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James Henry Leuba and the Modern Psychology of Religion

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 1, 465 - 482, 15.03.2025
https://doi.org/10.51702/esoguifd.1576678

Öz

This study first examines the views of James Henry Leuba, a pioneering scholar in the psychology of religion, through his significant works, and then argues that his perspectives can be employed to offer a more comprehensive understanding of the current debates in the field of psychology of religion in the contemporary context. James Henry Leuba (1868–1946) is an influential psychologist in the field of psychology of religion, distinguished by his scientific approach to comprehending religious experiences and beliefs. Leuba investigated the psychological and biological origins of religious experience and emphasized functionalist perspectives. He asserted that religious beliefs are responses to inherent human needs. With this assertion, he significantly differentiated from William James, who mostly examined the "value of religion" without delving deeply into its origins. In most of Leuba’s works, including A Psychological Study of Religion (1912) and The Psychology of Religious Mysticism (1925), religious beliefs and practices are predominantly examined as adaptable responses to the occurrences of life. These religious beliefs and practices play a significant role in satisfying psychological, emotional, and social needs. Leuba argued that the core of religious experience includes emotion, cognition, and willpower, and he introduced the concept of the "god-idea," which is a consequence of individuals' psychological impulses. Leuba's investigation of conversions and mystical experiences emphasized that religious transformations are complex processes with various psychological factors. He proposed that conversion involves a transition toward moral and emotional cohesion, frequently resulting in deep sensations of tranquility and unity. He recognized mystical experiences as reflective occurrences rooted in psychological processes and challenging supernatural interpretations. Leuba’s observations seem to lead to an understanding of further study on religious coping, with contemporary scholars such as Kenneth Pargament building upon Leuba's concepts to investigate religion's influence on resilience and well-being. Leuba's research is related to contemporary discussions regarding spirituality, deconversion, and religious extremism. His argument that religion fulfills emotional and social needs corresponds with contemporary trends in which spirituality is becoming personalized. Furthermore, his functionalist perspective provides an understanding of nonbelief since individuals, despite deconversion, seek alternative pursuits for meaning-making. Leuba's psychological examination of the emotional grounds of religious beliefs also offers a significant framework for comprehending religious radicalization. Contemporary studies on extremism highlight the psychological motivations of ideologies that provide belonging, identity, and purpose. Leuba's influence on the psychology of religion remains in the modern era, and his emphasis of a pragmatic and psychological perspective of religion as an adaptable construct still influences modern interpretations. His focus on the psychological benefits of religion, without theological truths, provides significant insights for analyzing religious behavior. This study aims to build a bridge between the pioneers in the psychology of religion and the arguments currently taking place in the field. The current study reflects the belief that the perspectives provided by pioneering figures in the psychology of religion remain significant and can broaden perspectives in contemporary discussions in the psychology of religion. This study will thoroughly examine Leuba's significant contributions to the psychology of religion, including the sources of religious experience, the concept of God, conversion, a psychological perspective on the origins and functions of religion, and religious mysticism, while also exploring their relevance to contemporary issues in modern psychology of religion.

Etik Beyan

This study does not require ethics committee approval, as the data used were obtained from literature review/published sources. It is declared that scientific and ethical principles have been followed while carrying out and writing this study and that all the sources used have been properly cited.

Destekleyen Kurum

The author acknowledges that he received no external funding in support of this research.

