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Doğumda Odaklanma Yöntemleri ve Odak Noktaları

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 1, 55 - 62, 07.04.2023
https://doi.org/10.5152/JMHS.2023.223570

Öz

Odaklanma, doğum ağrısında gebelerin belli bir nesne ya da zihinlerinde canlandırdıkları bir imgeye odaklanarak dikkatin ağrıdan başka bir yöne çekilmesini ve zihinsel rahatlamayı sağlayan mental uyarılma metotlarındandır. Hipnoz, görselleştirme ve zihinde canlandırma, görsel, işitsel veya dokunsal uyaranlara yoğunlaşma yöntemleri ile odaklanma sağlanabilmektedir. Bu yöntemler, ağrılı uyaranların merkezi sinir sistemine iletilmesini engellemektedir. Böylece doğumda ağrı algısı azalmakta, doğumun süresi kısalmakta, özyeterlilik, doğumda kontrol duygusu ve cesaret artmakta, korku, anksiyete, stres gibi negatif duyguların önüne geçilmektedir. Tüm bunların sonucunda da olumlu doğum deneyimi, konfor ve memnuniyet sağlanmaktadır. Bununla birlikte odaklanma yönteminin olası negatif sonuçları unutulmamalıdır. Çünkü yanlış odak noktalarının seçilmesi yarardan çok zarara yol açabilmektedir. Ebelerin konuya ilişkin yeterli bilgi ve deneyime sahip olmadıklarından dolayı odaklanma yöntemini aktif olarak kullanmadıkları düşünülmektedir. Bu nedenle bu derleme doğumda kullanılabilen ve kullanılmaması gereken odaklanma yöntemleri konusunda sağlık profesyonelleri ve gebelere bir rehber niteliğinde hazırlanmıştır.

