ŞÜKRAN ÖLÇEĞİ: GEÇERLİK VE GÜVENİRLİK ÇALIŞMASI

Öz

Şükran, alanyazında bireyin gördüğü bir yardım ve iyilik karşısında yardım eden kişiye yönelik minnet duyguları, görülen bir faydaya karşı memnuniyet hissini ifade eden bir duygu ve birbiriyle ilişkili çeşitli alt boyutlardan ve düzeylerden oluşan genel bir kişilik yönelimi gibi farklı şekillerde tanımlanmaktadır. Bu araştırmada son yıllarda bireylerin ruh sağlığını iyileştirmede etkili bir kaynak haline gelen şükran duymaya yönelik bir ölçme aracı geliştirilmesi amaçlanmaktadır. Bu çerçevede ilgili alanyazın taramaları ve ön analizlerden sonra oluşturulan ölçek formu üniversite öğrencilerine uygulanmış ve geçerlik-güvenirlik analizleri gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırmanın sonucunda 25 madde ve 6 alt boyuttan oluşan bir yapı elde edilmiş ve ortaya çıkan yapının geçerlik ve güvenirlik değerlerinin iyi olduğu belirlenmiştir. Buna göre şükran duyma; Pozitif Sosyal Karşılaştırma, Olumlu Olana Odaklanma, Aile ve Çevrenin Katkılarını Fark Etme, Mahrumiyet Yerine Bolluk Hissi, Küçük Şeylere Şükran Duyma ve Şükranı İfade Etme alt boyutlarından oluşan çok boyutlu bir yapıdır. Ölçeğin benzer ölçek geçerliği analizleri yaşam doyumu ve algılanan sosyal destek değişkenleriyle yapılmış ve değişkenler arasında anlamlı pozitif ilişkilerin olduğu ortaya konulmuştur. Buna göre, Şükran Ölçeği bireylerin şükran duyma durumlarını geçerli ve güvenilir şekilde ölçen bir araç olarak ilgili araştırmalarda kullanılabilir

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Şükran,şükran ölçeği,minnettarlık,pozitif psikoloji

Gratitude Scale: Validity and Reliability Study

Öz

The concept of gratitude has different definitions, such as the thankfulness or gratefulness feelings towards the person who helps the person in favor of the help and goodness, a feeling expressing a sense of satisfaction towards the benefit seen, and a general personality orientation consisting of various related sub dimensions and levels, in the related literature. In this research, it is aimed to develop an instrument for measuring the feelings of gratitude which has become an effective source in improving the mental health of the individuals in recent years. In this framework, the scale form that was formed after related literature search and the preliminary analyzes were applied to the university students and the validity and reliability analyzes were carried out. As a result of the research, a structure consisting of 25 items and 6 sub-dimensions was obtained and it was determined that the validity and reliability values of the resulting structure were good. According to the analysis gratitude is a multidimensional structure consisting of sub-dimensions of Positive Social Comparison, Focusing on Positive, Appreciating contributions of Family and Others, Feelings of Abundance, Gratitude for Simple Things and Expressing Gratitude. Criterion-related validity analyzes of the scale were conducted with life satisfaction and perceived social support variables, and it was shown that there were significant positive correlations between variables. Accordingly, the Gratitude Scale can be used validly and reliably in related research as a means of measuring individuals' gratitude feelings.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Gratitude,gratitude scale,indebtedness,positive psychology

Kaynakça

1. Adler, M. G., and Fagley, N. S. (2005). Appreciation: Individual differences in finding value and meaning as a unique predictor of subjective well-being. Journal of Personality, 73, 79-114.
2. Akın, A., ve Yüksel, R. (2011). Validation of the gratitude questionnaire in Turkish. Paper presented at th 32th International Conference of the Stress and Anxiety Research Society (STAR), Jully18-20, Munster, Germany.
3. Algoe, S., Gable, S., and Maisel, N. (2010). It's the little things: Everyday gratitude as a booster shot for romantic relationships. Personal Relationships, 17, 217-233.Ayten, A. (2014). Erdeme dönüş: Psikoloji ve mutluluk yolu. İz Yayıncılık: İstanbul.
4. Chan, D. W. (2013). Subjective well-being of Hong Kong Chinese teachers: The contribution of gratitude, forgiveness, and the orientations to happiness. Teaching and Teacher Education, 32, 22-30.
5. Diener, E., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J. and Griffin, S. (1985). The satisfaction with life scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49 (1), 71-75.
6. Durak, M., Senol-Durak, E., & Gencoz, T. (2010). Psychometric properties of the Satisfaction with Life Scale among Turkish university students, correctional officers, and elderly adults. Social Indicators Research, 99(3), 413-429.
7. Emmons, R. A. (2004). The psychology of gratitude: An introduction. R. A. Emmons & M. E. McCullough (Eds.), The psychology of gratitude (s. 3–16). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
8. Emmons, R.A. (2009). Gratitude. In. (S.J. Lopez (Ed.) The Encyclopedia of Positive Psychology.(p. 442-447). Willey-Blackwell.