Kaynakça

  • Argyle, Michael, and Benjamin Beit-Hallahmi. The social psychology of religion (Psychology Revivals). Routledge, 2013.
  • Beit-Hallahmi, Benjamin. "Psychology of religion 1880-1930: The rise and fall of a psychological movement." Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences (1974).
  • Beit-Hallahmi, Benjamin, and Michael Argyle. The psychology of religious behaviour, belief and experience. Routledge, 2014.
  • Bleidorn, Wiebke; Lenhausen, Madeline R.; Schwaba, Ted; Hopwoodet, Christopher J. "Psychological Change Before and After Religious Conversion and Deconversion." Journal of Personality 92/4 (2024), 1193-1210.
  • Borum, Randy. "Radicalization into Violent Extremism I: A Review of Social Science Theories." Journal of Strategic Security 4/4 (2011), 7-36.
  • Firman, John; Gila, Ann. "On Religious Fanaticism: A Look at Transpersonal Identity Disorder." 2006. https://www.synthesiscenter.org/articles/religious.fanaticism.pdf
  • Fuller, Robert. Spiritual, But Not Religious: Understanding Unchurched America. Oxford University Press, 2001.
  • Hay, David. "Psychologists interpreting conversion: two American forerunners of the hermeneutics of suspicion." History of the Human Sciences 12/1 (1999): 55-72.
  • Hardy, Sam A.; Taylor, Emily M. "Religious Deconversion in Adolescence and Young Adulthood: A Literature Review." Archive for the Psychology of Religion 00846724241235176 (2024).
  • Hill, Peter C.; Pargament, Kenneth I. "Advances in the Conceptualization and Measurement of Religion and Spirituality: Implications for Physical and Mental Health Research." Psychology of Religion and Spirituality 1 (2008), 3–17. https://doi.org/10.1037/1941-1022.S.1.3
  • Hunsberger, Bruce E., & Altemeyer, Bob. Atheists: A Groundbreaking Study of America's Nonbelievers. Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books, 2006.
  • James, William. The varieties of religious experience: A study in human nature. Xist Publishing, 2015.
  • Jordan, Kevin D.; Masters, Kevin S.; Hooker, Stephanie A.; Ruiz, John M.; Smith, Timothy W. "An Interpersonal Approach to Religiousness and Spirituality: Implications for Health and Well‐Being." Journal of Personality 82/5 (2014): 418-431.
  • Koenig, Harold G. "Religion, Spirituality, and Health: The Research and Clinical Implications." International Scholarly Research Notices 2012/1 (2012): 278730.
  • Kruglanski, Arie W.; Gelfand, Michele J.; Bélanger, Jocelyn J.; Sheveland, Anna; Hetiarachchi, Malkanthi; Gunaratna, Rohan. “The Psychology of Radicalization and Deradicalization: How Significance Quest Impacts Violent Extremism." Political Psychology 35 (2014): 69-93.
  • Leuba, James Henry. "A Study in the Psychology of Religious Phenomena." The American Journal of Psychology 7/3 (1896): 309-385.
  • Leuba, James Henry. "The Contents of Religious Consciousness." The Monist (1901), 536-573.
  • Leuba, James Henry. "Introduction to a Psychological Study of Religion." The Monist (1901), 195-225.
  • Leuba, James Henry. "Professor William James' interpretation of religious experience." The International Journal of Ethics 14/3 (1904): 322-339.
  • Leuba, James Henry. A Psychological Study of Religion: Its Origin, Function, and Future. Macmillan, 1912.
  • Leuba, James Henry. Psychological Origin and Nature of Religion. London, United Kingdom: Constable and Company, 1915.
  • Leuba, James Henry. The Belief in God and Immortality: A Psychological, Anthropological, and Statistical Study. Boston: Sherman, French, 1916.
  • Leuba, James Henry. "The Meaning of 'Religion' and the Place of Mysticism in Religious Life." The Journal of Philosophy (1921), 57-67.
  • Leuba, James Henry. The Psychology of Religious Mysticism. New York: Harcourt, Brace & Company, Inc. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., Ltd., 1925.
