Neoliberal Anlayışın Bireycilik ve Özgürlük İkilemi

Öz

Özet Neoliberalizmin bireyciliğe ve özgürlüğe yaklaşımı çelişkiler içermektedir. Bir yandan metodolojik bireycilik ve piyasa ekonomisinde bireye verilen önemi vurgulanırken diğer yandan, bireyin sosyal süreçlere bağımlılığı ve piyasa kurallarına uyma zorunluluğu öne sürülmektedir. Bireyin özgürlüğü ve hedef belirleme yetisi yalnızca piyasa alanıyla sınırlandırılmaktadır. Piyasa tarihsel ve evrimsel süreçlerle belirlenen doğal bir düzen olarak değerlendirilmektedir. Hayek'e göre bireyciliğin anlamı, bireyin sosyal evrime uyum sağlaması ve toplumsal süreçlere boyun eğmesidir. Bu anlamda çalışma, neoliberalizmin bireyselliğe ve özgürlüğe bakış açısındaki çelişki ve sınırlamaları incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Hayek ve Friedman’ın eserlerinin içerik analiziyle neoliberal birey kavramı tartışılmakta, bireysel özgürlüğün ekonomik özgürlükle sınırlı yorumu eleştirilmektedir. Araştırma, neoliberalizmin dar anlamdaki bireycilik ve özgürlük yaklaşımını ortaya çıkardığı bireysel, toplumsal ve siyasi sonuçlar açısından sorgulayarak tartışmayı, bu sayede ilgili literatüre katkı sunmayı ve ileriye yönelik çalışmalara ışık tutmayı amaçlamaktadır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Neoliberalizm, Hayek, Kültürel Evrim Teorisi, Friedman, Bireycilik, Özgürlük,

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Neoliberalizm
• Hayek
• Kültürel Evrim Teorisi
• Friedman
• Bireycilik
• Özgürlük

Dilemma of Individualism and Freedom in Neoliberal Understanding

Öz

There is a clear tension in the neoliberal approach to individualism and freedom. Focusing on the process of individualization and individual self-determination in markets, neoclassical approaches recognize that individuals are committed to social mobility and responsibility to act within market rules on, individual autonomy and the ability to set self-determined goals appear to be limited to market participation. The market is seen as an inherently dynamic system developed over time. According to Hayek, individualism refers to social progress and conformity to society. The aim of this paper is to respectfully examine the apparent inconsistencies and limitations of how individual freedom and choice have been conceptualized by neoliberal thinkers, through an analysis of the works of Hayek and Friedman. Neoliberal policies articulate the notion of free will and question the definition of freedom from a purely economic perspective. By further examining these nuances, the study hopes to reflect on the personal and societal political implications associated with neoliberalism’s more limited understanding of self-government and voluntarism. Finally, an examination of balanced perspectives can add to the ongoing discussion on how best to organize social policies that maximize individual dignity and collective well-being in the long run at in a constructive manner.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Neoliberalism
• Hayek
• Friedman
• Cultural Evolution Theory
• Individualism
• Freedom

Kaynakça

1. Referans1 Aristotle. (1998). The politics. University of Chicago Press.
2. Referans2 Baier, A. C. (1988). Charles Taylor Philosophy and the Human Sciences, Philosophical Papers Vol. 2. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1985. Pp. vii+ 340. Canadian Journal of Philosophy, 18(3), 589-594.
3. Referans3 Bauman, Z. (2011). Bireyselleşmiş toplum. İstanbul: Ayrıntı.
4. Referans4 Bauman, Z. (2013). Liquid fear. John Wiley & Sons.
5. Referans5 Baudrillard, J. (2010). Tüketim toplumu. İstanbul: Ayrıntı.
6. Referans6 Berlin, I. (2002). Two concepts of liberty. In Liberty (pp. 166-217). Oxford University Press. DOI: 10.1093/019924989X.003.0004
7. Referans7 Berlin, I. (2017). Two concepts of liberty. In Liberty Reader (pp. 33-57). Routledge. DOI: 10.1177/1474885112463647 Referans8 Bird, C. (1999). The myth of liberal individualism. Cambridge University Press.
8. Referans9 Creswell, John W., and Cheryl N. Poth. Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches. Sage publications, 2016.