Kaynakça

  • Arslan, A., & Temiz, G. (2019). Ebelik öğrencilerinin doğum ağrısının yönetiminde kullanılan nonfarmakolojik yöntemlere ilişkin bilgi, tutum ve davranışları. Perinatoloji Dergisi, 27(2), 77–88.
  • Atış, F. Y., & Rathfisch, G. (2018). The effect of hypnobirthing training given in the antenatal period on birth pain and fear. Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice, 33, 77–84. [CrossRef]
  • AWHONN (Association of Women's Health, Obstetric and Neonatal Nurses) (2011). Nursing support of laboring women. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic and Neonatal Nursing, 40(5), 665–666. [CrossRef]
  • Başgöl, Ş., & Koç, E. (2020). Non-pharmacological Technıques in labor pain management. Samsun Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 5(1), 1–5.
  • Belly Beautiful. Prenatal education and lactation support. Focal Point During Labor. https://pppirchsc.wordpress.com/2010/03/25/focal-p oint-during-labor/. Access date: 03.01.2021.
  • Blossom, P. (2019). Visualization techniques for labor, according to experts. Romper life. https://www.romper.com/p/visualization-t echniques-for-labor-according-to-experts-18544926.
  • Boryri, T., Navidian, A., & Marghzari, N. (2019). Comparison of the effect of muscle relaxation and guided imagery on happiness and fear of childbirth in primiparous women admitted to health care centers. International Journal of Women’s Health and Reproduction Sciences, 7(4), 490–495. [CrossRef]
  • Catsaros, S., & Wendland, J. (2020). Hypnosis-based interventions during pregnancy and childbirth and their impact on women’s childbirth experience: A systematic review. Midwifery, 84, 102666. [CrossRef]
  • Cevik, S. A., & Karaduman, S. (2020). The effect of sacral massage on labor pain and anxiety: A randomized controlled trial. Japan Journal of Nursing Science, 17, 1–9.
  • Duncan, J. (2011). The effect of colour and design in labour and delivery: A scientific approach. Optics and Laser Technology, 43(2), 420–424. [CrossRef]
  • Esencan, T. Y., Karabulut, Ö., Yıldırım, A. D., Abbasoğlu, D. E., Külek, H., Şimşek, Ç., ve ark. (2018). Doğuma hazırlık eğitimi alan Gebelerin doğum şekli, İlk Emzirme zamanı ve ten Tene temas Tercihleri. Florence Nightingale Hemşirelik Dergisi, 26(1), 31–43.
  • Field, T. (2010). Pregnancy and labor massage. Expert Review of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 5(2), 177–181. [CrossRef]
  • Finlayson, K., Downe, S., Hinder, S., Carr, H., Spiby, H., & Whorwell, P. (2015). Un- expected consequences: Women’s experiences of a self-hypnosis intervention to help with pain relief during labour. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 15(15), 229. [CrossRef]
  • Furtado, A. R. P. L., Machado, P. M. G., & Carneiro, M. N. F. (2019). Guided Imagery Technique on managing maternal anxiety during pregnancy: Integrative review. Enfermeria Global, 53, 634–645.
  • Gayeski, M. E., Brüggemann, O. M., Monticelli, M., & Dos Santos, E. K. (2015). Application of nonpharmacologic methods to relieve pain during labor: The point of view of primiparous women. Pain Management Nursing, 16(3), 273–284. [CrossRef]
  • Gedde-Dahl, M., & Fors, E. A. (2012). Impact of self-administered relaxation and guided imagery techniques during final trimester and birth. Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice, 18(1), 60–65. [CrossRef]
  • Gün, M., & Şahinoğlu, S. (2011). Folkloric medicine understands of “Fatma Ana Eli” (Anastatika Hierochuntica), traditional plant used by Tahtakuşlar village. Lokman Hekim Journal, 1(3), 18–21.
  • Hu, J., Brettle, A., Jiang, Z. Y., & Zeng, Y. C. (2017). A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effect of massage therapy in pain relief during labor. Journal of Nursing, 6(4), 1–14. [CrossRef]
  • İşbir, G. G., & Okumuş, H. (2011). Doğum Ağrısı ile Baş Etmede Güvenli Yaklaşım: Hipnozla Doğum. Hemşirelikte Eğitim ve Araştırma Dergisi, 8(2), 7–10.
  • Jallo, N., Ruiz, R. J., Elswick, R. K., & French, E. (2014). Guided imagery for stress and symptom management in pregnant African American women. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2014, 840923. [CrossRef]
  • Kabalcıoğlu, F., & Kurçer, M. A. (2008). A qualitative study: Traditional midwives and their traditional delivery methods in Şanlıurfa. Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics, 18(6), 377–382.
  • Karabulutlu, Ö. (2014). Doğum ağrısı Kontrolünde Kullanilan nonfarmakolojik Yöntemler. Caucasian Journal Science, 1(1), 43–50.