  • Leuba, James H. "The making of a psychologist of religion." Religion in transition London: Allen & Unwin. (1937): 173-200.
  • Maselko, Joanna. “The neurophysiology of religious experience. In K. I. Pargament, J. J. Exline, & J. W. Jones (Eds.), APA handbook of psychology, religion, and spirituality (Vol. 1): Context, theory, and research (2013). (pp. 205–220). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/14045-011
  • McBride, Katharine Elizabeth. “James Henry Leuba: 1867-1946.” The American Journal of Psychology, 60 (1947): 645–646.
  • Mcnamara, Patrick. Where God and Science Meet: How Brain and Evolutionary Studies Alter Our Understanding of Religion [3 Volumes]. Bloomsbury Publishing USA, 2006.
  • Morgan, John H. "Psychology of Religions and the Books That Made It Happen." Journal for the Study of Religions and Ideologies 10/30 (2011), 277-298.
  • Morgan, John H. "James H. Leuba’s Psychological Origin and Nature of Religion." Type Here (2015), 131-145.
  • Morgan, John H., et al. Psychology of Religion: A Commentary on the Classic Texts. Lima, OH: Wyndham Hall Press, 2011.
  • Newberg, Andrew B. "The Neuroscientific Study of Spiritual Practices." Frontiers in Psychology 5 (2014), 215.
  • Pargament, Kenneth I. The Psychology of Religion and Coping: Theory, Research, Practice. Guilford Press, 2001.
  • Pargament, Kenneth I.; Exline, Julie J.; Jones, James W. APA Handbook of Psychology, Religion, and Spirituality (Vol 1): Context, Theory, and Research. American Psychological Association, 2013.
  • Sevinç, Kenan; Coleman III, Thomas Joseph; Hood, Ralph W. "Nonbelief: An Islamic Perspective." Secularism and Nonreligion 7/5 (2018), 1-12.
  • Streib, Heinz. "Leaving Religion: Deconversion." Current Opinion in Psychology 40 (2021), 139-144.
  • Streib, H., & Klein, C. Atheists, agnostics, and apostates. In K. I. Pargament, J. J. Exline, & J. W. Jones (Eds.), APA handbook of psychology, religion, and spirituality (Vol. 1): Context, theory, and research (2013). (pp. 713–728). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/14045-040
  • Stronge, Samantha; Bulbulia, Joseph; Sibley, Chris G.; Sibley, Chris G. "Religion and the Development of Character: Personality Changes Before and After Religious Conversion and Deconversion." Social Psychological and Personality Science 12/5 (2021), 801-811.
  • Tietjen, Ruth Rebecca. "Fear, Fanaticism, and Fragile Identities." The Journal of Ethics 27/2 (2023), 211-230.
  • Timmerman, Christiane (ed.). Faith-Based Radicalism: Christianity, Islam and Judaism Between Constructive Activism and Destructive Fanaticism. Peter Lang, 2007.
  • Uzarevic, Filip; Coleman III, Thomas J. "The Psychology of Nonbelievers." Current Opinion in Psychology 40 (2021), 131-138.
  • Uzarevic, Filip; Saroglou, Vassilis; Muñoz-García, Antonio. "Are Atheists Unprejudiced? Forms of Nonbelief and Prejudice Toward Antiliberal and Mainstream Religious Groups." Psychology of Religion and Spirituality 13/1 (2021), 81.
  • Yaden, David Bryce; Iwry, Jonathan; Newberg, Andrew B. "Neuroscience and Religion: Surveying the Field." Religion: Mental Religion: Part of the Macmillan Interdisciplinary Handbooks: Religion Series (2016), 277-299.
  • Wallis, W. P. "A Psychological Study of Religion." (1913): 282-283.
  • Wibisono, Susilo; Louis, Winnifred R.; Jetten, Jolanda. "A Multidimensional Analysis of Religious Extremism." Frontiers in Psychology 10 (2019), 2560.
  • Wulff, David M. "James Henry Leuba. A Reassessment of a Swiss-American Pioneer." Aspects in Contexts. Brill, (2000) 25-44.
  • Zeitchik, Jerry. "Understanding and Responding to the Fanatical Mindset: Educational and Psychological Perspectives." Tradition: A Journal of Orthodox Jewish Thought 48/4 (2015), 38-59.
  • Zinnbauer, Brian J.; Pargament, Kenneth I. "Religiousness and Spirituality." Handbook of the Psychology of Religion and Spirituality 54 (2005), 1-6.

