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Is Ibn al-‘Arabī a Feminist?

Yıl 2023, Sayı: 48, 353 - 374, 28.03.2023
https://doi.org/10.37697/eskiyeni.1228078

Öz

Muhyiddīn Ibn al-‘Arabī is a very significant figure from 7th/13th-century Andalusia who made a paradigm shift in Sufism. He constructed a metaphysical doctrine and wrote about many issues including femininity and gender. His thoughts about the metaphysical state of women and femininity caused his approach to be interpreted as a source for Islamic feminism. He advocates for spiritual equality between men and women because of sharing “humanity” and asserts that women can attain the highest level of sainthood (qutbiyya). For his views on women’s imamate, testimony, and veiling, he is portrayed as a pro-woman thinker by some contemporary scholars. On the other hand, calling a great master “feminist” or at least “pro-feminist” is unacceptable for orthodox Muslims because of the pejorative connotations of feminism in mainstream Islamic thought. By explaining feminism through main feminist texts, and critically analyzing Ibn al-‘Arabī’s approach to gender through his works and books about gender issues in his philosophy, this paper attempts to introduce Ibn al-‘Arabī to gender scholars and feminism to Islamic scholars, and discuss his approach to women and gender.

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İbnü’l-Arabî Feminist mi?

Yıl 2023, Sayı: 48, 353 - 374, 28.03.2023
https://doi.org/10.37697/eskiyeni.1228078

Öz

Muhyiddîn İbnü’l-Arabî, 7./13. yüzyılda yaşamış ve tasavvufta paradigma değişikliği yapmış Endülüs’lü bir sufidir. Metafizik bir doktrin inşa etmiş ve kadınlık ve cinsiyet dâhil pek çok konu hakkında yazmıştır. Kadının metafizik durumu ve kadınlık hakkındaki düşünceleri onun İslami feminizme kaynak olarak yorumlanmasına neden olmaktadır. O, “insanlığı” paylaşmaktan dolayı kadın ve erkek arasında manevî eşitliği savunur ve kadının en yüksek velayet mertebesine (kutbiyyet) ulaşabileceğini iddia eder. Kadınların imamlığı, şahitliği ve tesettürüne ilişkin görüşlerinden dolayı, bazı çağdaş araştırmacılar tarafından kadın yanlısı bir düşünür olarak tasvir edilmektedir. Öte yandan, büyük bir ustaya “feminist” veya en azından “pro-feminist” (feminizm yanlısı) demek, feminizmin ana akım İslam düşüncesindeki olumsuz çağrışımları nedeniyle geleneksel Müslümanlar için kabul edilebilir değildir. Bu makale, temel feminist metinler üzerinden feminizmin ne olduğunu açıklayarak, İbnü’l-Arabî'nin cinsiyete yaklaşımını onun eserleri ve İbnü’l-Arabî’de cinsiyet hakkında yazılan eserler üzerinden eleştirel bir şekilde analiz etmektedir. Makalenin gayesi toplumsal cinsiyet araştırmacılarına İbnü’l-Arabî’yi, İslam araştırmacılarına ise feminizmi tanıtarak, İbnü’l-Arabî’nin kadın ve cinsiyet konularına yaklaşımını tartışmaktır.

