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Representationalism in the Philosophy of Mind

Yıl 2025, Sayı: 57, 511 - 535, 30.06.2025
https://doi.org/10.37697/eskiyeni.1599867

Öz

Representationalism is an approach in contemporary philosophy of mind with many adherents. It is evident that, in general, representationalism, which emphasizes the intentional character of the mind, adopts a unified stance vis-à-vis alternative approaches such as enactivism and imperativism, which attribute at least as much importance to intentionalism. This does not, however, imply that representationalism does not permit diverse perspectives that should be maintained as discrete entities. The present paper will provide a descriptive analysis of the different types of representationalism and then move on to a critical evaluation of these different types of representationalism. In the initial section of the paper, the discussion will centre on the phenomenal character of experience and subjective feel drawing upon the work of Thomas Nagel’s article entitled “What is it like to be a bat?”. In this manner, it will be demonstrated that there exists a robust, albeit not an indispensable, correlation between representationalism and functionalism. Furthermore, emphasis will be placed on the significance of Nagel’s approach to phenomenal consciousness as being resistant to functionalist explication. It is necessary to accentuate this point because Nagel has elucidated a distinction between the phenomenal character of experience and its intentionality. The subsequent section will be devoted to an examination of the kinds of representationalism. In this study, an argument is put forward that the various forms of representationalism differ from one another in six distinct ways. These differences are subsequently outlined in detail. Firstly, an examination will be conducted of the distinction between strong and weak representationalism. Secondly, a distinction will be made between pure and impure strong representationalism. Thirdly, the strong representationalism will be distinguished according to whether it is externalist or internalist. The fourth way will entail the differentiation between the reductive and the non-reductive forms of strong representationalism. The fifth distinction to be considered in this analysis is that between restricted and unrestricted representationalism. The sixth and final distinction will concern modalities of sense. In the third section, entitled “Critical Considerations”, the problems that the different types of representationalism, as highlighted in the previous discussions, can pose will be elaborated upon. It is from these considerations that the following two conclusions are to be deducted: Firstly, the representationalist perspective is predicated on the premise that all content which enters experience is considered in terms of representation. This has the effect of exposing the individual to an explosion in the number of representations. In essence, the primary issue with representationalism is its tendency to augment number of representations to an excessive degree, thereby transforming non-representational elements of experience into representations. Secondly, the concept of representation is not always clear. The ambiguity surrounding the term “representation” calls in to question the validity of representationalist theory and threatens its unity.

Teşekkür

I would like to thank Erhan Demircioğlu for his valuable criticisms and suggestions.