James Henry Leuba ve Günümüz Din Psikolojisi

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 1, 465 - 482, 15.03.2025
https://doi.org/10.51702/esoguifd.1576678

Öz

Bu çalışmada din psikolojisi alanında öncü bir isim olan James Henry Leuba'nın görüşleri öncelikle önemli eserleri üzerinden incelenmekte ve daha sonrasında, onun geliştirdiği bakış açılarının din psikolojisi alanındaki mevcut tartışmalara daha kapsamlı bir anlayış sunmak için nasıl kullanılabileceği tartışılmaktadır. James Henry Leuba (1868-1946), din psikolojisi alanında önemli bir psikolog olup, dini deneyim ve inançları anlamaya yönelik bilimsel yaklaşımıyla öne çıkmaktadır. Leuba, dini deneyimin psikolojik ve biyolojik kökenlerini araştırmış ve işlevselci perspektifleri vurgulamıştır. Dini inançların insanın doğasında var olan ihtiyaçlara verilen yanıtlar olduğunu ileri sürmüş ve bu iddiasıyla, dinin kökenlerine inmeden çoğunlukla “dinin değerini” inceleyen William James'ten önemli ölçüde farklılaşmıştır. Leuba'nın ‘Din Üzerine Psikolojik Bir Çalışma’ (A Psychological Study of Religion, 1912) ve ‘Dini Mistisizmin Psikolojisi’ (The Psychology of Religious Mysticism, 1925) gibi çalışmalarının çoğunda, dini inanç ve uygulamalar ağırlıklı olarak hayatın olaylarına uyarlanabilir tepkiler olarak incelenmektedir. Bu dini inanç ve uygulamalar psikolojik, duygusal ve sosyal ihtiyaçların karşılanmasında önemli bir rol oynamaktadır. Leuba, dini deneyimin özünde duygu, biliş ve iradenin yer aldığını savunmuş ve bireylerin psikolojik dürtülerinin bir sonucu olarak oluşan “tanrı fikri” kavramını ortaya atmıştır. Leuba'nın din değiştirmeler ve mistik deneyimler üzerine yaptığı araştırmalar, dini dönüşümlerin çeşitli psikolojik faktörler içeren karmaşık süreçler olduğunu vurgulamıştır. Din değiştirmenin ahlaki ve duygusal bütünlüğe doğru bir geçişi içerdiğini ve sıklıkla derin huzur ve birlik hisleriyle sonuçlandığını öne sürmüştür. Mistik deneyimleri, kökleri psikolojik süreçlere dayanan ve doğaüstü yorumlara meydan okuyan yansıtıcı olaylar olarak kabul etmiştir. Leuba'nın gözlemleri, Kenneth Pargament gibi çağdaş akademisyenlerin dinin dayanıklılık ve esenlik üzerindeki etkisini araştırmak için Leuba'nın kavramlarını temel almasıyla, dini başa çıkma konusunda daha fazla çalışma yapılması için bir anlayışa öncülük ediyor gibi görünmektedir. Leuba'nın araştırmaları genel olarak maneviyat, dinden dönme ve dini aşırılıkla ilgili güncel tartışmalarla ilişkilidir. Dinin duygusal ve sosyal ihtiyaçların karşılanmasına hizmet ettiği yönündeki argümanı, maneviyatın kişiselleştiği çağdaş eğilimlerle örtüşmektedir. Ayrıca, onun işlevselci perspektifi inançsızlığın anlaşılmasını sağlamaktadır, zira bireyler din değiştirmelerine rağmen anlam yaratmak için alternatif arayışlara girmektedir. Leuba'nın dini inançların duygusal temellerine ilişkin psikolojik incelemesi de dini radikalleşmeyi anlamak için önemli bir çerçeve sunmaktadır. Aşırıcılık üzerine yapılan çağdaş çalışmalar, aidiyet, kimlik ve amaç sağlayan ideolojilerin psikolojik motivasyonlarını vurgulamaktadır. Leuba'nın din psikolojisindeki etkisi modern çağda da devam etmekte ve onun uyarlanabilir bir yapı olarak dine pragmatik ve psikolojik bir bakış açısını vurgulaması modern yorumları hala etkilemektedir. Teolojik gerçekler olmaksızın dinin psikolojik faydalarına odaklanması, dini davranışların analizinde önemli içgörüler sağlamaktadır. Bu çalışma, din psikolojisi alanının öncüleri ile günümüzde bu alanda yer alan tartışmalar arasında bir köprü kurma girişimidir. Bu çalışma, din psikolojisi alanındaki öncü isimlerin sunduğu perspektiflerin hala önemini koruduğu ve din psikolojisi alanındaki çağdaş tartışmalarda bakış açılarını genişletme kabiliyetine sahip olduğu inancını yansıtmaktadır. Bu amaçla bu çalışmada Leuba’nın din psikolojisi alanında büyük önem arz eden spesifik çalışmaları; dini tecrübenin kaynağı ve tanrı fikri, ihtida, dinin kökeni ve fonksiyonları ile dini mistisizm konuları üzerinden ayrıntılı olarak ele alınacak ve günümüz din psikolojisinin mevcut konularıyla bağlantısı irdelenecektir.

Etik Beyan

Bu çalışma, etik kurul izni gerektirmeyen nitelikte olup kullanılan veriler literatür taraması/yayınlanmış kaynaklar üzerinden elde edilmiştir. Çalışmanın hazırlanma sürecinde bilimsel ve etik ilkelere uyulduğu ve yararlanılan tüm çalışmaların kaynakçada belirtildiği beyan olunur.

Destekleyen Kurum

Bu araştırmayı desteklemek için dış fon kullanılmamıştır.

