığa karşı bazı fungisitler sadece tohum ilaçlaması olarak önerilmekte olup, üreticiler tohum ilaçlamasına çok önem vermemekte ve hastalık ile ilgili etkin bir mücadele yapılamamaktadır. Bunun yanı sıra hastalık ile mücadelede kullanılan çeşit büyük önem taşımaktadır. Bu çalışmada dayanıklı ve duyarlı olan Koçbaşı (duyarlı) ve Sarı 98 (toleranslı) nohut çeşitleri kullanılarak Mancozeb, Thiram ve Boscalid + Pyraclostrobin etken maddeli ilaçlarla farklı ilaçlama programının (tohum, yeşil aksam, tohum + yeşil aksam uygulamaları) Ascochyta rabiei'ya etkisi araştırılmıştır. Çalışma sonucunda Sarı 98 çeşidi üzerinde en uygun ilaçlama uygulamasının % 27.4 hastalık şiddeti ile tohum + yeşil aksam ilaç uygulaması olduğu tespit edilmiştir. En etkili fungisitin ise, Sarı 98 nohut çeşidinde % 21.8 hastalık şiddeti ile Boscalid + Pyraclostrobin olduğu belirlenmiştir. Aynı uygulamada, Koçbaşı nohut çeşidinde hastalık şiddeti % 36.3 olarak belirlenmiştir. İlaç uygulamalarının ve fungisitlerin aynı anda değerlendirilmesi sonucu, Sarı 98 çeşitinde, Boscalid + Pyraclostrobin etken maddeli fungisitin, hem tohumdan hem de yeşil aksamdan uygulanması neticesinde hastalık şiddeti % 12.6 seviyesine indirdiği belirlenmiştir. 

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Koçbaşı,Sarı 98,Fungisit Yönetimi,Tohum İlaçlama,Yeşil Aksam İlaçlama

Kaynakça

1. Abbott, W.S. 1925. A Method Of Computing The Effectiveness Of An Insecitde, Journal of Economic Entomology, 18, 265-267.
2. Akem, C. 1999. Ascochyta Blight Of Chickpea: Present Status And Future Priorities, International Journal of Pest Management, 45, 131-137.
3. Armstrong, C.L., Chongo, G., Gossen, B.D., Duczek, L.J. 2008. Mating Type Distribution And Incidence Of Ascochyta Rabiei (Didymella rabiei) In Canada, Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology, 23, 110–113.
4. Bayrak, H. 2010. Konya Ekolojisinde Tarımı Yapılan Yerel Nohut Popülasyonları Ve Çeşitlerin Tarımsal, Teknolojik Ve Besinsel Karakterlerinin Belirlenmesi, Doktora Tezi, Selçuk Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Tarla Bitkileri ABD, Konya.
5. Bayraktar, H., Dolar, F.S., Tör, M. 2007. Determination Of Genetic Diversity Within Ascochyta rabiei (Pass.) Labr., The Cause Of Ascochyta Blight Of Chickpea In Turkey, Journal of Plant Pathology, 89(3), 341-347.
6. Bremer, H. 1948. Türkiye Fitopatolojisi, Tarım Bakanlığı Neşriyat Müdürlüğü, 2, 657.
7. Chang, K.F. 2007. Sensitivity Of Field Populations Of Ascochyta rabiei To Chlorothalonil, Mancozeb And Pyraclostrobin Fungicides And Effect Of Strobilurin Fungicides On The Progress Of Ascochyta Blight Of Chickpea, Canadian Journal Plant Science, 87, 937–944.
8. Chongo, G., Gossen, B.D. 2001.Effect Of Plant Age On Resistance To Ascochyta rabiei In Chickpea, Canadian Journal Plant Pathology, 23: 358-363.

