Development of the COVID-19 Stigma Perception Scale

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 3, 495 - 505, 10.10.2024

Elif Kant , Reva Balcı Akpınar , Gülay İpekçoban

https://doi.org/10.62425/esbder.1475698

Öz

Objective: The aim of this study is to develop a valid and reliable measurement tool to be used to determine the stigma perception experienced by individuals with COVID-19 during the disease process.
Methods: The study was conducted in the methodological research type. The data of the study were collected with the draft COVID-19 Stigma Perception Scale developed by the researchers between March and June 2021. The study included 316 individuals who had COVID-19 disease.
Results: Explanatory and Confirmatory factor analysis was used to evaluate the scale’s factor structure, yielding a 3-dimensional structure that explained 47.76 per cent of the overall variation. The compatibility values of the scale were found as X2/Sd =2.17, RMSEA= .060, SRMR=.05, NFI =.80, CFI = .90, GFI =.85, AGFI= .80 and TLI = .90. Internal consistency, two-half reliability analyses, and item analyses were conducted to be able to determine the reliability of the scale, as a result of which adequacy was attained for the reliability of the scale.
Conclusion: As a result of this research, it has been determined that and 37-item scale developed to evaluate the perception of COVID-19 stigma is both a valid and reliable measurement tool. This scale should be tested and used for different languages and cultures.

Anahtar Kelimeler

COVID-19, Stigma, Scale Development, Factor Analysis

Etik Beyan

The study was conducted according to the Helsinki Declaration. Approval was obtained from Atatürk University Faculty of Nursing Ethics Committee (5/7 numbered and 18.09.2020 dated) and from the Ministry of Health.

Destekleyen Kurum

Ataturk University

Proje Numarası

BAP-2021-9040.

Teşekkür

The authors thank the participants.

COVID-19 Damgalanma Algısı Ölçeğinin Geliştirilmesi

Öz

Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı, COVID-19'lu bireylerin hastalık sürecinde yaşadıkları damgalanma algısını belirlemek için kullanılabilecek geçerli ve güvenilir bir ölçüm aracı geliştirmektir.
Yöntem: Araştırma metodolojik araştırma türünde yürütülmüştür. Araştırmanın verileri araştırmacılar tarafından Mart-Haziran 2021 tarihleri arasında geliştirilen taslak COVID-19 Damgalanma Algısı Ölçeği ile toplanmıştır. Çalışmaya COVID-19 hastalığını geçirmiş 316 birey dahil edilmiştir.
Bulgular: Ölçeğin faktör yapısını değerlendirmek için Açıklayıcı ve Doğrulayıcı faktör analizi kullanılarak toplam varyasyonun yüzde 47,76'sını açıklayan 3 boyutlu bir yapı elde edilmiştir. Ölçeğin uyum indeks değerleri X2/Sd =2,17, RMSEA= .060, SRMR=.05, NFI =.80, CFI = .90, GFI =.85, AGFI= .80 ve TLI = .90 olarak bulunmuştur. Ölçeğin güvenirliğini belirlemek amacıyla iç tutarlılık, iki yarı güvenirlik analizleri ve madde analizleri yapılmış ve bunun sonucunda ölçeğin güvenirliği açısından yeterliliğe ulaşılmıştır.
Sonuç: Bu araştırma sonucunda, COVID-19 damgalanma algısını değerlendirmek amacıyla geliştirilen 37 maddelik bu ölçeğin hem geçerli hem de güvenilir bir ölçme aracı olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Bu ölçeğin farklı dil ve kültürler için test edilmesi ve kullanılması gerekmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

COVİD-19, Damgalanma, Ölçek Geliştirme, Faktör Analizi

Etik Beyan

Çalışma Helsinki Deklarasyonuna uygun olarak yapıldı. Atatürk Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Fakültesi Etik Kurulundan (18.09.2020 tarih ve 5/7 sayılı) ve Sağlık Bakanlığından onay alındı.

Destekleyen Kurum

Atatürk Üniversitesi

Proje Numarası

BAP-2021-9040.

Teşekkür

Yazarlar katılımcılara teşekkür eder.