  • Karaçam, Z., & Akyüz, E. Ö. (2011). Doğum Eyleminde verilen Destekleyici Bakım ve Ebe / Hemşirenin rolü. Florance Nightingale Hemşirelik Dergisi, 19(1), 45–53.
  • Koçak, M. Y., Göçen, N. N., & Akın, B. (2022). The effect of listening to the recitation of the surah al-Inshirah on labor pain, anxiety and comfort in Muslim women: A randomized controlled study. Journal of Religion and Health, 61(4), 2945–2959. [CrossRef]
  • Kömürcü, N., & Ergin, A. (2008). Doğum ağrısı ve Yönetimi (1st ed) (pp. 57–144). Bedray Yayıncılık.
  • Landolt, A. S., & Milling, L. S. (2011). The efficacy of hypnosis as an intervention for labor and delivery pain: A comprehensive methodological review. Clinical Psychology Review, 31(6), 1022–1031. [CrossRef]
  • Madden, K., Middleton, P., Cyna, A. M., Matthewson, M., & Jones, L. (2016). Hypnosis for pain management during labour and childbirth. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2016(5), CD009356. [CrossRef]
  • Major, L. (2008). Paintings in hospitals help patients: Give us art for health’s Sake (p. 23). The Daily Telegraph.
  • McIntyre, P. E., Schug, S. A., Scott, D. A., Visser, E. J., & Walker, S. M. (Eds.) (2010). Acute pain management: Scientific evidence (3rd ed). ANZCA & FPM.
  • Patel, M. P. (2014). A study to assess the effectiveness of progressive muscle relaxation therapy on stress among staff nurses working in selected hospitals at Vadodara City. IOSR Journal of Nursing and Health Science, 3(3), 34–59. [CrossRef]
  • Ranjbaran, M., Khorsandi, M., Matourypour, P., & Shamsi, M. (2017).Effect of massage therapy on labor pain reduction in primiparous women: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials in Iran. Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research, 22(4), 257–261. [CrossRef]
  • Schaub, B., & Burt, M. (2013). Imagery. In B. Dossey &L. Keegan (Eds.). Holistic nursing (pp. 363–396). Jones and Bartlett Publishers.
  • Semple, A., & Newburn, M. (2011). Research overview: Self-hypnosis for labour and birth. Perspective - NCT’s journal on preparing parents for birth and early parenthood. 2, 16–20.
  • Sezer, N. Y., & Koç, G. (2020). Doğum salonunda çalışan ebe ve Hemşirelerin doğum ağrısının yönetiminde kullanılan nonfarmakolojik Yöntemleri bilme ve kullanma Durumları. Türkiye Klinikleri Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 5(3), 432–438.
  • Shourab, N. J., Zagami, S. E., Golmakhani, N., Mazlom, S. R., Nahvi, A., Pabarja, F., Talebi, M., & Rizi, S. M. (2016). Virtual reality and anxiety in primiparous women during episiotomy repair. Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research, 21(5), 521–526. [CrossRef]
  • Smith, C. A., Levett, K. M., Collins, C. T., Armour, M., Dahlen, H. G., & Suganuma, M. (2018). Relaxation techniques for pain management in labour. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 3(3), CD009514. [CrossRef]
  • Streibert, L. A., Reinhard, J., Yuan, J., Schiermeier, S., & Louwen, F. (2015). Clinical study: Change in outlook towards birth after a midwife led antenatal education programme versus hypnoreflexogenous selfhypnosis training for childbirth. Geburtshilfe und Frauenheilkunde, 75(11), 1161–1166. [CrossRef]
  • Türkmen, H., Çetinkaya, S., Kiliç, H., Apay, E., Karamüftüoğlu, D., Yörük, S., & Özkırım, E. (2021). Effect of focusing on Maryam’s flower during the first stage of the labor on the labor pain, labor duration, and levels of comfort and satisfaction. Clinical Nursing Research, 30(6), 780–789. [CrossRef]
  • Türkmen, H., & Oran, N. T. (2021). Massage and heat application on ¨ labor pain and comfort: A quasi-randomized controlled experimental study. EXPLORE, 17(5), 438–445. [CrossRef]
  • Whitburn, L. Y., Jones, L. E., Davey, M. A., & Small, R. (2014). Women's experiences of labour pain and the role of the mind: An exploratory study. Midwifery, 30(9), 1029–1035. [CrossRef]
  • World Health Organization. (2018). WHO recommendations: Intrapartum care for a positive childbirth experience. Geneva licence: CC BY-NCSA 3.0 IGO. ISBN 978-92-4-155021-5.
  • Yurtsev, E. (2017). Doğuma özel stereogram Kartlarının doğum ağrısı Algısına etkisi [Doktora Tezi]. İstanbul Üniversitesi, Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü.
  • Yurtsev, E., & Şahin, N. H. (2021). Doğum ağrısının yönetiminde dikkati Dağıtma ve Odaklanma: Stereogramlar. Journal of Education and Research in Nursing, 18(2), 196–201.
  • Yusof, J., Mahdy, Z. A., & Noor, R. M. (2016). Use of complementary and alternative medicine in pregnancy and its impact on obstetric outcome. Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice, 25, 155–163. [CrossRef]

