The Phenomenon of Grammatical “Borrowing “between Prepositions by Ibn Malik

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 1, 174 - 201, 15.03.2021

Turkiy Alali , Dursun Hazer

https://doi.org/10.51702/esoguifd.847568

Öz

The Arabic language has several characteristics that increase its strength and capacity, such as synonymousness, derivation, polysemy, antonymy, syntax and other characteristics. Among these words are prepositions, which are frequently used in The Arabs speech, so the grammarians paid attention to their books. They have narrated its utterances including what were agreed upon and what were disagreed. Some of them were very keen to study them in details and some were concise However, they studied it in terms of the alternation, which is that a letter is used to give the meaning of another letter. They discussed this term in details and varied from grammarians who deny alternation completely, others said it is possible to be used and others said it should be used and everyone presented his evidences, proofs and examples about this term. Their sayings are documented in many of the Books of Arab Heritage. Ibn Malik al-Andalusi was one of those grammarians who supported those who said that “alternation “should be used and studied it in detail and gathered evidence and proofs to support his opinion more than anyone else. He was pioneered in that hearing of the words of Arabic poetry and prose. His attitude on inference to Hadith has contributed to increasing his audio evidence and consequently, he promoted “alternation” between letters putting it in a distinctive place so other grammarians followed him later.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Arabic Language and Rhetoric, Contradicon,, prepositions, prosecution, adverbs, Ibn Malik

İbn Mâlik’e Göre Harf-i Cerlerde Tekârud-Ödünç Alışverişi

Öz

Arap dili, eşanlamlılık, türetme, sesteşlik, karşıt anlamlılık, irap ve bunların dışındaki başka özellikler gibi gücünü ve kapasitesini artıran birkaç özellikle öne çıkmaktadır. Bu özelliklerden biri de kelimeler arasındaki anlamın ödünç alınıp verilmesidir. İki harf bir harf ile zarf veya edatlar ödünç alınan kelimeye anlam katması için ödünç alınıp verilmektedir. Cümle anlaşılmamaktadır. Bu harflerden harfi cerler önemli yer tutmaktadır. Fiilerin anlamlarının isimlerine aktarılmasında harfi cerlerden bazıları birbirlerinin yerlerine kullanılmaktadır. Bir harf-i cer diğer harfi cerin yerine geçerek onun ifade ettiği anlamı ifade etmektedir. İlk nahivcilerden başlayarak İbn Malik’e gelinceye kadar önemli nahivciler Arap dilindeki bu olguya dikkat çekmişlerdir. Gramercilerin arasında ödünç alma konusunda söz söyleyenlere destek çıkan, bu konuda detaylara inen bununla ilgili olarak başkalarının ortaya koymadığı delilleri ileri süren belki de bu konuda görüşleri ile tek olan İbn Malik el-Endelusi’dir. Harfler arasındaki bu ilişkiyi niyâbe/yerine geçme olarak isimlendiren İbn Malik kendinden sonra gelen nahivcilerin kullandıkları bir kural haline dönüştürmüştür.

Anahtar Kelimeler

harf-i cerler, Zarflar, niyâbe/yerine geçme, Arap Dili ve Belagatı, Tekârud/ödünç alıp verme, İbn Mâlik

التقارض بين حروف الجر عند ابن مالك

Öz

تتميز اللغة العربية بخصائص عديدة تزيد من قوتها وسعتها ورونقها؛ كالترادف، والاشتقاق، والاشتراك، والتضاد، والإعراب، وغيرها من الخصائص. ومن بين هذه الخصائص التقارض في المعنى بين ألفاظها، فقد يتقارض حرفان أو حرف وظرف أو غير ذلك؛ ليؤدي معنى اللفظ الذي اقترض منه. ولعل أبرز هذه الألفاظ حروف الجر، وهي كثيرة الاستعمال في كلام العرب؛ لذا أَولى النحاة لها الاهتمام في كتبهم. فسردوا ألفاظها ما اتُّفِقَ عليه وما اختُّلِفَ فيه. وزادوها اهتمام بذكر معانيها بين مقتصد ومتوسع في ذلك إلَّا أنهم درسوها من ناحية النيابة -وهو أن يؤدي حرف معنى حرف آخر -وأكثروا الكلام في ذلك بين مانع لنيابة، وبين متوسط، ومُجِيزٍ لها. وكلٌّ منهم ساق أدلته، وحشد شواهده على ذلك، فتناثرت أقوالهم في بطون كُتُب التراث العربي. ومن بين هؤلاء النحاة ابن مالك، الذي نصر رأي من قال بالتقارض، وتوسع في ذلك، وجمع لموقفه ما لم يجمعه غيره؛ وربما انفرد بأراء فيها. ورائده في ذلك السماع من كلام العرب نثره وشعره. وقد أسهم موقفه من الاستدلال بالحديث بزيادة شواهده السماعية فعَلَا بالنيابة بين الحروف وجعل لها منزلة سار عليها كثير من النحاة بعده.