Kaynakça

  • Bain, David. “Intentionalism and Pain”. Philosophical Quarterly 53/213 (2003), 502- 523. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9213.00328
  • Block, Ned. “On a Confusion about a Function of Consciousness”. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 18/2 (1995), 227-287. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X00038188
  • Bourget, David - Mendelovici, Angela. “Tracking Representationalism: William Lycan, Fred Dretske and Michael Tye”, Philosophy of Mind: The Key Thinkers, ed. Andrew Bailey. 209-235. London: Bloomsbury, 2014.
  • Brentano, Franz. Psychologie vom empirischen Standpunkte. Von der Klassifikation der psychischen Phänomene. In zwei Bänden. Heusenstamm: Ontos Verlag, 2008.
  • Byrne, Alex. “Intentionalism defended”. The Philosophical Review 110/2 (2001), 199-240. https://doi.org/10.2307/2693675
  • Chalmers, David J. “The Representational Character of Experience”. The Future of Philosophy. ed. Brian Leiter, 153-181. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199247288.003.0007
  • Crane, Tim. Aspects of Psychologism, Cambridge Mass: Harvard University Press, 2014.
  • Crane, Tim. The Elements of Mind. An Introduction to the Philosophy of Mind. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001.
  • Dretske, Fred. “Experience as Representation”. Philosophical Issues 13/1 (2003), 67-82. https://doi.org/10.1111/1533-6077.00005
  • Dretske, Fred. Naturalizing the Mind. Cambridge Mass.: The MIT Press, 1995.
  • Harman, Gilbert.“The Intrinsic Quality of Experience”. The Nature of Consciousnesss. Philosophical Debates. ed. Ned Block vd. 663-675. Cambridge Massachusetts: MIT Press, 1998.
  • Janzen, Greg. “The representational theory of phenomenal character: A phenomenological critique”. Phenomenology and Cognitive Science 5 (2006), 321-339. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11097-006-9020-4
  • Kant, Immanuel. Kritik der reinen Vernunft, Hamburg: Felix Meiner, 1990.
  • Kind, Amy. “Transparency and Representationalist Theories”. Philosophy Compass 5/10 (2010), 902-913. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-9991.2010.00328.x
  • Lycan, William. "Representational Theories of Consciousness". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2019 Edition). Edward N. Zalta (ed.), https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2019/entries/consciousness-representational/>.
  • McGinn, Colin. “Consciousness and Content”. The Nature of Consciousness: Philosophical Debates. ed. Ned Block vd. 295-307. Cambridge Mass.: The MIT Press, 1998.
  • McGinn, Colin. The Character of Mind, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1982.
  • Nagel, Thomas. “What Is It Like to Be a Bat?”. The Nature of Consciousness: Philosophical Debates ed. Ned Block vd. 519-527. Cambridge Mass.: The MIT Press, 1998.
  • Pautz, Adam. “Representationalism About Consciousness”. The Oxford Handbook of the Philosophy of Consciousness ed. Uriah Kriegel, 405-437. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198749677.013.19
  • Putnam, Hilary. “The Meaning of “Meaning”. Mind Language, and Reality: Philosophical Paper II. 215-271. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1975.
  • Seager, William - Bourget, David. “Representationalism about Consciousness”. The Blackwell Companion to Consciousness, ed. Max Velmans - Susan Schneider, 261-276. Oxford: Blackwell, 2007. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119132363.ch19
  • Seager, William. Theories of Consciousness. An Introduction and Assessment. Second Edition. New York: Routledge, 2. Basım, 2016. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203485583
  • Searle, John. Intentionality. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983.
  • Searle, John. The Rediscovery of the Mind. Cambridge Mass.: MIT Press, 1992. https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/5834.001.0001
  • Siewert, Charles. “Is Experience Transparent?”. Philosophical Studies 117/1-2 (2004), 15-41. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:PHIL.0000014523.89489.59
  • Tye, Michael. “Another Look at Representationalism”. Pain. New Essays on its Nature and the Methodology of its Study. ed. Murat Aydede, 99-120. Cambridge Mass.: MIT Ppess, 2006. https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/5211.003.0005
  • Tye, Michael. “Representationalist Theories of Consciousness”. The Oxford Handbook of Philosophy of Mind. ed. Ansgar Beckermann vd. 253-267. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199262618.003.0015
  • Tye, Michael. “The experience of Emotions: An Intentionalist Theory”. Revue internationale de philosophie 62/243 (2008), 25-50. https://doi.org/10.3917/rip.243.0025
  • Tye, Michael. Ten Problems of Consciousness. A Representational Theory of the Phenomenal Mind, Cambridge Mass.: MIT Press, 1995. https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/6712.001.0001

Zihin Felsefesinde Temsilcilik

Yıl 2025, Sayı: 57, 511 - 535, 30.06.2025
https://doi.org/10.37697/eskiyeni.1599867