Kaynakça

  • Argyle, Michael, and Benjamin Beit-Hallahmi. The social psychology of religion (Psychology Revivals). Routledge, 2013.
  • Beit-Hallahmi, Benjamin. "Psychology of religion 1880-1930: The rise and fall of a psychological movement." Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences (1974).
  • Beit-Hallahmi, Benjamin, and Michael Argyle. The psychology of religious behaviour, belief and experience. Routledge, 2014.
  • Bleidorn, Wiebke; Lenhausen, Madeline R.; Schwaba, Ted; Hopwoodet, Christopher J. "Psychological Change Before and After Religious Conversion and Deconversion." Journal of Personality 92/4 (2024), 1193-1210.
  • Borum, Randy. "Radicalization into Violent Extremism I: A Review of Social Science Theories." Journal of Strategic Security 4/4 (2011), 7-36.
  • Firman, John; Gila, Ann. "On Religious Fanaticism: A Look at Transpersonal Identity Disorder." 2006. https://www.synthesiscenter.org/articles/religious.fanaticism.pdf
  • Fuller, Robert. Spiritual, But Not Religious: Understanding Unchurched America. Oxford University Press, 2001.
  • Hay, David. "Psychologists interpreting conversion: two American forerunners of the hermeneutics of suspicion." History of the Human Sciences 12/1 (1999): 55-72.
  • Hardy, Sam A.; Taylor, Emily M. "Religious Deconversion in Adolescence and Young Adulthood: A Literature Review." Archive for the Psychology of Religion 00846724241235176 (2024).
  • Hill, Peter C.; Pargament, Kenneth I. "Advances in the Conceptualization and Measurement of Religion and Spirituality: Implications for Physical and Mental Health Research." Psychology of Religion and Spirituality 1 (2008), 3–17. https://doi.org/10.1037/1941-1022.S.1.3
  • Hunsberger, Bruce E., & Altemeyer, Bob. Atheists: A Groundbreaking Study of America's Nonbelievers. Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books, 2006.
  • James, William. The varieties of religious experience: A study in human nature. Xist Publishing, 2015.
  • Jordan, Kevin D.; Masters, Kevin S.; Hooker, Stephanie A.; Ruiz, John M.; Smith, Timothy W. "An Interpersonal Approach to Religiousness and Spirituality: Implications for Health and Well‐Being." Journal of Personality 82/5 (2014): 418-431.
  • Koenig, Harold G. "Religion, Spirituality, and Health: The Research and Clinical Implications." International Scholarly Research Notices 2012/1 (2012): 278730.
  • Kruglanski, Arie W.; Gelfand, Michele J.; Bélanger, Jocelyn J.; Sheveland, Anna; Hetiarachchi, Malkanthi; Gunaratna, Rohan. “The Psychology of Radicalization and Deradicalization: How Significance Quest Impacts Violent Extremism." Political Psychology 35 (2014): 69-93.
  • Leuba, James Henry. "A Study in the Psychology of Religious Phenomena." The American Journal of Psychology 7/3 (1896): 309-385.
  • Leuba, James Henry. "The Contents of Religious Consciousness." The Monist (1901), 536-573.
  • Leuba, James Henry. "Introduction to a Psychological Study of Religion." The Monist (1901), 195-225.
  • Leuba, James Henry. "Professor William James' interpretation of religious experience." The International Journal of Ethics 14/3 (1904): 322-339.
  • Leuba, James Henry. A Psychological Study of Religion: Its Origin, Function, and Future. Macmillan, 1912.
  • Leuba, James Henry. Psychological Origin and Nature of Religion. London, United Kingdom: Constable and Company, 1915.
  • Leuba, James Henry. The Belief in God and Immortality: A Psychological, Anthropological, and Statistical Study. Boston: Sherman, French, 1916.
  • Leuba, James Henry. "The Meaning of 'Religion' and the Place of Mysticism in Religious Life." The Journal of Philosophy (1921), 57-67.
  • Leuba, James Henry. The Psychology of Religious Mysticism. New York: Harcourt, Brace & Company, Inc. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., Ltd., 1925.
  • Leuba, James H. "The making of a psychologist of religion." Religion in transition London: Allen & Unwin. (1937): 173-200.
  • Maselko, Joanna. “The neurophysiology of religious experience. In K. I. Pargament, J. J. Exline, & J. W. Jones (Eds.), APA handbook of psychology, religion, and spirituality (Vol. 1): Context, theory, and research (2013). (pp. 205–220). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/14045-011