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  • Çavuş, Cennet Ceren. “Femininity in Sufism Ontology of Sex According to Ibn Arabi”. Prehistoryadan Günümüze Kadın. ed. Meral Hakman. Ankara: Bilgin Kültür Sanat Yayınları, 2020.
  • Çavuş, Cennet Ceren. İbn Arabi ve Schuon Tasavvufi Metafizik ve Ezelî Hikmet. İstanbul: İnsan Yayınları, 2021.
  • Çavuş, Cennet Ceren. İbn Arabi ve Schuon Tasavvufi Metafizik ve Ezelî Hikmet. İstanbul: İnsan Yayınları, 2021.
  • Çavuş, Cennet Ceren. “Sufi Narratives of Intimacy Ibn ‘Arabî, Gender, and Sexuality; Sa‘diyya Shaikh”. Arkhe-Logos 7/14 (2022), 71-74.
  • Çavuş, Cennet Ceren. “Sufi Narratives of Intimacy Ibn ‘Arabî, Gender, and Sexuality; Sa‘diyya Shaikh”. Arkhe-Logos 7/14 (2022), 71-74.
  • Çavuş, Cennet Ceren. “Tranhumanism, Posthumanism and the “Cyborg Identity”. Fe Dergi 13/1 (2021), 177-187. https://doi.org/10.46655/federgi.947009.
  • Çavuş, Cennet Ceren. “Tranhumanism, Posthumanism and the “Cyborg Identity”. Fe Dergi 13/1 (2021), 177-187. https://doi.org/10.46655/federgi.947009.
  • Demirli, Ekrem. “Tasavvuf Araştırmalarında Dönemlendirme Sorunu: Din Bilimleri ile Metafizik Arasında Tasavvufun İlim Olma Mücadelesi”. Nazariyat: İslâm Felsefe ve Bilim Tarihi Araştırmaları Dergisi 2/4 (2016), 1-29. https://doi.org/10.12658/nazariyat.2.4.m0030
  • Demirli, Ekrem. “Tasavvuf Araştırmalarında Dönemlendirme Sorunu: Din Bilimleri ile Metafizik Arasında Tasavvufun İlim Olma Mücadelesi”. Nazariyat: İslâm Felsefe ve Bilim Tarihi Araştırmaları Dergisi 2/4 (2016), 1-29. https://doi.org/10.12658/nazariyat.2.4.m0030
  • Direk, Zeynep. “Önsöz”. İkinci Cinsiyet Olgular ve Efsaneler. trans. Gülnur Acar Savran. 11-24. İstanbul: Koç Üniversitesi Yayınları, 2022.
  • Direk, Zeynep. “Önsöz”. İkinci Cinsiyet Olgular ve Efsaneler. trans. Gülnur Acar Savran. 11-24. İstanbul: Koç Üniversitesi Yayınları, 2022.
  • Eaton, Heather. Introducing Ecofeminist Theologies. Continuum International Publishing Groups, 2005. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2400.2006.00191_5.x
  • Eaton, Heather. Introducing Ecofeminist Theologies. Continuum International Publishing Groups, 2005. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2400.2006.00191_5.x
  • Firestone, Shulamit. Cinselliğin Diyalektiği. Trans. Yurdanur Salman. İstanbul: Payel Yayınları, 1993.
  • Firestone, Shulamit. Cinselliğin Diyalektiği. Trans. Yurdanur Salman. İstanbul: Payel Yayınları, 1993.
  • Freedman, Jane. Concepts in the Social Sciences, Feminism. Buckingham, Philadelphia: Open University Press, 2001.
  • Freedman, Jane. Concepts in the Social Sciences, Feminism. Buckingham, Philadelphia: Open University Press, 2001.
  • Friedan, Betty. Kadınlığın Gizemi. Trans. Tahire Mertoğlu. İstanbul: E Yayınları, 1983.
  • Friedan, Betty. Kadınlığın Gizemi. Trans. Tahire Mertoğlu. İstanbul: E Yayınları, 1983.
  • Gelb, Joyce. Feminism and Politics: A Comparative Perspective. Berkeley: The University of California Press, 1989.
  • Gelb, Joyce. Feminism and Politics: A Comparative Perspective. Berkeley: The University of California Press, 1989.
  • Haraway, Donna. “Situated Knowledges: The Science Question in Feminism and the Privilege of Partial Perspective”. Simians, Cyborgs and Women. 183–201. New York: Routledge, 1991. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203873106
  • Haraway, Donna. “Situated Knowledges: The Science Question in Feminism and the Privilege of Partial Perspective”. Simians, Cyborgs and Women. 183–201. New York: Routledge, 1991. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203873106
  • Hasan, Asma Gull. American Muslims. Continuum International Publishing Groups, 2002.