9. Referans10 Dardot, P. ve Laval, C. (2012). Dünyanın yeni aklı: neoliberal toplum üzerine deneme. İstanbul: İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi.
10. Referans11 Dean, H. (2023). From altruism to sociality: A switch in perception. International Journal of Social Welfare, 32(2), 256-267. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijsw.12554
11. Referans12 Ferdinand, T. Ã. (1887). Community and society. Transaction Publishers.
12. Referans13 Filip, B., & Filip, B. (2020). The Neo-Liberal Concept of Freedom: Economic and Negative Freedom. The Rise of Neo-liberalism and the Decline of Freedom, 29-55. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-61623-6_3
13. Referans14 Finlay, L. (2008). A dance between the reduction and reflexivity: Explicating the" phenomenological psychological attitude". Journal of phenomenological psychology, 39(1), 1-32.
14. Referans15 Foucault, M. (2007). Cinselliğin tarihi. İstanbul: Ayrıntı.
15. Referans16 Foucault, M. (2008). The Birth of Biopolitics: Lectures at the Collège de France, 1978–79. Palgrave Macmillan.
16. Referans17 Friedman, M. (1962a). Capitalism and freedom. Friedman. University of Chicago. p. 15
17. Referans18 Friedman, M. (1962b). Capitalism and freedom. Friedman. University of Chicago. p. 188
18. Referans19 Friedman, M. (1962c). Capitalism and freedom. Friedman. University of Chicago. p. 187
19. Referans20 Friedman, M. (1962d). Capitalism and freedom. Friedman. University of Chicago. p. 191
20. Referans21 Friedman, M. (1975). There's no such thing as a free lunch (p. 129). LaSalle, IL: Open Court.
21. Referans22 Friedman, M. (1953). Essays in positive economics. University of Chicago press.
22. Referans23 Friedman, M. (2016). Capitalism and freedom. In Democracy: a reader (pp. 344-349). Columbia University Press. https://doi.org/10.7312/blau17412-074
23. Referans24 Garlick, S. (2023). Of men and markets: Hayek, masculinity and neoliberalism. Economy and Society, 52(1), 158-178. DOI: 10.1080/03085147.2022.2131273
24. Referans25 Gilabert, P. (2020). Alienation, freedom, and dignity. philosophical topics, 48(2), 51-80.
25. Referans26 Harvey, D. (2005). A Brief History of Neoliberalism. Oxford University Press.
26. Referans27 Harvey, D. (2007). A Brief History of Neoliberalism. Oxford University Press.
27. Referans28 Harvey, D. (2015). Neoliberalizmin kısa tarihi. İstanbul: Sel.
28. Referans29 Hayek, F. A. (1944a). The Road to Serfdom. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.p.74
29. Referans30 Hayek, F. A. (1944b). The Road to Serfdom. Chicago: University of Chicago Press
30. Referans31 Hayek, F. A. (1949). The intellectuals and socialism. The University of Chicago Law Review, 16(3), 417-433.
31. Referans32 Hayek, F. A. (1960a). The Constitution of Liberty. University of Chicago Press. p. 14.
32. Referans33 Hayek, F. A. (1960b). The Constitution of Liberty. University of Chicago Press. p. 255.
33. Referans34 Hayek, F. A. (1960c). The Constitution of Liberty. University of Chicago Press. p. 125.
34. Referans35 Hayek, F. A. (1960d). The Constitution of Liberty. University of Chicago Press. p. 434.
35. Referans36 Hayek, F. A. (1960e). The Constitution of Liberty. University of Chicago Press. p. 14.
36. Referans37 Hayek, F. A. (1967). Studies in philosophy, politics and economics. Chicago, IL: University of ChicagoPress. p.77.
37. Referans38 Hayek, F.A. (1973). Law, Legislation and Liberty, Vol.1.London: Routledge&KeganPaul
38. Referans39 Hayek, F.A. (1979). Law, Legislation and Liberty, Vol.3.London: Routledge&KeganPaul. p.159
39. Referans40 Hayek, F. A. (1980a). Individualism and economic order. University of chicago Press.p.32
40. Referans41 Hayek, F.A. (1984). The origin and effect of our morals: A problem for science. In C.Nishiyama,& K.R.Leube(Eds.),The essence of Hayek (pp.318–330). Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution Press.