Anahtar Kelimeler

اللغة العربية وبلاغتها, التقارض, النيابة, حروف الجر, الظروف, ابن مالك

Kaynakça

• Abū Ḥayyān, Muḥammad b. Yūsuf al-Andālusi. al-Baḥr al-muḥiṭ fi al- tafsīr. ed. Ṣidḳi Jamil.10 Volumes. Beyrūt: Dār Al-Fikr 1420 A.H. .
• Irtshāf Al-Ḍarb-Min-lisān Al-Ἁrab. ed. Rajab Ἁsmān. 5 Volumes. Cairo: Dār -al-Khanji, 1998.
• Ibn Jinni, Abū’l-Fatḥ Ἁsmān. al-Muḥtasib, 2 Volumes. Msr: Vizārat al'avḳāf,1999.
• al-Ḫaṣāyiṣ,3 Volumes. Msr: al-hayyat al-misriah al-ἁᾱmt llkitāb. -
• Al-Zamaḫşari Abū al-Ḳᾱsim Mahmoūd b. Ἁmrū.al-mufṣal fi- ṣanἁt al-iἁrᾱbi, ed. Ali Bū Melhim.1 Volumes, Beyrūt: mktbt-al-ḫlᾱl,1993.
• Ibn Dūraīd Muḥammad b. al-Ḥasan. Jamhrat al-laġat, ed. Ramzi Munīr Bἁlbakī, Beyrūt: Dᾱr al-Ἁlam lilmalayīn,1.Edition,1987.
• Abū zīyd Muḥammad b. abī al-Ḫṭᾱbī, Jamhrat 'al-şἁrᾱ al-ἁrab fi al-jahiliat val'iislᾱm, ed. Ἁli al-bjᾱdy, 1 Volumes. Msr: nahṣat msr-llṭbἁt- v al-naşir,1981.
• Abū Bakr, Muḥammad b. Al-Sirri, Ibn al-Sarrᾱj. al-Uṣūl fi al-naḥvū, ed. Abdel-Ḥussaīn al-Fattli, 4 Volumes. Edition 3, Beyrūt: mūasasat- al-risᾱlat,1988.
• Aḥmad b. Fᾱris, al-Rᾱzi. Mujml al-luġᾱt, ed, Zuhaīr Sulṭᾱn, 2 Volumes, Edition 3, Beyrūt mūasasat- al-risᾱlat,1986.
• al-Samīn al-Ḥalabī, Aḥmad b. yūsif, al-Dur al-masvūn fi ἁulūm al-kitᾱb al-maknūn, ed.Aḥmad muḥammad al-Ḫarᾱt,11 Volumes. dmshq: dar-al-qalam.
• Amīl badīἁ yaἁḳūb, al-Muἁaim al-mūfaṣal fi şavᾱhid al-ἁarabīa, , Edition1, Beyrūt: dᾱr-al- kutob-al-ἁilmīya,1996.
• Alἁaynī, Badr al-dīyn, Maḥmūd b. ahmad, al-maḳaṣid al-nahwīya fi şariḥ şavᾱhid al-alfia,
• ed. Ali muḥammad faḳir, Aḥmad muḥammad tavfiḳ, 4 Volumes, Edition1, al-Ḳᾱḥirat: dᾱr-al-salᾱm,2010.
• Raḍī al-Dīn, al-Istrabᾱdi, şariḥ al-raḍīy li-kafiat Ibn al-ḥᾱjib, ed. Yaḥyᾱ misrī, 2 Volumes, al-Riyᾱḍ: Jamiἁt-Muḥammad b. Sἁvūd, 1996.
• Sἁeīd b. Masἁda, abū al-ḥasan al'Aḫfaş al-avsaṭ, mἁᾱīn al-ḳurᾱn, ed. hvdᾱ ḳurᾱἁh, Volumes, 1 Edition, al-Ḳahirt: mktbt-al-Ḫᾱnjīy,1990.3
• Seībavayh, Ἁmrvū b. Ἁsmān, al-Kitᾱb. ed, Ἁbd al-Salam Mıḥammad harvūn,4 Volumes, 3 Edition, al-Ḳahirt: mktbt-al-Ḫᾱnjīy,1988.
• Naşvᾱn b. saἁīd al-Ḥamiyrī, Şams al-ἁulūm vadavᾱ kalᾱm al-ἁrab, ed. Ḥusseīn al-Ἁmirīy, Volumes,1 Edition, Dimaşḳ: dᾱr-al-fikr,1999. 11