  • Hasan, Asma Gull. American Muslims. Continuum International Publishing Groups, 2002.
  • Hekman, Susan. “Feminism”. The Routledge Companion to Critical Theory. eds. Simon Malpas, Paul Wake. 91-102. London & New York: Routledge, 2006.
  • Hekman, Susan. “Feminism”. The Routledge Companion to Critical Theory. eds. Simon Malpas, Paul Wake. 91-102. London & New York: Routledge, 2006.
  • hooks, bell. Feminist Theory: From Margin to Center. New York & London: Routledge, 2015.
  • hooks, bell. Feminist Theory: From Margin to Center. New York & London: Routledge, 2015.
  • hooks, bell. Talking Back: Thinking Feminist, Thinking Black. Boston, MA: South End Press, 1989. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315743134
  • hooks, bell. Talking Back: Thinking Feminist, Thinking Black. Boston, MA: South End Press, 1989. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315743134
  • Ibn al-‘Arabī. Dīwān Ibn al-‘Arabī. Cairo: Būlūq, 1855.
  • Ibn al-‘Arabī. Dīwān Ibn al-‘Arabī. Cairo: Būlūq, 1855.
  • Ibn al ‘Arabī. al-Futūḥāt al-Makkiyya. Beirut: Dār al-Ṣādir, 1911.
  • Ibn al ‘Arabī. al-Futūḥāt al-Makkiyya. Beirut: Dār al-Ṣādir, 1911.
  • Ibn al ‘Arabī, Fuṣūṣ al-ḥikam. ed. Abū al-‘Alā Afīfī. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-‘Arabī, 1946.
  • Ibn al ‘Arabī, Fuṣūṣ al-ḥikam. ed. Abū al-‘Alā Afīfī. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-‘Arabī, 1946.
  • Ibn al ‘Arabī. Fütûhât-ı Mekkiyye. Trans. Ekrem Demirli. İstanbul: Litera Yayıncılık, 2007.
  • Ibn al ‘Arabī. Fütûhât-ı Mekkiyye. Trans. Ekrem Demirli. İstanbul: Litera Yayıncılık, 2007.
  • Ibn al ‘Arabī. Inshā’ al-Dawāir. ed. H. S. Nyberg. Leiden: Kleinere Schriften des Ibn al- Arabi, 1919.
  • Ibn al ‘Arabī. Inshā’ al-Dawāir. ed. H. S. Nyberg. Leiden: Kleinere Schriften des Ibn al- Arabi, 1919.
  • Işık, Mehmet Fatih. Feminist Söylemde Yeni Bir Bakış: Judith Butler. İstanbul: DBY, 2022.
  • Işık, Mehmet Fatih. Feminist Söylemde Yeni Bir Bakış: Judith Butler. İstanbul: DBY, 2022.
  • İmançer, Dilek. “Feminizm ve Yeni Yönelimler”. Doğu Batı 6/19 (2005), 155-179.
  • İmançer, Dilek. “Feminizm ve Yeni Yönelimler”. Doğu Batı 6/19 (2005), 155-179.
  • Jaggar, Alison. Feminist Politics and Human Nature. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield, 1983.
  • Jaggar, Alison. Feminist Politics and Human Nature. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield, 1983.
  • James, Susan. “Feminism”. Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy Vol. 10. ed. Edward Craig. 556-589. London: Routledge, 1998.
  • James, Susan. “Feminism”. Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy Vol. 10. ed. Edward Craig. 556-589. London: Routledge, 1998.
  • Jennifer Rocha. “A Superior Place: The Impact of Feminism in Our World”. Feminism Now. New Mexico Uni, 2006.
  • Jennifer Rocha. “A Superior Place: The Impact of Feminism in Our World”. Feminism Now. New Mexico Uni, 2006.
  • Karen Offen. European Feminisms: 1970-1950: A Political History. California: Stanford University Press, 2000. https://doi.org/10.1515/9780804764162
  • Karen Offen. European Feminisms: 1970-1950: A Political History. California: Stanford University Press, 2000. https://doi.org/10.1515/9780804764162
  • Kılıç, Mahmut Erol. Ibnü’l-Arabi. İstanbul: İSAM Yayınları, 2015.
  • Kılıç, Mahmut Erol. Ibnü’l-Arabi. İstanbul: İSAM Yayınları, 2015.
  • Maḥmūd, Abd al-Qādir. al-Falsafa al-Sūfiyya fī al-Islām. Cairo: Dār al-Fikr al-‘Arabī, 1946.
  • Maḥmūd, Abd al-Qādir. al-Falsafa al-Sūfiyya fī al-Islām. Cairo: Dār al-Fikr al-‘Arabī, 1946.
  • McAfee, Noëlle. "Feminist Philosophy". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2018 Edition). ed. Edward N. Zalta. Access 30 December 2022. https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/feminist-philosophy/