Öz

Temsilcilik, çağdaş zihin felsefesinde çok sayıda taraftarı olan bir yaklaşımdır. Genel olarak zihnin yönelimsel karakterini öne çıkaran temsilcilik, yönelimselliğe en az kendisi kadar büyük önem atfeden eylemcilik ve buyrukçuluk gibi alternatif yaklaşımlar karşısında birlikli bir tutum sergiler. Ancak bu durum temsilciliğin birbirlerinden ayırt edilmesi gereken farklı bakış açılarına izin vermediği anlamına gelmez. Eldeki yazı, farklı temsilcilik türlerinin bir dökümünü yapan betimleyici bir analiz gerçekleştirdikten sonra bu farklı temsilcilik türlerinin eleştirel bir değerlendirmesine geçecektir. Yazının ilk bölümünde deneyimin fenomenal karakteri ve öznel his hakkında Thomas Nagel’in “Yarasa olmak nasıl bir şeydir?” makalesi üzerinden bir tartışma yürüteceğiz. Bu yolla temsilcilik ile işlevselcilik arasında zorunlu olmasa da güçlü bir bağ olduğunu göstererek Nagel’in fenomenal bilinci işlevselci açıklamaya dirençli olarak ele alışının önemini vurgulayacağız. Bu noktayı vurgulamak Nagel’in deneyimin fenomenal karakteri ile yönelimselliği arasında bir ayrışmayı gözler önüne sermiş olmasından dolayı gereklidir. İkinci bölüm, temsilcilik çeşitlerini madde madde mercek altına almaya ayrılacaktır. Burada temsilcilik türlerinin altı yönden birbirlerinden ayrıldığını iddia edecek ve bu altı yönü sırasıyla serimleyeceğiz. İlk sırada kuvvetli ve zayıf temsilcilik arasındaki ayrımı inceleyeceğiz. İkinci sırada gelen ayrım uyarınca kuvvetli temsilciliğin saf olanı ile saf olmayanı arasında bir fark gözeteceğiz. Üçüncü olarak kuvvetli temsilcileri dışsalcı mı yoksa içselci mi olduklarına göre ayıracağız. Dördüncü yöne geldiğimizde, kuvvetli temsilciliğin indirgemeci olan türüyle indirgemeci olmayan türünü ayıracağız. Temsilciliği ilgilendiren beşinci ayrım, kısıtlı ile kısıtsız temsilcilik arasında ortaya çıkacak. Altıncı ve son ayrım ise duyu kiplikleriyle ilgili olacak. “Eleştirel Değerlendirmeler” başlığını taşıyan üçüncü bölümde önceki tartışmalarda öne çıktığı haliyle temsilciliğin farklı türlerinin çıkarabileceği sorunlardan ayrıntılı olarak söz edeceğiz. Tüm bunlardan şu iki sonuca varacağız: Birincileyin, temsilci bakış açısı deneyime giren her içeriği temsil cinsinden düşünüp bizi temsil sayısında bir patlamaya maruz bırakır. Başka bir deyişle temsilciliğin en büyük sıkıntısı temsilleri sayıca aşırı artırması, deneyimin temsil-dışı unsurlarını dahi temsile dönüştürmesidir. İkincileyin, temsil ile ne kastedildiği her zaman net değildir. Temsil teriminin ne anlama geldiğiyle ilgili ortaya çıkan bu muğlaklık temsilci kuramın sağlamlığını gölgeler ve birliğini tehdit eder.

Teşekkür

Getirdiği eleştiriler ve önerilerden dolayı Erhan Demircioğlu’na teşekkür ederim.

