BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster
Yıl 2016, Cilt: 15 Sayı: 58, 0 - 0, 18.07.2016
https://doi.org/10.17755/esosder.258825

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Beck, A. T. (1985). Cognitive therapy, behavior therapy, psychoanalysis, and pharmacology: A cognitive continuum. In M. J. Mahoney & A. Freeman (Eds.), Cognition and Psychotherapy (pp. 325- 349). New York: Plenum Press.
  • Bergouignan, L., Lemogne, C., Foucher, A., Longin, E., Vistoli, D., Allilaire, J., & Fossati, P. (2008). Field perspective deficit for positive memories characterizes autobiographical memory in euthymic depressed patients. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 37, 322-333.
  • Berntsen, D., & Rubin, D. C. (2006). Emotion and vantage point in autobiographical memory. Cognition and Emotion, 20, 1193-1215.
  • Bywaters, M., Andrade, J., & Turpin, G. (2004). Intrusive and non-intrusive memories in a non-clinical sample: The effects of mood and affect on imagery vividness. Memory,12, 467-478.
  • Chatterjee, A., & Southwood, M. H. (1995). Cortical blindness and visual imagery Neurology, 45, 2189-2195.
  • Coles, M. E., Turk, C. L., Heimberg, R. G., & Fresco, D. M. (2001). Effects of varying levels of anxiety within social situations: Relationship to memory perspective and attributions in social phobia. Behavior Research and Therapy, 39, 651-665.
  • Dadds, M. R., Bovbjerg, D. H., Redd, W. H., & Cutmore, T. R. H. (1997). Imagery in human classical conditioning. Psychological Bulletin, 122, 89-103.
  • Farah, M. J. (1984). The neurological basis of mental imagery: A componential analysis. Cognition, 18, 245-272.
  • Frank, M. G., & Gilovich, T. (1989). Effect of memory perspective on retrospective causal attributions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 399-403.
  • Hackman, A., & Holmes, E. A. (2004). Reflecting on imagery: A clinical perspective and overview of the special issue of memory on mental imagery and memory in psychopathology. Memory, 12, 389- 402.
  • Hirsch, C., Clark, D. M., & Mathews, A. (2006). Imagery and interpretations in social phobia: Support for the combined cognitive biases hypothesis. Behavior Therapy, 37, 223-236.
  • Holmes, E. A., & Mathews, A. (2005). Mental imagery and emotion: A special relationship? Emotion, 5, 489-497.
  • Holmes, E. A., & Mathews, A. (2010). Mental imagery in emotion and emotional disorders. Clinical Psychology Review, 30, 349–362.
  • Holmes, E. A., Mathews, A., Dalgleish, T., & Mackintosh, B. (2006). Positive interpretation training: Effects of mental imagery versus verbal training on positive mood. Behaviour Therapy, 37, 237-247.
  • King, D. L. (1973). An image theory of classical conditioning. Psychological Reports, 33, 403-411.
  • Kosslyn, S. M., Ganis, G., & Thompson, W. L. (2001). Neural foundations of imagery. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 2, 635-642.
  • Kosslyn, S. M., Thompson, W. L., Kim, I. J., & Alpert, N. M. (1995). Topographical representations of mental images in primary visual cortex. Nature, 378, 496-498.
  • Kross, E., Ayduk, O., & Mischel, W. (2005). When asking ‘why’ does not hurt: Distinguishing from reflective processing of negative emotions. Psychological Science, 16, 709-715.
  • Lang, P. J. (1979). A bio-informational theory of emotional imagery. Psychophysiology, 16, 495-512.
  • Lang, P. J. (1985). The cognitive psychophysiology of emotion: Fear and anxiety. In A. H. Tuma & J. D. Maser (Eds.), Anxiety and the anxiety disorders (pp.131-170). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
  • Lang, P. J., Bradley, M. M., & Cuthbert, B. N. (1998). Emotion, motivation and anxiety: Brain mechanisms and psychophysiology. Biological Psychiatry, 44, 1248-1263.
  • Lang, P. J., Melamed, B. G., & Hart, J. D. (1970). A psychophysiological analysis of fear modification using an automated desensitization procedure. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 76, 220-234.