Focused Attention Methods and Focus Points at Labor

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 1, 55 - 62, 07.04.2023
https://doi.org/10.5152/JMHS.2023.223570

Öz

Focused attention is one of the mental stimulation methods that provide mental relaxation and distract attention from pain by focusing on a certain object or an image that pregnant women envision in labor pain. Focusing can be achieved through hypnosis, visualization, and concentration on visual, auditory, or tactile stimuli. These methods prevent the transmission of painful stimuli to the central nervous system. Thus, the perception of pain at labor decreases, the duration of labor is shortened, self-efficacy, sense of control, and courage are increased, and negative emotions such as fear, anxiety, and stress are prevented. As a result of all these, positive birth experience, comfort, and satisfaction are provided. However, the possible negative consequences of the focusing method should not be forgotten. Because choosing the wrong focal points can cause more harm than good, it is thought that midwives do not use the focusing method actively because they do not have sufficient knowledge and experience on the subject. For this reason, this review has been prepared as a guide for health professionals and pregnant women on the focusing methods that can and should not be used in childbirth.

Kaynakça

  • Arslan, A., & Temiz, G. (2019). Ebelik öğrencilerinin doğum ağrısının yönetiminde kullanılan nonfarmakolojik yöntemlere ilişkin bilgi, tutum ve davranışları. Perinatoloji Dergisi, 27(2), 77–88.
  • Atış, F. Y., & Rathfisch, G. (2018). The effect of hypnobirthing training given in the antenatal period on birth pain and fear. Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice, 33, 77–84. [CrossRef]
  • AWHONN (Association of Women's Health, Obstetric and Neonatal Nurses) (2011). Nursing support of laboring women. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic and Neonatal Nursing, 40(5), 665–666. [CrossRef]
  • Başgöl, Ş., & Koç, E. (2020). Non-pharmacological Technıques in labor pain management. Samsun Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 5(1), 1–5.
  • Belly Beautiful. Prenatal education and lactation support. Focal Point During Labor. https://pppirchsc.wordpress.com/2010/03/25/focal-p oint-during-labor/. Access date: 03.01.2021.
  • Blossom, P. (2019). Visualization techniques for labor, according to experts. Romper life. https://www.romper.com/p/visualization-t echniques-for-labor-according-to-experts-18544926.
  • Boryri, T., Navidian, A., & Marghzari, N. (2019). Comparison of the effect of muscle relaxation and guided imagery on happiness and fear of childbirth in primiparous women admitted to health care centers. International Journal of Women’s Health and Reproduction Sciences, 7(4), 490–495. [CrossRef]
  • Catsaros, S., & Wendland, J. (2020). Hypnosis-based interventions during pregnancy and childbirth and their impact on women’s childbirth experience: A systematic review. Midwifery, 84, 102666. [CrossRef]
  • Cevik, S. A., & Karaduman, S. (2020). The effect of sacral massage on labor pain and anxiety: A randomized controlled trial. Japan Journal of Nursing Science, 17, 1–9.
  • Duncan, J. (2011). The effect of colour and design in labour and delivery: A scientific approach. Optics and Laser Technology, 43(2), 420–424. [CrossRef]
  • Esencan, T. Y., Karabulut, Ö., Yıldırım, A. D., Abbasoğlu, D. E., Külek, H., Şimşek, Ç., ve ark. (2018). Doğuma hazırlık eğitimi alan Gebelerin doğum şekli, İlk Emzirme zamanı ve ten Tene temas Tercihleri. Florence Nightingale Hemşirelik Dergisi, 26(1), 31–43.
  • Field, T. (2010). Pregnancy and labor massage. Expert Review of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 5(2), 177–181. [CrossRef]
  • Finlayson, K., Downe, S., Hinder, S., Carr, H., Spiby, H., & Whorwell, P. (2015). Un- expected consequences: Women’s experiences of a self-hypnosis intervention to help with pain relief during labour. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 15(15), 229. [CrossRef]
  • Furtado, A. R. P. L., Machado, P. M. G., & Carneiro, M. N. F. (2019). Guided Imagery Technique on managing maternal anxiety during pregnancy: Integrative review. Enfermeria Global, 53, 634–645.
  • Gayeski, M. E., Brüggemann, O. M., Monticelli, M., & Dos Santos, E. K. (2015). Application of nonpharmacologic methods to relieve pain during labor: The point of view of primiparous women. Pain Management Nursing, 16(3), 273–284. [CrossRef]
  • Gedde-Dahl, M., & Fors, E. A. (2012). Impact of self-administered relaxation and guided imagery techniques during final trimester and birth. Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice, 18(1), 60–65. [CrossRef]
  • Gün, M., & Şahinoğlu, S. (2011). Folkloric medicine understands of “Fatma Ana Eli” (Anastatika Hierochuntica), traditional plant used by Tahtakuşlar village. Lokman Hekim Journal, 1(3), 18–21.
  • Hu, J., Brettle, A., Jiang, Z. Y., & Zeng, Y. C. (2017). A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effect of massage therapy in pain relief during labor. Journal of Nursing, 6(4), 1–14. [CrossRef]
  • İşbir, G. G., & Okumuş, H. (2011). Doğum Ağrısı ile Baş Etmede Güvenli Yaklaşım: Hipnozla Doğum. Hemşirelikte Eğitim ve Araştırma Dergisi, 8(2), 7–10.