9. Emmons, R. A., and McCullough, M. E. (2003). Counting blessings versus burdens: An experimental investigation of gratitude and subjective well-being in daily life. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 377–389.
10. Eker, D. ve Arkar, H. (1995). Çok boyutlu algılanan sosyal destek ölçeğinin faktör yapısı, geçerlik ve güvenirliği, Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 10(34), 45-55.
11. Eryılmaz, A. (2014). Üniversite öğrencileri için geliştirilen öznel iyi oluşu artırma programının etkililiğinin incelenmesi. Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 1(31), 111-128.
12. Fredrickson, B. L. (2004). Gratitude, like other positive emotions, broadens and builds. R. A. Emmons ve M. E. McCullough (Ed.). The psychology of gratitude (pp. 145-166). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
13. Fredrickson, B. L., Tugade, M.M., Waugh, C.C. and Larkin, G.R. (2003). What good are positive emotions in crises? A prospective study of resilience and emotions following the terrorist attacks on the United States on September 11th, 2001. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(2), 365–376.
14. Froh, J. J., Yurkewicz, C., and Kashdan, T. B. (2009). Gratitude and subjective well-being in early adolescence: Examining gender differences. Journal of Adolescence, 32(3), 633-650.
15. Froh, J. J., Bono, G., and Emmons, R. (2010). Being grateful is beyond good manners: Gratitude and motivation to contribute to society among early adolescents. Motivation and Emotion, 34(2), 144-157.
16. Grant, A., and Gino, F. (2010). A little thanks goes a long way: Explaining why gratitude expressions motivate prosocial behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 98, 946-955.
17. Kardaş, F., & Yalçın, İ. (2018). Şükran: Ruh Sağlığı Alanında Güncel Bir Kavram. Current Approaches in Psychiatry/Psikiyatride Guncel Yaklasimlar, 10(1), 1-18.
18. Lambert, N. M., Fincham, F., Stillman, T., and Dean, L. (2009). More gratitude, less materialism: The mediating role of life satisfaction. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 4(1), 32-42.
19. Lin, C.-C. (2015). Gratitude and depression in young adults: The mediating role of self-esteem and well-being. Personality and Individual Differences 87, 30–34. Lyubomirsky, S. (2008). The how of happiness: A scientific approach to getting life you want. New York: The Penguin Press.
20. McCullough, M. E., Kilpatrick, S. D., Emmons, R. A., and Larson, D. B. (2001). Is gratitude a moral affect? Psychological Bulletin, 127, 249-266.
21. McCullough, M. E., Emmons, R. A., and Tsang, J. (2002). The grateful disposition: A conceptual and empirical topography. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82, 112-127.
22. Oğuz Duran, N. ve Tan, Ş. (2013). Minnettarlık ve yaşam amaçları yazma çalışmalarının öznel iyi oluşa etkisi. Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 5(40), 154-166.
23. Roberts, R.C. (2004). The blessings of gratitude. R. A. Emmons & M. E. McCullough (Eds.), The psychology of gratitude (s. 58–78). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
24. Seligman, M. E. P., Steen, T, Park N., and Peterson, C. (2005). Positive psychology progress: Empirical validation of interventions. American Psychologist, 60, 410-421.
25. Sun, P., Jiang, H., Chu, M. and Qian, F. (2014). Gratitude and school well-being among Chinese university students: Interpersonal relationships and social support as mediators. Social Behavior and Personality,42(10), 1689-1698.
26. Tsang, J. (2006). Gratitude and prosocial behaviour: An experimental test of gratitude. Cognition and Emotion, 20, 138-148.
27. Watkins, P. C., Woodward, K., Stone, T., and Kolts, R. L. (2003). Gratitude and happiness: Development of a measure of gratitude, and relationships with subjective well-being. Social Behavior and Personality,31(5), 431–452.
28. Wood, A. M., Joseph, S., and Linley, R A. (2007). Coping style as a psychological resource of grateful people. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 26, 1108-1125.
29. Wood, A. M., Froh, J.J. ve Geraghty, A.W.A. (2010). Gratitude and well-being: A review and theoretical integration. Clinical Psychology Review, 30, 890–905.
30. Wood, A. M., Maltby, J., Stewart, N., ve Joseph, S. (2008). Conceptualizing gratitude and appreciation as a unitary personality trait. Personality and Individual Differences, 44, 621–632
31. Wood, A. M., Maltby, J., Stewart, N., Linley, P. A. and Joseph, S. (2008). A social-cognitive model of trait and state levels of gratitude. Emotion, 8, 281-290.
32. Wood, A. M., Joseph, S. and Maltby, J. (2008). Gratitude uniquely predicts satisfaction with life: Incremental validity above the domains and facets of the five factor model. Personality and Individual Differences, 45, 49–54.
33. Young, M.E. ve Hutchinson, T.S. (2012). The Rediscovery of gratitude: Implications for counseling practice. Journal of Humanistic Counseling, 51, 99-113.
34. Yüksel, A., ve Oğuz Duran, N. (2012). Turkish adaptation of the gratitude questionnaire. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, 46, 199-215.
35. Zimet, G. D., Dahlem, N. W., Zimet, S. G. ve Farley, G. K. (1988). The multidimensional scale of perceived social support. Journal of Personality Assessment, 52, 30-41.