9. Chongo, G., Gossen, B.D., Buchwaldt, L., Adhikari, T., Rimmer, S.R. 2004. Genetic Diversity Of Ascochyta rabiei in Canada, Plant Disease, 88, 4–10.
10. Dalili A., Bakhtiari, S., Barari, H., Aldaghi, M. 2015. Effect Of Some Fungicides Against The Growth İnhibition Of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum Mycelial Compatibility Groups. Damghan Azad University, P.O. Box 36716-39998, Damghan, Iran.
11. Davidson, J.A., Kimber, R.B.E. 2007. Integrated Disease Management Of Ascochyta Blight In Pulse Crops, European Journal of Plant Pathology, 119, 99-110.
12. Deans S.G., Svoboda K.P. 1990. The Antimicrobial Properties of Marjoram (Origanum majorana L.) Volatile Oil, Flavour and Fragrance Journal, 5 (1), 187-190.
13. Demirci, F., Bayraktar, H., Babaliogullu, I., Dolar, F.S., Maden., S. 2003. In vitro And In vivo Effects Of Some Fungicides Against The Chickpea Blight Pathogen, Ascochyta rabiei, Journal of Phytopathology, 151, 519–524.
14. Gan, Y.T., Siddique, K.H.M., Macleod, W.J., Jayakumar, P. 2006. Management Options For Minimizing The Damage By Ascochyta Blight (Ascochytarabiei) In Chickpea (Cicer arietinum), Field Crops Research, 97, 121-134.
15. Kaiser, W.J., Hannan, R.M. 1988. Seed Transmission Of Ascochyta rabiei In Chickpea And Its Control By Seed Treatment Fungicides, Seed Science and Technology, 16, 625- 637.
16. Lichtenzveig, J., Shtienberg, D., Zhang, H.B., Bonfil, D. J., Abbo, S. 2002. Biometric Analysis Of The Inheritance Of Resistance To Didymella rabiei In Chickpea, Phytopathology, 92(4), 417-423.
17. Maden, S. 1987. Seed borne Fungal Disease Of Chickpea In Turkey, The Journal of Turkish Phytopathology, 16 (1), 1–8.
18. Mcmullen, M.P., Markell, S.G. 2008. North Dakota Field Crop Fungicide Guide, North Dakota State Univer-sity Extension Service Bulletin, PP-622. North Dako-ta State University, Fargo, North Dakota.
19. Morjane, H., Cherif, M., Harrabi, M. 1993. Chemical And Genetic Control Of Ascochyta Blight In Chickpea, International Chickpea and Pigoonpea Newsletter, 28, 11-13.
20. Nene, Y.L. 1982. A Review Of Ascochyta Blight Of Chickpea, Tropical Pest Management, 28, 61-70.
21. Nene, Y.L., Reddy, M. 1987. The Chickpea. Saxena, M. C., K. B. Singh (Eds.), Chickpea diseases and their control, 233-270.
22. Nene, Y.L., Sheila , V.K., Sharma , S.B. 1996. A World List Of Chickpea And Pigeonpea Pathogens, 5 th edn. Patoncheru 502 324 Andhra Pradesh, India:International Crops Research Institute for the Semi Arid Tropics, 27p.
23. Schtienberg, D., Vintal, H., Brener, S., Retig, B. 2000. Rational Management Of Didymella rabiei In Chickpea By Integration Of Genotype Resistance And Postinfection Application Of Fungicides, Phytopathology, 90, 834-842.
24. Singh, K.B., Hawtin,G.C.,Nene,Y.L. Reddy, M.V. 1981. Resistance In Chickpea to Ascochyta rabiei, Plant Disease, 65, 586-587.
25. Singh, K.B. 1987. Chickpea Breeding. In: The Chickpea (eds.) M.C.Saxena and K.B.Singh. CAB International, England., pp.127-162.
26. Singh, K.B., Malhotra, R.S., Halia, M.H., Knights, E., Verma, M.M. 1994. Current Status And Future Strategy In Breeding Chickpea For Resistance To Biotic And Abiotic Stresses, Euphytica,, 73, 137-149.
27. Sing, P.J., Pal, M., Prakash, N. 1997. Ultrastructural Studies Of Conidiogenesis Of Ascochyta rabiei, The Casual Organism Of Chickpea Blight, Phytoparasitica, 25 (4), 291- 304.
28. Soran, H. 1977. The Fungus Disease Situation Of Edible Legumes In Turkey. The Journal of Turkish Phytopathology, 6(1), 1-7.
29. Wise, K.A., Bradley, C.A., Pasche, J.S., Gudmestad, N.C., Dugan, F.M., Chen, W. 2008. Baseline Sensitivity Of Ascochyta rabiei To Azoxystrobin, Pyraclostrobin, And Boscalid. Plant Disease, 92, 295-300.
30. Townsend, G.R., Heuberger, I.N. 1943. Methods For Estimating Losses Caused By Diseases In Fungicides Experiments. Plant Disease Report 27, 340-343.