Kaynakça

• Abioye, I.A., Omotayo, M.O., & Alakija, W, (2011). Socio-demographic determinants of stigma among patients with pulmonary tuberculosis in Lagos, Nigeria. African Health Science, 11(1), 100-104. doi:10.4314/ahs.v11i3.70078
• Al Houri, H. N., Alhouri, A., Akasheh, R. T., Jovanovic, C. E., Al-Tarcheh, H., Arrouk, D. M. N., ... & Latifeh, Y. (2022). The development and validation of a novel COVID-19 stigma scale among healthcare workers (COVISS-HCWs). BMC Health Services Research, 22(1), 1481. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-022-08911-5
• Artvinli, F. (2020). History of epidemics. A brief overview of the social and political aspects. Turkish Medical Association. COVID-19 pandemic 6th-month evaluation report.https://www.ttb.org.tr/kutuphane/covid19-rapor_6/covid19rapor_6_Part9.pdf
• Bana, P.E. (2020). Evaluation of the social implication perception of healthcare employees in the COVID-19 outbreak process. Press Academia Procedia, 11(23), 115-119.
• Bayram, N. (2010). Introduction to Structural Equation Modelling: AMOS Applications. Bursa: Ezgi Bookstore.
• Bryman, A., & Cramer, D. (2001). Quantitative data analysis with SPSS release 10 for London: Routledge.
• Buyukozturk, Ş. (2002). Data Analysis Handbook for the Social Sciences. Ankara: Pegema Publishing.
• Cassiani-Miranda, A.C., Campo-Arias, A., Tirado-Otalvaro, A.F., Luz Adriana Botero, T. & Scoppetta, O. (2020). Stigmatization associated with COVID-19 in the general Colombian population. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 8, 1-9. doi:10.1177%2F0020764020972445
• Cenat, M.J., Noorishad, G.P., Kokou-Kpolou, K.C., Dalexis, D.R., Hajizadeh, S., Guerrier, M… Rousseau, C. (2021). Prevalence and correlates of depression during the COVID-19 pandemic and the major role of stigmatization in low- and middle-income countries: A multinational cross-sectional study. Psychiatry Research, 297, 113714. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2021.113714
• Chung, R.Y.N., & Li, M.M. (2020). Anti-Chinese Sentiment during the 2019-nCoV outbreak. Lancet, 395(10225), 686-687. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30358-5.
• Corrigan, P.W., Druss, B.G., & Perlick, D.A. (2014). The impact of mental illness stigma on seeking and participating in mental health care. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 15(2), 37-70. doi:10.1177%2F1529100614531398
• Çokluk, Ö., Sekercioglu, G., & Buyukozturk, Ş. (2010). SPSS and LISREL applications for multivariate statistics for social sciences. Ankara: Pegem Academy.
• Dar, S.A., Khurshid, S.Q., Wani, Z.A., Knaham, A., Haq, I., Shah, N.N… Mustafa, H. (2020). Stigma in coronavirus disease-19 survivors in Kashmir, India: A cross-sectional exploratory study. Plos One, 15(20), 13. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0240152
• Duy, C.D., Nong, V.M., Van, A.N., Thu, T.D., Thu, N.D., & Quhang, T.N. (2020). COVID-19-related stigma and its association with the mental health of healthcare workers after quarantine in Vietnam. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 74, 550–573. doi:10.1111%2Fpcn.13120
• Dye, D.T., Alcantara, L., Siddigi, G., Barbosu, M., Sharma, S., Panko, T… Pressman, E. (2020). Risk of COVID-19-related bullying, harassment and stigma among healthcare workers: an analytical cross-sectional global study. BJM Journals, 10(12), 15. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-046620
• Elgohari, H. M., Bassiony, M. M., Sehlo, M. G., Youssef, U. M., Ali, H. M., Shahin, I., ... & Mahdy, R. S. (2021). COVID-19 Infection stigma scale: psychometric properties. The Egyptian Journal of Neurology, Psychiatry and Neurosurgery, 57(1), 61. doi: 10.1186/s41983-021-00317-0
• Field, A. (2005). Discovering statistics using SPSS. London: Sage Yayınları.
• Henson, R.K., & Roberts, J.K. (2006). Use of exploratory factor analysis in published research. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 66, 393- 416. doi:10.1177%2F0013164405282485
