İnovasyon-Doğal Kaynak Bağımlılığı-Enerji-Ekolojik Ayak İzi Bağlantısı: Küresel İnovasyon Endeksi’ne Göre Seçilmiş Ülkelerden İçgörüler

Öz

Bu makalenin amacı, küresel inovasyon endeksi sıralamasında yer alan ilk on ülkenin 2009-2021 dönemindeki inovasyon, doğal kaynak bağımlılığı, enerji ve ekolojik ayak izi arasındaki bağlantılarının panel veri metodolojisi çerçevesinde değerlendirilmesidir. İnovasyonu temsilen küresel inovasyon endeksi, küreselleşme ve doğrudan yabancı yatırım parametreleri model içerisine dâhil edilmektedir. İnovasyon kapasitesinin makroekonomik belirleyicileri konusunda literatürün çoğunlukla finansal gelişmişlik, altyapı, eko-inovasyon, patent sayıları, araştırma & geliştirme, doğrudan yabancı yatırımlar ve beşeri sermaye gibi parametrelerin kullanımında yoğunlaştığı görülmektedir. Ancak inovasyon vekili olarak ele alınan bu parametrelerin yapılan çalışmalarda ayrı ayrı değerlendirildiği dikkati çekmektedir. Dolayısıyla bu çalışmada küresel inovasyon endeksi, bir bütün olarak ele alınmakta, dolayısıyla inovasyonun kapsamı genişletilmektedir. Söz konusu durum makalenin literatüre katkısıdır. Driscoll-Kraay dirençli tahminciden ulaşılan temel bulgular, istatistiksel olarak anlamlılık altında, küresel inovasyon endeksindeki artışın ekolojik ayak izini azalttığı, doğal kaynaklar ve birincil enerjinin ise artırdığını kanıtlamaktadır. Nedensellik bulguları ise küresel inovasyon endeksi ve doğrudan yabancı yatırımlardan ekolojik ayak izine doğru geri besleme etkisi olmayan tek yönlü nedenselliğe işaret etmektedir. Bu bağlamda politika çıkarımları, ekolojik ayak izini azaltmanın bir yolu olarak yeniliklere odaklanmayı, doğal kaynak bağımlılığının yenilenebilir enerjilerle desteklenmesini ve birincil enerji içerisindeki yenilenemeyen enerji tüketiminin azaltılmasını belirtmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Ekolojik Ayak İzi
• Küresel İnovasyon Endeksi
• Kaynak Bağımlılığı
• Birincil Enerji
• Çevresel Sürdürülebilirlik
• Panel Veri Analizi

Innovation-Natural Resource Dependency-Energy-Ecological Footprint Nexus: Insights from Selected Countries according to The Global Innovation Index

Öz

The goal of this article is to evaluate the connections among innovation, natural resource dependency, energy and ecological footprint of the top ten countries in the global innovation index ranking in the 2009-2021 period within the framework of panel data methodology. Global innovation index, globalization and foreign direct investment parameters representing innovation are included in the model. It is seen that the literature on macroeconomic determinants of innovation capacity mostly focuses on the use of parameters such as financial development, infrastructure, eco-innovations, number of patents, research & development, foreign direct investments and human capital. However, it is noteworthy that these parameters, which are considered as innovation proxies, are evaluated separately in the studies. Therefore, in this study, the global innovation index is considered as a whole, thus expanding the scope of innovation. The situation in question is the article's contribution to the literature. The main findings from the Driscoll-Kraay robust estimator prove that, under statistical significance, an increase in the global innovation index reduces the ecological footprint, while natural resources and primary energy increase it. Causality findings point to one-way causality with no feedback effect from the global innovation index and foreign direct investments to the ecological footprint. In this context, policy implications indicate focusing on innovation as a way to reduce the ecological footprint, supporting natural resource dependency with renewable energies, and reducing non-renewable energy consumption in primary energy

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Ecological Footprint
• Global Innovation Index
• Resource Dependency
• Primary Energy
• Environmental Sustainability
• Panel Data Analysis

Kaynakça

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