Kaynakça

  • Bain, David. “Intentionalism and Pain”. Philosophical Quarterly 53/213 (2003), 502- 523. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9213.00328
  • Block, Ned. “On a Confusion about a Function of Consciousness”. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 18/2 (1995), 227-287. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X00038188
  • Bourget, David - Mendelovici, Angela. “Tracking Representationalism: William Lycan, Fred Dretske and Michael Tye”, Philosophy of Mind: The Key Thinkers, ed. Andrew Bailey. 209-235. London: Bloomsbury, 2014.
  • Brentano, Franz. Psychologie vom empirischen Standpunkte. Von der Klassifikation der psychischen Phänomene. In zwei Bänden. Heusenstamm: Ontos Verlag, 2008.
  • Byrne, Alex. “Intentionalism defended”. The Philosophical Review 110/2 (2001), 199-240. https://doi.org/10.2307/2693675
  • Chalmers, David J. “The Representational Character of Experience”. The Future of Philosophy. ed. Brian Leiter, 153-181. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199247288.003.0007
  • Crane, Tim. Aspects of Psychologism, Cambridge Mass: Harvard University Press, 2014.
  • Crane, Tim. The Elements of Mind. An Introduction to the Philosophy of Mind. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001.
  • Dretske, Fred. “Experience as Representation”. Philosophical Issues 13/1 (2003), 67-82. https://doi.org/10.1111/1533-6077.00005
  • Dretske, Fred. Naturalizing the Mind. Cambridge Mass.: The MIT Press, 1995.
  • Harman, Gilbert.“The Intrinsic Quality of Experience”. The Nature of Consciousnesss. Philosophical Debates. ed. Ned Block vd. 663-675. Cambridge Massachusetts: MIT Press, 1998.
  • Janzen, Greg. “The representational theory of phenomenal character: A phenomenological critique”. Phenomenology and Cognitive Science 5 (2006), 321-339. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11097-006-9020-4
  • Kant, Immanuel. Kritik der reinen Vernunft, Hamburg: Felix Meiner, 1990.
  • Kind, Amy. “Transparency and Representationalist Theories”. Philosophy Compass 5/10 (2010), 902-913. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-9991.2010.00328.x
  • Lycan, William. "Representational Theories of Consciousness". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2019 Edition). Edward N. Zalta (ed.), https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2019/entries/consciousness-representational/>.
  • McGinn, Colin. “Consciousness and Content”. The Nature of Consciousness: Philosophical Debates. ed. Ned Block vd. 295-307. Cambridge Mass.: The MIT Press, 1998.
  • McGinn, Colin. The Character of Mind, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1982.
  • Nagel, Thomas. “What Is It Like to Be a Bat?”. The Nature of Consciousness: Philosophical Debates ed. Ned Block vd. 519-527. Cambridge Mass.: The MIT Press, 1998.
  • Pautz, Adam. “Representationalism About Consciousness”. The Oxford Handbook of the Philosophy of Consciousness ed. Uriah Kriegel, 405-437. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198749677.013.19
  • Putnam, Hilary. “The Meaning of “Meaning”. Mind Language, and Reality: Philosophical Paper II. 215-271. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1975.
  • Seager, William - Bourget, David. “Representationalism about Consciousness”. The Blackwell Companion to Consciousness, ed. Max Velmans - Susan Schneider, 261-276. Oxford: Blackwell, 2007. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119132363.ch19
  • Seager, William. Theories of Consciousness. An Introduction and Assessment. Second Edition. New York: Routledge, 2. Basım, 2016. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203485583
  • Searle, John. Intentionality. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983.
  • Searle, John. The Rediscovery of the Mind. Cambridge Mass.: MIT Press, 1992. https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/5834.001.0001
  • Siewert, Charles. “Is Experience Transparent?”. Philosophical Studies 117/1-2 (2004), 15-41. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:PHIL.0000014523.89489.59
  • Tye, Michael. “Another Look at Representationalism”. Pain. New Essays on its Nature and the Methodology of its Study. ed. Murat Aydede, 99-120. Cambridge Mass.: MIT Ppess, 2006. https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/5211.003.0005
  • Tye, Michael. “Representationalist Theories of Consciousness”. The Oxford Handbook of Philosophy of Mind. ed. Ansgar Beckermann vd. 253-267. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199262618.003.0015
  • Tye, Michael. “The experience of Emotions: An Intentionalist Theory”. Revue internationale de philosophie 62/243 (2008), 25-50. https://doi.org/10.3917/rip.243.0025
  • Tye, Michael. Ten Problems of Consciousness. A Representational Theory of the Phenomenal Mind, Cambridge Mass.: MIT Press, 1995. https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/6712.001.0001
Toplam 29 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Çağdaş Felsefe
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Çağlar Koç 0000-0002-6733-6620

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Haziran 2025
Gönderilme Tarihi 11 Aralık 2024
Kabul Tarihi 29 Nisan 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Sayı: 57

Kaynak Göster

ISNAD Koç, Çağlar. “Zihin Felsefesinde Temsilcilik”. Eskiyeni 57 (Haziran2025), 511-535. https://doi.org/10.37697/eskiyeni.1599867.
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