• Imran, N., Afzal, H., Aamer, I., Hashmi, A., Shabbir, B., Asif, A… Farooq, S. (2020). Scarlett Letter: A study based on the experience of stigma by COVID-19 patients in quarantine. Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences, 36(7), 1471-1477. doi:10.12669%2Fpjms.36.7.3606
• Juniarti, N., Susanti, R. D., Yani, D. I., & Nurhasanah, N. (2023). Psychometric development and evaluation of a COVID-19 social stigma scale in Indonesia. Plos One, 18(4), e0283870. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0283870
• Kadıoglu, M., & Hotun, Ş.N. (2015). Stigmatization and women. Health and Society, 25(3), 3-9. Karagoz, Y. (2014). SPSS 21.1 applied biostatistics for medicine, pharmacy, dentistry, and health sciences. Ankara: Nobel Akademi Publishing.
• Kline, B.P. (2011). An easy guide to factor analysis. New York: The Guildford Press.
• Nochaiwong, S., Ruengorn, C., Awiphan, R., Kanjanarat, P., Ruanta, Y., Phosuya, C., ... & Wongpakaran, T. (2021). COVID-19 public stigma scale (COVID-PSS): development, validation, psychometric analysis and interpretation. BMJ Open, 11(11), e048241. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-048241
• Oran, N.T., & Şenuzun, F. (2008). A chain that needs to be broken in society: HIV/AIDS stigma and coping strategies. International Journal of Human Sciences, 5(1), 1-16.
• Pallavi, P., Bakhla, A. K., Akhouri, P. K., Kisku, R. R., & Bala, R. (2023). Stigma scale adaptation and validation for measuring COVID-19. Stigma Cureus, 15(5): e38744. doi: 10.7759/cureus.38744
• Seçer, İ. (2018). Psychological test development and adaptation process SPSS and LISREL applications. Ankara: Memoir Publishing.
• Shah, S.M.A., Mohammad, D., Qureshi, M.F.H., Abbas, M.Z., & Alem, S. (2021). Prevalence, psychological responses and associated correlates of depression, anxiety and stress in a global population, during the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. Community Mental Health Journal, 57, 101–110. doi:10.1007/s10597-020-00728-y
• Shigemura, J., Ursano, R.J., Morganstein, J.C., Kurosawa, M., & Benedek, D.M. (2020). Public responses to the novel 2019 coronavirus (2019‐nCoV) in Japan: mental health consequences and target populations. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 74(4), 281. doi:10.1111%2Fpcn.12988
• Stuijfzand, S., Deforges, C., Sandoz, V., Sajin, C.T., & Jaques, C. (2020). Psychological impact of an epidemic/pandemic on the mental health of healthcare professionals: a rapid review. BMC Public Health, 20:1230. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-09322-z
• Şeker, H., Gençdoğan, B.(2020). Ankara: Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık).
• Teksin, G., Uluyol, B.O., Onur, O.S., Teksin, M.G., Özdemir, & H.M. (2020). Stigma-related factors and their effects on healthcare workers during COVID-19 pandemics in Türkiye: A multicentre study. The Medical Bulletin of Sisli Etfal Hospital, 54(3), 281-290. doi:10.14744%2FSEMB.2020.02800
• Terwee, C.B., Bot, S.D., de Boer, M.R., Windt, D.A., Knol, D.L., & Dekker, J. (2007). Quality criteria were proposed for measurement properties of health status questionnaires. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 60(1), 34–42. doi: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2006.03.012
• Yesilyurt, S., & Capraz, C. (2018). A road map for the content validity used in scale development studies. Journal of Erzincan University Faculty of Education, 20(1), 251-264. doi:10.17556/erziefd.297741.
• Wilandika, A., Gartika, N., & Salami, S. (2023). Social stigma against individuals with COVID-19: scale development and validation. Health Psychology and Behavioral Medicine, 11(1), 2155166. https://doi.org/10.1080/21642850.2022.2155166
• WHO (2022, November 30). Weekly epidemiological update on COVID-19. https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/weekly-epidemiological-update-on covid-19---30-november-2022