  • Jallo, N., Ruiz, R. J., Elswick, R. K., & French, E. (2014). Guided imagery for stress and symptom management in pregnant African American women. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2014, 840923. [CrossRef]
  • Kabalcıoğlu, F., & Kurçer, M. A. (2008). A qualitative study: Traditional midwives and their traditional delivery methods in Şanlıurfa. Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics, 18(6), 377–382.
  • Karabulutlu, Ö. (2014). Doğum ağrısı Kontrolünde Kullanilan nonfarmakolojik Yöntemler. Caucasian Journal Science, 1(1), 43–50.
  • Karaçam, Z., & Akyüz, E. Ö. (2011). Doğum Eyleminde verilen Destekleyici Bakım ve Ebe / Hemşirenin rolü. Florance Nightingale Hemşirelik Dergisi, 19(1), 45–53.
  • Koçak, M. Y., Göçen, N. N., & Akın, B. (2022). The effect of listening to the recitation of the surah al-Inshirah on labor pain, anxiety and comfort in Muslim women: A randomized controlled study. Journal of Religion and Health, 61(4), 2945–2959. [CrossRef]
  • Kömürcü, N., & Ergin, A. (2008). Doğum ağrısı ve Yönetimi (1st ed) (pp. 57–144). Bedray Yayıncılık.
  • Landolt, A. S., & Milling, L. S. (2011). The efficacy of hypnosis as an intervention for labor and delivery pain: A comprehensive methodological review. Clinical Psychology Review, 31(6), 1022–1031. [CrossRef]
  • Madden, K., Middleton, P., Cyna, A. M., Matthewson, M., & Jones, L. (2016). Hypnosis for pain management during labour and childbirth. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2016(5), CD009356. [CrossRef]
  • Major, L. (2008). Paintings in hospitals help patients: Give us art for health’s Sake (p. 23). The Daily Telegraph.
  • McIntyre, P. E., Schug, S. A., Scott, D. A., Visser, E. J., & Walker, S. M. (Eds.) (2010). Acute pain management: Scientific evidence (3rd ed). ANZCA & FPM.
  • Patel, M. P. (2014). A study to assess the effectiveness of progressive muscle relaxation therapy on stress among staff nurses working in selected hospitals at Vadodara City. IOSR Journal of Nursing and Health Science, 3(3), 34–59. [CrossRef]
  • Ranjbaran, M., Khorsandi, M., Matourypour, P., & Shamsi, M. (2017).Effect of massage therapy on labor pain reduction in primiparous women: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials in Iran. Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research, 22(4), 257–261. [CrossRef]
  • Schaub, B., & Burt, M. (2013). Imagery. In B. Dossey &L. Keegan (Eds.). Holistic nursing (pp. 363–396). Jones and Bartlett Publishers.
  • Semple, A., & Newburn, M. (2011). Research overview: Self-hypnosis for labour and birth. Perspective - NCT’s journal on preparing parents for birth and early parenthood. 2, 16–20.
  • Sezer, N. Y., & Koç, G. (2020). Doğum salonunda çalışan ebe ve Hemşirelerin doğum ağrısının yönetiminde kullanılan nonfarmakolojik Yöntemleri bilme ve kullanma Durumları. Türkiye Klinikleri Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 5(3), 432–438.
  • Shourab, N. J., Zagami, S. E., Golmakhani, N., Mazlom, S. R., Nahvi, A., Pabarja, F., Talebi, M., & Rizi, S. M. (2016). Virtual reality and anxiety in primiparous women during episiotomy repair. Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research, 21(5), 521–526. [CrossRef]
  • Smith, C. A., Levett, K. M., Collins, C. T., Armour, M., Dahlen, H. G., & Suganuma, M. (2018). Relaxation techniques for pain management in labour. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 3(3), CD009514. [CrossRef]
  • Streibert, L. A., Reinhard, J., Yuan, J., Schiermeier, S., & Louwen, F. (2015). Clinical study: Change in outlook towards birth after a midwife led antenatal education programme versus hypnoreflexogenous selfhypnosis training for childbirth. Geburtshilfe und Frauenheilkunde, 75(11), 1161–1166. [CrossRef]
  • Türkmen, H., Çetinkaya, S., Kiliç, H., Apay, E., Karamüftüoğlu, D., Yörük, S., & Özkırım, E. (2021). Effect of focusing on Maryam’s flower during the first stage of the labor on the labor pain, labor duration, and levels of comfort and satisfaction. Clinical Nursing Research, 30(6), 780–789. [CrossRef]
  • Türkmen, H., & Oran, N. T. (2021). Massage and heat application on ¨ labor pain and comfort: A quasi-randomized controlled experimental study. EXPLORE, 17(5), 438–445. [CrossRef]
  • Whitburn, L. Y., Jones, L. E., Davey, M. A., & Small, R. (2014). Women's experiences of labour pain and the role of the mind: An exploratory study. Midwifery, 30(9), 1029–1035. [CrossRef]
  • World Health Organization. (2018). WHO recommendations: Intrapartum care for a positive childbirth experience. Geneva licence: CC BY-NCSA 3.0 IGO. ISBN 978-92-4-155021-5.
  • Yurtsev, E. (2017). Doğuma özel stereogram Kartlarının doğum ağrısı Algısına etkisi [Doktora Tezi]. İstanbul Üniversitesi, Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü.
  • Yurtsev, E., & Şahin, N. H. (2021). Doğum ağrısının yönetiminde dikkati Dağıtma ve Odaklanma: Stereogramlar. Journal of Education and Research in Nursing, 18(2), 196–201.
  • Yusof, J., Mahdy, Z. A., & Noor, R. M. (2016). Use of complementary and alternative medicine in pregnancy and its impact on obstetric outcome. Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice, 25, 155–163. [CrossRef]
Toplam 44 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Sağlık Kurumları Yönetimi
Bölüm Derlemeler
Yazarlar