  • McAfee, Noëlle. "Feminist Philosophy". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2018 Edition). ed. Edward N. Zalta. Access 30 December 2022. https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/feminist-philosophy/
  • MacGregor, Sherilyn. Beyond Mothering Earth: Ecological Citizenship and the Politics of Care. Vancouver: UBC Press, 2006.
  • MacGregor, Sherilyn. Beyond Mothering Earth: Ecological Citizenship and the Politics of Care. Vancouver: UBC Press, 2006.
  • Mellor, Mary. Sınırları Yıkmak Feminist, Yeşil bir Sosyalizme Doğru. Trans. Osman Akınbay. İstanbul: Ayrıntı Yayınları, 1993.
  • Mellor, Mary. Sınırları Yıkmak Feminist, Yeşil bir Sosyalizme Doğru. Trans. Osman Akınbay. İstanbul: Ayrıntı Yayınları, 1993.
  • MIAS, Muhyiddin Ibn Arabi Society. Access 1 December 2022. https://ibnarabisociety.org/
  • MIAS, Muhyiddin Ibn Arabi Society. Access 1 December 2022. https://ibnarabisociety.org/
  • Millett, Kate. Sexual Politics. New York: Doubleday & Company Inc., 1970.
  • Millett, Kate. Sexual Politics. New York: Doubleday & Company Inc., 1970.
  • Mousset, Sophie. Women’s Rights and the French Revolution. PDF: Taylor and Francis, 2017. Access 30 December 2022. https://www.perlego.com/book/1577302/womens-rights-and-the-french-revolution-a- biography-of-olympe-de-gouges-pdf
  • Mousset, Sophie. Women’s Rights and the French Revolution. PDF: Taylor and Francis, 2017. Access 30 December 2022. https://www.perlego.com/book/1577302/womens-rights-and-the-french-revolution-a- biography-of-olympe-de-gouges-pdf
  • Murata, Sachiko. The Tao of Islam: A Sourcebook on Gender Relations in Islamic Thought. New York: State University of New York Press, 1992.
  • Murata, Sachiko. The Tao of Islam: A Sourcebook on Gender Relations in Islamic Thought. New York: State University of New York Press, 1992.
  • Nasr, Seyyed Hossein. “Theoretical Gnosis and Doctrinal Sufism and their Significance Today”. Transcendent Philosophy. London Academy of Iranic Studies 1 (2007), 1-36.
  • Nasr, Seyyed Hossein. “Theoretical Gnosis and Doctrinal Sufism and their Significance Today”. Transcendent Philosophy. London Academy of Iranic Studies 1 (2007), 1-36.
  • Ramazanoglu, Caroline. Feminism and the Contradictions of Oppression. PDF: Taylor and Francis, 2012. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203404287 Access 30 December 2022. https://www.perlego.com/book/1618185/feminism-and-the-contradictions-of-oppression-pdf
  • Ramazanoglu, Caroline. Feminism and the Contradictions of Oppression. PDF: Taylor and Francis, 2012. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203404287 Access 30 December 2022. https://www.perlego.com/book/1618185/feminism-and-the-contradictions-of-oppression-pdf
  • Rosenthal, Franz. “Felsefe ile Tasavvuf Arasında İbn Arabi”. Trans. Ercan Alkan. Tasavvuf 24 (2009/2), 113-149.
  • Rosenthal, Franz. “Felsefe ile Tasavvuf Arasında İbn Arabi”. Trans. Ercan Alkan. Tasavvuf 24 (2009/2), 113-149.
  • Scarth, Fredrica. The Other Within Ethics, Politics, and the Body in Simone de Beauvoir. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield, 2004.
  • Scarth, Fredrica. The Other Within Ethics, Politics, and the Body in Simone de Beauvoir. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield, 2004.
  • Schneir, Miriam. Feminism: The Essential Historical Writings. New York: Vintage Books, 1972.
  • Schneir, Miriam. Feminism: The Essential Historical Writings. New York: Vintage Books, 1972.
  • Shaikh, Sa‘diyya. Sufi Narratives of Intimacy: Ibn Arabi, Gender and Sexuality. Chapel Hill: The University of North Caroline Press, 2012. https://doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v31i3.1065