  • Lemogne, C., Piolino, P., Friszer, S., Claret, A., Girault, N., Jouvent, R., Allilaire, J., & Fossati, P. (2006). Episodic autobiographical memory in depression: Specificity, autonoetic consciousness, and self-perspective. Consciousness and Cognition, 15, 258-268.
  • Libby, L. K., & Eibach, R. P. (2002). Looking back in time: Self-concept change affects visual perspective in autobiographical memory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82, 167-179.
  • Lichstein, K. L., & Lipshitz, E. (1982). Psychophysiological effects of noxious imagery: Prevalence and prediction. Behavior Research and Therapy, 20, 339-345.
  • Mahoney, M. J. (1993). Theoretical developments in the cognitive psychotherapies. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 61, 187-193.
  • Mathews, A., & MacLeod, C. (2002). Induced processing biases have causal effects on anxiety. Cognition and Emotion, 16, 331-354.
  • McIsaac, H. K., & Eich, E. (2004). Vantage point in traumatic memory. Psychological Science, 15, 248-253.
  • Miller, G. A., Levin, D. N., Kozak, M. J., Cook, E. W., McLean, A., & Lang, P. J. (1987). Individual differences in imagery and the psychophysiology of emotion. Cognition and Emotion, 1, 367-390.
  • Nigro, G., & Neisser, U. (1983). Point of view on personal memories. Cognitive Psychology, 15, 467-482.
  • O’Craven, K. M., & Kanwisher, N. (2000). Mental imagery of faces and places activates corresponding stimulus-specific brain regions. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 12, 1013-1023.
  • Öhman, A., & Mineka, S. (2001). Fears, phobias, and preparedness: Toward an evolve module of fear and fear learning. Psychological Review, 108, 483–522.
  • Öner, N. (1986, April). Development of the Turkish form of the Test Anxiety Inventory. Paper presented at the International Symposium on Test Anxiety. AERA Annual Meeting, San Francisco, CA.
  • Öner, N. (1990). Sınav Kaygısı Envanteri Elkitabı [Manual for the Test Anxiety Inventory]. Istanbul: Yöret Yayınları.
  • Özer, A. K. (1994). Sürekli Öfke (SL-Öfke) ve Öfke İfade Tarzı (Öfke-Tarz) Ölçekleri ön çalışması [Preliminary study of Trait Anger and Anger Expression Scales]. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 9, 26-35.
  • Özer, A., & Özer, S. (2006). Durumsal-Sürekli Depresyon Ölçeği’nin faktöriyel alt yapısı [Factorial structure of the State-Trait Depression Inventory]. Doğuş Üniversitesi Dergisi, 7, 210-217.
  • Robinson, J. A., & Swanson, K. L. (1993). Field and observer modes of remembering. Memory, 1, 169-184.
  • Schacter, D. L., Addis, D. R., & Buckner, R. L. (2007). Remembering the past to imagine the future: The prospective brain. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 8, 657-661.
  • Spielberger, C. D. (1980). Test Anxiety Inventory. Preliminary professional manual. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
  • Spielberger, C. D. (1980). Preliminary manual for State-Trait Anger Scale (STAS). Tampa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
  • Spielberger, C. D., Ritterband, L. M., Reheiser, E. C., & Brunner, T. M. (2003). The nature and measurement of depression. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 3, 209-234.
  • Spurr, J., & Stopa, L. (2003). The observer perspective: Effects on social anxiety and performance. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 41, 1009-1028.
  • Sutin, A. R., & Robins, W. R. (2008). When the ‘‘I” looks at the ‘‘Me”: Autobiographical memory, visual perspective, and the self. Consciousness and Cognition, 17 (4), 1386-1397.
  • Wells, A., Clark, D. M., & Ahmad, S. (1998). How do I look with my minds eye: Perspective taking in social phobic imagery. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 36, 631-634.
  • Vrana, S. R., Cuthbert, B. N., & Lang, P. J. (1986). Fear imagery and text-processing. Psychophysiology, 23, 247-253.