  • McBride, Katharine Elizabeth. “James Henry Leuba: 1867-1946.” The American Journal of Psychology, 60 (1947): 645–646.
  • Mcnamara, Patrick. Where God and Science Meet: How Brain and Evolutionary Studies Alter Our Understanding of Religion [3 Volumes]. Bloomsbury Publishing USA, 2006.
  • Morgan, John H. "Psychology of Religions and the Books That Made It Happen." Journal for the Study of Religions and Ideologies 10/30 (2011), 277-298.
  • Morgan, John H. "James H. Leuba’s Psychological Origin and Nature of Religion." Type Here (2015), 131-145.
  • Morgan, John H., et al. Psychology of Religion: A Commentary on the Classic Texts. Lima, OH: Wyndham Hall Press, 2011.
  • Newberg, Andrew B. "The Neuroscientific Study of Spiritual Practices." Frontiers in Psychology 5 (2014), 215.
  • Pargament, Kenneth I. The Psychology of Religion and Coping: Theory, Research, Practice. Guilford Press, 2001.
  • Pargament, Kenneth I.; Exline, Julie J.; Jones, James W. APA Handbook of Psychology, Religion, and Spirituality (Vol 1): Context, Theory, and Research. American Psychological Association, 2013.
  • Sevinç, Kenan; Coleman III, Thomas Joseph; Hood, Ralph W. "Nonbelief: An Islamic Perspective." Secularism and Nonreligion 7/5 (2018), 1-12.
  • Streib, Heinz. "Leaving Religion: Deconversion." Current Opinion in Psychology 40 (2021), 139-144.
  • Streib, H., & Klein, C. Atheists, agnostics, and apostates. In K. I. Pargament, J. J. Exline, & J. W. Jones (Eds.), APA handbook of psychology, religion, and spirituality (Vol. 1): Context, theory, and research (2013). (pp. 713–728). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/14045-040
  • Stronge, Samantha; Bulbulia, Joseph; Sibley, Chris G.; Sibley, Chris G. "Religion and the Development of Character: Personality Changes Before and After Religious Conversion and Deconversion." Social Psychological and Personality Science 12/5 (2021), 801-811.
  • Tietjen, Ruth Rebecca. "Fear, Fanaticism, and Fragile Identities." The Journal of Ethics 27/2 (2023), 211-230.
  • Timmerman, Christiane (ed.). Faith-Based Radicalism: Christianity, Islam and Judaism Between Constructive Activism and Destructive Fanaticism. Peter Lang, 2007.
  • Uzarevic, Filip; Coleman III, Thomas J. "The Psychology of Nonbelievers." Current Opinion in Psychology 40 (2021), 131-138.
  • Uzarevic, Filip; Saroglou, Vassilis; Muñoz-García, Antonio. "Are Atheists Unprejudiced? Forms of Nonbelief and Prejudice Toward Antiliberal and Mainstream Religious Groups." Psychology of Religion and Spirituality 13/1 (2021), 81.
  • Yaden, David Bryce; Iwry, Jonathan; Newberg, Andrew B. "Neuroscience and Religion: Surveying the Field." Religion: Mental Religion: Part of the Macmillan Interdisciplinary Handbooks: Religion Series (2016), 277-299.
  • Wallis, W. P. "A Psychological Study of Religion." (1913): 282-283.
  • Wibisono, Susilo; Louis, Winnifred R.; Jetten, Jolanda. "A Multidimensional Analysis of Religious Extremism." Frontiers in Psychology 10 (2019), 2560.
  • Wulff, David M. "James Henry Leuba. A Reassessment of a Swiss-American Pioneer." Aspects in Contexts. Brill, (2000) 25-44.
  • Zeitchik, Jerry. "Understanding and Responding to the Fanatical Mindset: Educational and Psychological Perspectives." Tradition: A Journal of Orthodox Jewish Thought 48/4 (2015), 38-59.
  • Zinnbauer, Brian J.; Pargament, Kenneth I. "Religiousness and Spirituality." Handbook of the Psychology of Religion and Spirituality 54 (2005), 1-6.
Toplam 48 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Din Psikolojisi
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Durali Karacan 0000-0001-5840-7899

Yayımlanma Tarihi 15 Mart 2025
Gönderilme Tarihi 31 Ekim 2024
Kabul Tarihi 22 Şubat 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 12 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

ISNAD Karacan, Durali. “James Henry Leuba and the Modern Psychology of Religion”. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 12/1 (Mart 2025), 465-482. https://doi.org/10.51702/esoguifd.1576678.

Creative Commons Lisansı

Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi (ESOGUIFD) Creative Commons Atıf-GayriTicari 4.0 Uluslararası Lisansı ile lisanslanmıştır.