• Abd al-Raḫḥmᾱn b. Isḥaḳ al-Baġdadīy al-Zajᾱjīy, al-Lᾱmat, ed. Mᾱzen al-Mubᾱrak, 1 Volumes,2 Edition, Dimaşḳ: dᾱr-al-fikr,1985.
• Abd al-Raḫḥmᾱn b. ᾱbī bakr al-Suyūṭī, şariḥ şavᾱhid al-muġnīy, ed. Aḥmed zᾱfir, 2 Volumes, Lajnᾱt-al-turᾱs-al-ἁrabīy,1996.
• Abd al-ḳᾱdir b. Omar al- Baġdadīy, şariḥ abyᾱt-muġnī al-labīb, ed.Ἁbd al-Ἁaziz rabᾱḥ -Ahmed yūsef, 8 Volumes, 2 Edition Beyrūt: dᾱr-al- Mᾱmvūn,1414.
• Ali b. Ismᾱἁīl b. Sidah, al-mvḫṣaṣ, ed.Ḫalīl jafᾱl, 5 Volumes, 1 Edition, Beyrūt: dᾱr al-Turᾱs-al- ἁrabīy,1996.
• Ali b. ἁmar al-Daraḳṭnīy, Sunan al-Daraḳṭnīy, ed. Şuἁeīb al-Arnaowṭ, 5 Volumes, 1 Edition, Beyrut: muassat-al-Resala, 2004.
• Ali b. Muḥammad al-Uşmvūnī, Manhaj al-sᾱlik ilᾱ- alfīat Ibn Mᾱlik, 4 Volumes, 1 Edition Beyrūt: Dᾱr-al-Kutub-al-'ἁlmīyh, 1998.
• Ali b. Muḥammad al-Haravīy, al-Auzhiaya fi ἁilm al-ḥurūf, ed. Abd al-Moἁin al-Mallvūḥīy, 1Volumes, 2 Edition, Dimaşḳ: Majmἁ al- Luġah –al- ἁrabīya, 1993.
• Muḥammad b. Mᾱlik, Şaraḥ al-Kafīa al-şᾱfia, ed. Abd al-Mvnἁim Huaridīy, 5Volumes, 1 Edition, Makkah: Umm al-Ḳura mrkiz albahth al-ἁlmi-wa'iiḥya al-turas, 1982.
• Şraḥ tashil al-favayīd, ed. Abd al-Raḥmᾱn al-Sayīd, Muhammad badawī. 5Volumes, 1 Edition, Misr: Hajr –ll-ṭibᾱet- val-naşir,1990.
• Al-Alfiah, Ed. sulaymᾱn al-ἁyvūnīy, 1 Volumes, al-Riᾱḍ: dᾱr-al-Minhᾱj,1428H.-
• Muḥammad b. Ismἁil al-Buḳarīy, saḥiḥ al-Buḳarīy, ed. Muḥammad Zahir al-Nᾱsir, 9 Volumes, 1 Edition, Beyrūt: Dᾱr-ṭvūḳ-al-Najᾱt, 1422H.
• Muḥammad b. Makram b. Manzvūr, Lisᾱn al-Arab, 15 Volumes, 1 Edition, Beyrūt:
• Muḥammad b. Yazīd al-Mubrid, al-Kᾱmil fi al-Luġat val-ᾱdab, ed. Muḥammad Ibrahim, 4 Volumes, 3 Edition, al-Ḳahira: Dᾱr-al-Fikr-al-Arabi, 1997.
• Muḥammad b. Yūsuf b. Ahmed muhib al-dīyn al-Ḥalabīy, Nazir al-Jayș, Tamhīd al-ḳavᾱid bișarḥ Tashīl al-Favayid, ed. Ali muḥammad, 11Volumes, 1 Edition , al-Ḳahirah: dᾱr-al-Salᾱm,1428h.
• Muslim b. al-Ḥajjᾱj Abu al-Ḥasan, ṣaḥiḥ Muslim, ed. Muḥammad Fuad Abdul-Baqi, 5 Volumes,1 Edition, Beyrūt: Dᾱr-Iḥyᾱ-al-Turas.
• Yaḥyᾱ b. Ziyᾱd b. Ἁbdullᾱh al-Farrᾱ, Maἁnī al-Ḳuran, ed. Aḥmed Yūssif al-Najᾱti, Muḥammad Ali al-Najjᾱr, Ἁbdel-Fattaḥ Ismἁīl, 3Volumes,1 Edition, Msr: dᾱr-al-Masrīy-lil'Tᾱlif val-Tarjamh.
• Yaīș b. Ali b. yaīș, Șarḥ al-Mufaṣal, ed. Amil yἁḳūb, 6Volumes,1 Edition, Beyrūt: dᾱr-al-Kutub al-ἁlmīyah, 2001.