  • Shaikh, Sa‘diyya. Sufi Narratives of Intimacy: Ibn Arabi, Gender and Sexuality. Chapel Hill: The University of North Caroline Press, 2012. https://doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v31i3.1065
  • Shukla, Bhaskar. Feminism from Mary Wollstonecraft to Betty Friedan. New Delhi: Sarup & Sons, 2007.
  • Shukla, Bhaskar. Feminism from Mary Wollstonecraft to Betty Friedan. New Delhi: Sarup & Sons, 2007.
  • Stephens, Winifred. Women of the French Revolution. New York: E. P. Dutton & Co, 1922.
  • Stephens, Winifred. Women of the French Revolution. New York: E. P. Dutton & Co, 1922.
  • Şahin, Elmas. Batı’da ve Türkiye’de Kadın Hareketleri ve Feminizm. Ankara: Ürün Yayınları, 2013.
  • Şahin, Elmas. Batı’da ve Türkiye’de Kadın Hareketleri ve Feminizm. Ankara: Ürün Yayınları, 2013.
  • Şimga, Hülya. A Question for Humanity Sexism, Oppression and Women’s Rights. Zürich: LIT Verlag Münster, 2019.
  • Şimga, Hülya. A Question for Humanity Sexism, Oppression and Women’s Rights. Zürich: LIT Verlag Münster, 2019.
  • Time Magazine. “Is Feminism Dead?”. Access 30 December 2022. https://content.time.com/time/covers/0,16641,19980629,00.html
  • Time Magazine. “Is Feminism Dead?”. Access 30 December 2022. https://content.time.com/time/covers/0,16641,19980629,00.html
  • Udis-Kessler, Amanda. “Identity/Politics: A History of the Bisexual Movement”. Bisexual Politics: Theories, Queries, and Visions. ed. Naomi Tucke. 17-31. Haworth Press, 1995.
  • Udis-Kessler, Amanda. “Identity/Politics: A History of the Bisexual Movement”. Bisexual Politics: Theories, Queries, and Visions. ed. Naomi Tucke. 17-31. Haworth Press, 1995.
  • Walker, Rebecca. “Becoming the Third Wave”. Identity Politics in the Women’s Movement. ed. Barbara Ryan. 78-80. New York: NYU Press, 2001.
  • Walker, Rebecca. “Becoming the Third Wave”. Identity Politics in the Women’s Movement. ed. Barbara Ryan. 78-80. New York: NYU Press, 2001.
  • Warren, Karen. “Taking Empirical Data Seriously: An Ecofeminist Philosophical Perspective”. Ecofeminism: Women, Culture, Nature. ed. Karen Warren. 3-21. Indiana University Press, 1997.
  • Warren, Karen. “Taking Empirical Data Seriously: An Ecofeminist Philosophical Perspective”. Ecofeminism: Women, Culture, Nature. ed. Karen Warren. 3-21. Indiana University Press, 1997.
  • Winslow, Barbara. “Feminist Movements: Gender, and Sexual Equality”. A Companion to Gender History. ed. Teresa Meade & Merry Wiesner-Hanks. Malden. 186-211. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2004. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119535812.ch10
  • Winslow, Barbara. “Feminist Movements: Gender, and Sexual Equality”. A Companion to Gender History. ed. Teresa Meade & Merry Wiesner-Hanks. Malden. 186-211. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2004. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119535812.ch10
  • Yıldırım, Kadri. Kabul ile Red Arasında İslamî Feminizm. İstanbul: Avesta, 2019.
  • Yıldırım, Kadri. Kabul ile Red Arasında İslamî Feminizm. İstanbul: Avesta, 2019.
Toplam 138 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Felsefe
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Cennet Ceren Cavus 0000-0002-6042-4273

Yayımlanma Tarihi 28 Mart 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 1 Ocak 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Sayı: 48

Kaynak Göster

ISNAD Cavus, Cennet Ceren. “Is Ibn Al-‘Arabī a Feminist?”. Eskiyeni 48 (Mart 2023), 353-374. https://doi.org/10.37697/eskiyeni.1228078.
Eskiyeni  Creative Commons Atıf-GayriTicari 4.0 Uluslararası Lisansı (CC BY NC) ile lisanslanmıştır. | Sherpa Romeo