PHYSIOLOGICAL MEASUREMENT OF THE PROCESS OF PERSPECTIVE SHIFT IN THE MENTAL IMAGERY OF TEST ANXIETY

Yıl 2016, Cilt: 15 Sayı: 58, 0 - 0, 18.07.2016
https://doi.org/10.17755/esosder.258825

Öz

Research on the relative effects of imagining an event from a field vs. observer perspective on emotional experience has mostly relied on the subjective and retrospective self-reports. The main goal of the present study was to investigate the effects of the process of perspective shift on the experience of test anxiety by using physiological responses. Forty seven participants were asked to imagine themselves in a test anxiety situation. Once the original perspective (field or observer) was established, they shifted to the other perspective and then back to the original one. Results indicated that heart rate decreased significantly when those starting with a field perspective shifted to an observer perspective and increased significantly when shifted back to the field perspective. Investigation of the relative effects of perspective shift in high vs. low groups in emotional dispositions might further advance understanding whether perspective adherence might be considered as a legitimate trait.

Keywords: Mental imagery; imagery perspective; physiological measures; test anxiety

Kaynakça

  • Beck, A. T. (1985). Cognitive therapy, behavior therapy, psychoanalysis, and pharmacology: A cognitive continuum. In M. J. Mahoney & A. Freeman (Eds.), Cognition and Psychotherapy (pp. 325- 349). New York: Plenum Press.
  • Bergouignan, L., Lemogne, C., Foucher, A., Longin, E., Vistoli, D., Allilaire, J., & Fossati, P. (2008). Field perspective deficit for positive memories characterizes autobiographical memory in euthymic depressed patients. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 37, 322-333.
  • Berntsen, D., & Rubin, D. C. (2006). Emotion and vantage point in autobiographical memory. Cognition and Emotion, 20, 1193-1215.
  • Bywaters, M., Andrade, J., & Turpin, G. (2004). Intrusive and non-intrusive memories in a non-clinical sample: The effects of mood and affect on imagery vividness. Memory,12, 467-478.
  • Chatterjee, A., & Southwood, M. H. (1995). Cortical blindness and visual imagery Neurology, 45, 2189-2195.
  • Coles, M. E., Turk, C. L., Heimberg, R. G., & Fresco, D. M. (2001). Effects of varying levels of anxiety within social situations: Relationship to memory perspective and attributions in social phobia. Behavior Research and Therapy, 39, 651-665.
  • Dadds, M. R., Bovbjerg, D. H., Redd, W. H., & Cutmore, T. R. H. (1997). Imagery in human classical conditioning. Psychological Bulletin, 122, 89-103.
  • Farah, M. J. (1984). The neurological basis of mental imagery: A componential analysis. Cognition, 18, 245-272.
  • Frank, M. G., & Gilovich, T. (1989). Effect of memory perspective on retrospective causal attributions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 399-403.
  • Hackman, A., & Holmes, E. A. (2004). Reflecting on imagery: A clinical perspective and overview of the special issue of memory on mental imagery and memory in psychopathology. Memory, 12, 389- 402.
  • Hirsch, C., Clark, D. M., & Mathews, A. (2006). Imagery and interpretations in social phobia: Support for the combined cognitive biases hypothesis. Behavior Therapy, 37, 223-236.
  • Holmes, E. A., & Mathews, A. (2005). Mental imagery and emotion: A special relationship? Emotion, 5, 489-497.
  • Holmes, E. A., & Mathews, A. (2010). Mental imagery in emotion and emotional disorders. Clinical Psychology Review, 30, 349–362.
  • Holmes, E. A., Mathews, A., Dalgleish, T., & Mackintosh, B. (2006). Positive interpretation training: Effects of mental imagery versus verbal training on positive mood. Behaviour Therapy, 37, 237-247.
  • King, D. L. (1973). An image theory of classical conditioning. Psychological Reports, 33, 403-411.
  • Kosslyn, S. M., Ganis, G., & Thompson, W. L. (2001). Neural foundations of imagery. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 2, 635-642.
  • Kosslyn, S. M., Thompson, W. L., Kim, I. J., & Alpert, N. M. (1995). Topographical representations of mental images in primary visual cortex. Nature, 378, 496-498.
  • Kross, E., Ayduk, O., & Mischel, W. (2005). When asking ‘why’ does not hurt: Distinguishing from reflective processing of negative emotions. Psychological Science, 16, 709-715.
  • Lang, P. J. (1979). A bio-informational theory of emotional imagery. Psychophysiology, 16, 495-512.
  • Lang, P. J. (1985). The cognitive psychophysiology of emotion: Fear and anxiety. In A. H. Tuma & J. D. Maser (Eds.), Anxiety and the anxiety disorders (pp.131-170). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
  • Lang, P. J., Bradley, M. M., & Cuthbert, B. N. (1998). Emotion, motivation and anxiety: Brain mechanisms and psychophysiology. Biological Psychiatry, 44, 1248-1263.
  • Lang, P. J., Melamed, B. G., & Hart, J. D. (1970). A psychophysiological analysis of fear modification using an automated desensitization procedure. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 76, 220-234.
