Japonya’da İslam’ın Senkretik Yorumları: Tarihsel ve Fenomenolojik Bir Kritik

Yıl 2025, Sayı: 60/Special Issue of Japan-Islam, 171 - 191, 31.12.2025

Hatice Acar

https://doi.org/10.37697/eskiyeni.1790774

https://izlik.org/JA28PP26LT

Öz

Çalışma, İslam’ın Japonya’daki tarihsel gelişimini fenomenolojik bir açıdan ele almakta ve süreç içinde ortaya çıkan senkretik dini yorum biçimlerini incelemektedir. Japon dini yapısı, çok katmanlı ve esnek karakteriyle, farklı inanç sistemlerinin bir aradalığına imkân tanıyan bir zemin oluşturur. Araştırma, İslam’ın Japon kültürel bağlamında nasıl benimsendiği, dönüştüğü ve yeniden anlam kazandığı sorusuna odaklanmaktadır. Japon dini geleneği, Şintoizm ve Budizm’in shinbutsu-shūgō (神仏習合, kami-buda birleşimi) geleneğinde kaynaşmasıyla biçimlenen senkretik bir arka plana sahiptir. Bu tarihsel zemin, farklı dini geleneklerin bir arada var olabildiği kapsayıcı bir dini zihniyetin gelişmesine imkân vermiştir. Ōkawa Shūmei 大川周明), Tanaka Ippei 田中一平ve Ahmad Bunhachirō Ariga 有賀文八郎アフマド gibi Japon entelektüeller, İslam’ı yerel inanç sistemleriyle uyumlu biçimde yeniden yorumlama düşüncesini savunmuştur. Bu yaklaşım, Daijō Bukkyō 大乗仏教 (Mahayana Budizmi ) ve Şintoizmle kavramsal paralellikler kurarak İslam’ın yerel kültüre uyumunu kolaylaştırmayı amaçlamıştır. İkinci Dünya Savaşı’nın ardından Japon entelektüel çevrelerinde İslam’a yönelik ilgi yeniden canlanmış ve “Japon İslam’ı” fikrine dayanan çeşitli düşünsel girişimler ortaya çıkmıştır. 1970’li yıllardan itibaren ise Nihon Isurāmu Kyōdan日本イスラーム教団 (Japanese Islamic Congress (JIC)), Japon İslam Hareketi) gibi kurumların faaliyetleriyle İslami düşünce örgütlü bir yapıya kavuşarak yeniden kurumsallaşmıştır. Bu dönemde Daijō Islam 大乗イスラーム (Mahayana İslam) kavramı, Haruo Abe tarafından ideolojik bir model olarak tanımlanmış ve kısa sürede kurumsal bir kimlik kazanmıştır. Günümüzde Japonya’daki İslam imgesi, hem tarihsel önyargılar hem de kültürel uyum arayışları arasında yeniden şekillenmektedir. Sonuç olarak bu çalışma Japonya’daki İslam’ın tarihsel, düşünsel ve kurumsal boyutlarını inceleyerek, dinin yerelleşmiş ve senkretik bir inanç biçimine dönüşümünü ortaya koymaktadır. Bulgular, Japon kültürünün esnek yapısının evrensel dinlerin yerel bağlamlarda yeni anlamlar kazanmasına imkân tanıdığını göstermektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Dinler Tarihi , Japonya’da İslam , Japon Müslümanlar , Mahāyāna İslam , Senkretizm

Etik Beyan

Bu makale, Türkiye, Japonya ve İslam Dünyasında Dinî-Kültürel Etkileşimler Çalıştayı’nda sözlü olarak sunulan, ancak tam metni yayınlanmayan “Japonya’da İslam’ın Senkretik Yorumlanması: Mahāyāna İslam” başlıklı makaleye dayanmaktadır. Makale geliştirilmiş ve kısmen değiştirilmiştir.

Syncretic Interpretations of Islam in Japan: A Historical-Phenomenological Critique

https://izlik.org/JA28PP26LT

Öz

The study approaches the development of Islam in Japan from a phenomenological perspective, examining the emergence of syncretic interpretations that arose in this process. The Japanese religious landscape is multi-layered, flexible, and open to multiple faith affiliations. The research focuses on how the religion was received, transformed, and reinterpreted within the Japanese cultural context. The Japanese religious tradition, shaped through the shinbutsu-shūgō 神仏習合 (kami-Buddha amalgamation) of Shintoism and Buddhism, provides a syncretic foundation that allows various beliefs to coexist. Within this framework, Japanese intellectuals such as Ōkawa Shūmei 大川周明, Tanaka Ippei 田中一平, and Ahmad Bunhachirō Ariga有賀文八郎アフマド advocated reinterpreting Islam in harmony with indigenous spiritual systems. This approach sought conceptual parallels with Daijō Bukkyō 大乗仏教 (Mahayana Buddhism) and Shintoism to facilitate the religion’s cultural adaptation. After World War II, intellectual interest in Islam re-emerged, leading to new discourses on “Japanese Islam.” From the 1970s onward, institutions such as Nihon Isurāmu Kyōdan, 日本イスラーム教団 (the Japanese Islamic Congress (JIC), Japan Islamic Movement) contributed to the institutional reconfiguration of Islamic thought. During this period, the concept of Daijō Islam 大乗イスラーム (Mahayana Islam) was articulated by Haruo Abe as an ideological model, gaining an institutional framework. Today, the image of Islam in Japan continues to evolve amid tensions between historical prejudices and efforts toward cultural accommodation. In conclusion, this study examines the historical, intellectual, and institutional dimensions of Islam in Japan, revealing the transformation of the religion into a localized and syncretic form of belief. The findings indicate that the flexibility of Japanese culture allows universal religions to acquire new meanings within local contexts.

Anahtar Kelimeler

History of Religion , Islam in Japan , Japanese Muslims , Mahāyāna Islam , Syncretism

Etik Beyan

This article is based on the paper titled “Syncretic Interpretation of Islam in Japan: Mahāyāna Islam,” which was presented orally at the Workshop on Religious-Cultural Interactions in Turkey, Japan, and the Islamic World but whose full text was not published. It has been developed and partially modified.

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