Hülya Türkmen 0000-0001-6187-9352

Yayımlanma Tarihi 7 Nisan 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 22 Temmuz 2022
Kabul Tarihi 26 Ekim 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 6 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Türkmen, H. (2023). Doğumda Odaklanma Yöntemleri ve Odak Noktaları. Ebelik Ve Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 6(1), 55-62. https://doi.org/10.5152/JMHS.2023.223570
AMA Türkmen H. Doğumda Odaklanma Yöntemleri ve Odak Noktaları. Ebelik ve Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi. Nisan 2023;6(1):55-62. doi:10.5152/JMHS.2023.223570
Chicago Türkmen, Hülya. “Doğumda Odaklanma Yöntemleri Ve Odak Noktaları”. Ebelik Ve Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi 6, sy. 1 (Nisan 2023): 55-62. https://doi.org/10.5152/JMHS.2023.223570.
EndNote Türkmen H (01 Nisan 2023) Doğumda Odaklanma Yöntemleri ve Odak Noktaları. Ebelik ve Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi 6 1 55–62.
IEEE H. Türkmen, “Doğumda Odaklanma Yöntemleri ve Odak Noktaları”, Ebelik ve Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, c. 6, sy. 1, ss. 55–62, 2023, doi: 10.5152/JMHS.2023.223570.
ISNAD Türkmen, Hülya. “Doğumda Odaklanma Yöntemleri Ve Odak Noktaları”. Ebelik ve Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi 6/1 (Nisan 2023), 55-62. https://doi.org/10.5152/JMHS.2023.223570.
JAMA Türkmen H. Doğumda Odaklanma Yöntemleri ve Odak Noktaları. Ebelik ve Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi. 2023;6:55–62.
MLA Türkmen, Hülya. “Doğumda Odaklanma Yöntemleri Ve Odak Noktaları”. Ebelik Ve Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, c. 6, sy. 1, 2023, ss. 55-62, doi:10.5152/JMHS.2023.223570.
Vancouver Türkmen H. Doğumda Odaklanma Yöntemleri ve Odak Noktaları. Ebelik ve Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi. 2023;6(1):55-62.

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