  • Lemogne, C., Piolino, P., Friszer, S., Claret, A., Girault, N., Jouvent, R., Allilaire, J., & Fossati, P. (2006). Episodic autobiographical memory in depression: Specificity, autonoetic consciousness, and self-perspective. Consciousness and Cognition, 15, 258-268.
  • Libby, L. K., & Eibach, R. P. (2002). Looking back in time: Self-concept change affects visual perspective in autobiographical memory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82, 167-179.
  • Lichstein, K. L., & Lipshitz, E. (1982). Psychophysiological effects of noxious imagery: Prevalence and prediction. Behavior Research and Therapy, 20, 339-345.
  • Mahoney, M. J. (1993). Theoretical developments in the cognitive psychotherapies. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 61, 187-193.
  • Mathews, A., & MacLeod, C. (2002). Induced processing biases have causal effects on anxiety. Cognition and Emotion, 16, 331-354.
  • McIsaac, H. K., & Eich, E. (2004). Vantage point in traumatic memory. Psychological Science, 15, 248-253.
  • Miller, G. A., Levin, D. N., Kozak, M. J., Cook, E. W., McLean, A., & Lang, P. J. (1987). Individual differences in imagery and the psychophysiology of emotion. Cognition and Emotion, 1, 367-390.
  • Nigro, G., & Neisser, U. (1983). Point of view on personal memories. Cognitive Psychology, 15, 467-482.
  • O’Craven, K. M., & Kanwisher, N. (2000). Mental imagery of faces and places activates corresponding stimulus-specific brain regions. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 12, 1013-1023.
  • Öhman, A., & Mineka, S. (2001). Fears, phobias, and preparedness: Toward an evolve module of fear and fear learning. Psychological Review, 108, 483–522.
  • Öner, N. (1986, April). Development of the Turkish form of the Test Anxiety Inventory. Paper presented at the International Symposium on Test Anxiety. AERA Annual Meeting, San Francisco, CA.
  • Öner, N. (1990). Sınav Kaygısı Envanteri Elkitabı [Manual for the Test Anxiety Inventory]. Istanbul: Yöret Yayınları.
  • Özer, A. K. (1994). Sürekli Öfke (SL-Öfke) ve Öfke İfade Tarzı (Öfke-Tarz) Ölçekleri ön çalışması [Preliminary study of Trait Anger and Anger Expression Scales]. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 9, 26-35.
  • Özer, A., & Özer, S. (2006). Durumsal-Sürekli Depresyon Ölçeği’nin faktöriyel alt yapısı [Factorial structure of the State-Trait Depression Inventory]. Doğuş Üniversitesi Dergisi, 7, 210-217.
  • Robinson, J. A., & Swanson, K. L. (1993). Field and observer modes of remembering. Memory, 1, 169-184.
  • Schacter, D. L., Addis, D. R., & Buckner, R. L. (2007). Remembering the past to imagine the future: The prospective brain. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 8, 657-661.
  • Spielberger, C. D. (1980). Test Anxiety Inventory. Preliminary professional manual. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
  • Spielberger, C. D. (1980). Preliminary manual for State-Trait Anger Scale (STAS). Tampa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
  • Spielberger, C. D., Ritterband, L. M., Reheiser, E. C., & Brunner, T. M. (2003). The nature and measurement of depression. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 3, 209-234.
  • Spurr, J., & Stopa, L. (2003). The observer perspective: Effects on social anxiety and performance. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 41, 1009-1028.
  • Sutin, A. R., & Robins, W. R. (2008). When the ‘‘I” looks at the ‘‘Me”: Autobiographical memory, visual perspective, and the self. Consciousness and Cognition, 17 (4), 1386-1397.
  • Wells, A., Clark, D. M., & Ahmad, S. (1998). How do I look with my minds eye: Perspective taking in social phobic imagery. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 36, 631-634.
  • Vrana, S. R., Cuthbert, B. N., & Lang, P. J. (1986). Fear imagery and text-processing. Psychophysiology, 23, 247-253.
Toplam 45 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Cemile Ekin Eremsoy

A. Kadir Özer Bu kişi benim

Emel Kromer Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 18 Temmuz 2016
Gönderilme Tarihi 4 Mart 2016
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2016 Cilt: 15 Sayı: 58

Kaynak Göster

APA Eremsoy, C. E., Özer, A. K., & Kromer, E. (2016). PHYSIOLOGICAL MEASUREMENT OF THE PROCESS OF PERSPECTIVE SHIFT IN THE MENTAL IMAGERY OF TEST ANXIETY. Elektronik Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 15(58). https://doi.org/10.17755/esosder.258825

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Elektronik Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi (Electronic Journal of Social Sciences), Creative Commons Atıf-GayriTicari 4.0 Uluslararası Lisansı ile lisanslanmıştır.

ESBD Elektronik Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi (Electronic Journal of Social Sciences), Türk Patent ve Marka Kurumu tarafından tescil edilmiştir. Marka No:2011/119849.