ÇEVRECİ SİVİL TOPLUM ÖRGÜTLERİNİN TÜRKİYE’DEKİ ZİNCİR OTEL İŞLETMELERİNİN ÇEVRE POLİTİKALARINA ETKİLERİ

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 17 Sayı: 65, 17 - 36, 11.01.2018

Ömer Çoban Murat Gümüş Bahattin Hamarat

https://doi.org/10.17755/esosder.333803

Öz

İşletmelerin çevre politikası oluşturma sürecinde
paydaşlarının görüş ve fikirleri önem taşımaktadır. Yaşanan gelişmelere bağlı
olarak çevreci sivil toplum örgütleri işletmelerin önemli paydaşlarından biri
haline gelmiş ve çevre uygulamaları ve çevre politikası üzerinde söz hakkına
sahip olmaya başlamıştır. Bu örgütler ve konaklama işletmeleri arasındaki
ilişki ve etkileşimin işletmelerin çevre politikası üzerindeki etkisinin ortaya
konulması, çevre politikasını yeni oluşturacak işletmelere yön göstermek açısından
önem taşımaktadır. Çalışmada çevreci sivil toplum örgütlerin zincir otel
işletmelerin çevre politikalarına etkileri araştırılmıştır. Veriler anket
tekniği ile Türkiye’de faaliyet gösteren 156 zincir otel işletmesinin orta ve
üst düzey yöneticilerinden yüz yüze görüşülerek toplanmıştır. Verilerin analizi
için ordinal (sıralı) lojistik regresyon (OLOGREG) kullanılmış ve bu amaçla 4
adet model kurgulanmıştır. Araştırma sonucunda zincir otel işletmelerinin
çevreci sivil toplum örgütleriyle kurdukları ilişki ve etkileşimin çevre
politikası üzerinde rol oynadığı belirlenmiştir.    

Anahtar Kelimeler

Çevreci Sivil Toplum Örgütleri, Çevre Politikası, Çevre Yönetimi, Zincir Otel İşletmeleri, Türkiye