41. Referans42 Hayek,F.A.(1988).The Fatal Conceit: The errors of socialism. Chicago,IL: University of Chicago Press. p,6.
42. Referans43 Hayek, F. A. (2014). The fortunes of liberalism: Essays on Austrian economics and the ideal of freedom. Routledge.
43. Referans44 Hayek, F. A. (2020). The constitution of liberty: The definitive edition. Routledge. DOIhttps://doi.org/10.4324/9781138400047
44. Referans45 Hegel, G. W. F. (1991). Elements of the philosophy of right. Cambridge University Press.
45. Referans46 Klein, N. (2007). The Shock Doctrine: The Rise of Disaster Capitalism. Picador.
46. Referans47 Locke, J. (1980). Second treatise of government. In C. B. Macpherson (Ed.), Indianapolis: Hackett.
47. Referans48 Lovasz, A. (2023). FA Hayek, Complexity Pioneer. Journal of Libertarian Studies, 27(1). DOI: 10.35297/001c.91894
48. Referans49 Morgan, H. (2022). Conducting a qualitative document analysis. The Qualitative Report, 27(1), 64-77. DOI:10.46743/2160-3715/2022.5044
49. Referans50 Moustakas, C. (1994). Phenomenological research methods. sage.
50. Referans51 Olssen, M., Codd, J. Ve O'neill, A.-M. (2004). Education policy: globalization, citizenship and democracy. Gateshead: Sage.
51. Referans52 Örs, H. B. (2015). 19. yüzyıldan 20. yüzyıla modern siyasal ideolojiler. İstanbul: İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi.
52. Referans53 Plato. (2001). The republic. Batoche Books.
53. Referans54 Ryan, A. (2015). The making of modern liberalism. Princeton University Press.
54. Referans55 Ryan, A. (2017). Liberalism. A companion to contemporary political philosophy, 360-382. DOI: 10.1002/9781405177245.ch14
55. Referans56 Sak, R., Şendil, Ç.Ö., Nas, E. (2021). Bir araştırma yöntemi olarak doküman analizi. Kocaeli Üniversitesi Eğitim Dergisi, 4(1), 227-256. DOI: 10.33400/kuje.843306
56. Referans57 Sen, A. (2001). Development as Freedom. Oxford University Press.
57. Referans58 Sennett, R. (2014). Karakter aşınması. İstanbul: Ayrıntı.
58. Referans59 Smith, A. (2008). The wealth of nations. Oxford Paperbacks.
59. Referans60 Smith, D. G. (1968). Liberalism. D. L. Sills (Ed.). International encyclopedia of the social sciences (ss. 276-282). Mac Millan.
60. Referans61 Stiglitz, J. (2008). Freefall: America, Free Markets, and the Sinking of the World Economy. WW Norton & Company.
61. Referans62 Stilwell, F. (2012). Political Economy: The Contest of Economic Ideas. Oxford University Press.
62. Referans63 Taylor, C. (1985). What's wrong with negative liberty. In Philosophical papers, 2: Philosophy and the human sciences (pp. 211-229). Cambridge University Press.
63. Referans64 Tomlinson, J. (1990). Hayek and the market. London: PlutoPress.p.48.
64. Referans65 Üskül, Z. Ö. (2003). Bireyciliğe tarihsel bakış. İstanbul: Büke.
65. Referans66 Vanberg,V.J. (1986).Spontaneous market order and social rules: A critical examination. Economics and Philosophy,2,75–100. DOI: 10.1017/s0266267100000808
66. Referans67 Van Manen, M. (2016). Researching lived experience: Human science for an action sensitive pedagogy. Routledge.
67. Referans68 Wacquant, L. (2012). Three steps to a historical anthropology of actually existing neoliberalism. Social anthropology, 20(1), 66-79. DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8676.2011.00189.x
68. Referans69 Williamson, J. (1990). Latin American adjustment: How much has happened? Washington: Institute for International Economics.
69. Referans70 Wood, L. M., Sebar, B., & Vecchio, N. (2020). Application of rigour and credibility in qualitative document analysis: Lessons learnt from a case study. The qualitative report, 25(2), 456-470. DOI: 10.46743/2160-3715/2020.4240
70. Referans71 Yücel, Z. (2023). From Natural Law To Unıversal Declaratıons: Implıcatıons For Internatıonal Human Rights Treaties And The Responsibility To Protect. Journal Of Management And Economics Research, 21(4), 54-87. http://dx.doi.org/10.11611/yead.1307685