Kaynakça

• Álvarez-Gil, M. J., de Burgos-Jiménez, J. & Céspedes-Lorente, J. (2001). An analysis of environmental management, organizational context and performance of Spanish hotels. The International Journal of Management Science, 29(6), 457-471.
• Andersen, S. & Gulbrandsen, L. H. (2005). The role of green NGOs in promoting climate compliance. Olav Schram Stokke, Jon Hovi & Geir Ulfstein (Eds.), Implementing the climate regime: international compliance içinde (s. 169-186). Londra: Earthscan. Arts, B. (2002). Green Alliances of Business and NGOs. New styles of self-regulation or dead-end roads?. Corporate Social Responsibillity and Environmental Management, 9(1), 26-36.
• Ayuso, S. (2007). Comparing voluntary policy instruments for sustainable tourism: the experience of the Spanish hotel sector. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 15(2), 144-159.
• Bircan, I., Ulker, H. I., Gunes, G., Karakoç, G. & Poyraz, Z. (2010). Tourism destination sustainability and non-governmental organizations (NGO’s): a case study of Beypazari, Turkey. Journal of Educational Travel Volume, 1(1), 17-32.
• Bohdanowicz, P. (2005). European hoteliers’ environmental attitudes: greening the business. Cornell Hotel And Restaurant Administration Quarterly, 46(2), 188-204.
• Bohdanowicz, P. (2006). Environmental awareness and initiatives in the Swedish and Polish hotel industries—survey results. Hospitality Management, 25(4), 662-682.
• Bohdanowicz, P., Zientara, P. & Novotna, E. (2011). International hotel chains and environmental protection: an analysis of Hilton's we care! programme (Europe, 2006–2008). Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 19(7), 797-816.
• Bonilla-Priego, M. J., Najera, J. J. & Font, X. (2011). Environmental management decision-making in certified hotels. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 19(3), 361-381.
• Brown, M. (1996). Environmental policy in the hotel sector: “green strategy or stratagem?”. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 8(3), 18-23.
• Buza, M., Dimen, L., Pop, G. & Turnock, D. (2001). Environmental protection in the Apuseni Mountains: the role of environmental non-governmental organisations (ENGOs). GeoJournal, 55(2), 631-653.
• Céspedes-Lorente, J., de Burgos-Jiménez, J. & Álvarez-Gil, M. J. (2003). Stakeholders’ environmental influence. An empirical analysis in the Spanish hotel industry. Scandinavian Journal of Management, 19(3), 333-358.
• Chan, E. S. & Wong, S. C. (2006). Motivations for ISO 14001 in the hotel industry. Tourism Management, 27(3), 481-492.
• Clark, D. (1999). What drives companies to seek ISO 14000 certification. Pollution Engineering, 1(3), 14-18.
• Claver-Cortés, E., Molina-Azorín, J. F., Pereira-Moliner, J. & López-Gamero, M. D. (2007). Environmental strategies and their impact on hotel performance. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 15(6), 663-679.
• Cummings, L. E. (1997). Waste minimization supporting urban tourism sustainability: a mega-resort case study. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 5(2), 93–108.
• Elijah, C. M. (2016). Effects Of non-governmental organizations activities on sustainability of small business enterprises in Kenya. Case of Tumaini Fund For Economic Development International. International Journal of Arts and Commerce, 5(6), 49-74.
• Enz, C. A. & Siguaw, J. A. (1999). Best hotel environmental practices. Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly, 40(5), 72-77.
• Erdogan, N. & Baris, E. (2007). Environmental protection programs and conservation practices of hotels in Ankara, Turkey. Tourism Management, 28(2), 604-614.
• Erdoğan, N. (2003). Çevre ve (Eko)turizm. Ankara: Erk Yayınları.
• Erturgut, R. & Soyşekerci, S. (2009). İkincil sosyal paydaş olarak STK’ların işletmelerdeki görünümü. A. Akdemir (Ed.), VI. Uluslararası Sivil Toplum Kuruluşları Kongresi bildiriler kitabı içinde (s.158-163). Çanakkale: Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi.
• Faulkner, D., Carlisle, Y. M. & Viney, H. P. (2005). Changing corporate attitudes towards environmental policy. Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal, 16(5), 476-489.
• Finnetty, S. (2001). Analyzing the roles of local non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in sustainable tourism: a case study of Belize, Central America. Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi, Wilfrid Laurier University.
• Frooman, J. (1999). Stakeholder influence strategies. Academy of Management Review, 24(2), 191–205.
• González, M. & León, C. J. (2001). The adoption of environmental innovations in the hotel industry of Gran Canaria. Tourism Economics, 7(2), 177-190.
• González‐Benito, J. & González‐Benito, Ó. (2006a). A review of determinant factors of environmental proactivity. Business Strategy and The Environment, 15(2), 87-102.
• González‐Benito, J. & González‐Benito, Ó. (2006b). The role of stakeholder pressure and managerial values in the implementation of environmental logistics practices. International Journal of Production Research, 44(7), 1353–1373.
• Gökbunar, A. R. (1995). İşletmelerin Çevrenin Korunmasında Sosyal Sorumluluğu. Ekoloji, 14(1), 4-6.
• Graci, S. & Dodds, R. (2008). Why go green? The business case for environmental commitment in the Canadian hotel industry. Anatolia, 19(2), 251-270.
• Harangozó, G. & Zilahy, G. (2015). Cooperation between business and non-governmental organizations to promote sustainable development. Journal of Cleaner Production, 89, 18-31.
• Holden, A. (2000). Environment and Tourism. Londra: Routledge.
• Hsieh, Y. C. (2012). Hotel companies’ environmental policies and practices: a content analysis of their web pages. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 24(1), 97-121.
• RESORT (2015).http://resortdergisi.com/dergi/155/#p=183 (Erişim Tarihi: 01.04.2017)
• Jamali, D. & Keshishian, T. (2009). Uneasy alliances: lessons learned from partnerships between businesses and NGOs in the context of CSR. Journal of business Ethics, 84(2), 277-295.
• Jose, A. & Lee, S. M. (2007). Environmental reporting of global corporations: a content analysis based on website disclosures. Journal of Business Ethics, 72(4), 307-321.
• Kahraman, N. & Türkay, O. (2006). Turizm ve Çevre. Ankara: Detay Yayıncılık.
• Karaer, F. & Pusat, T. (2002). ISO14001 çevre yönetim sistemi standardının otomotiv yan sanayiine uygulanması. Uludağ Üniversitesi Mühendislik-Mimarlık Fakültesi Dergisi, 7(1), 11-20.
• Kasim, A. (2007). Towards a wider adoption of environmental responsibility in the hotel sector. International Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Administration, 8(2), 25-49.
• Kirk, D. (1995). Environmental management in hotels. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 7(6), 3-8.
• Kirk, D. (1998). Attitudes to environmental management held by a group of hotel managers in Edinburgh, Hospitality Management, 17(1), 33-47.
• Kizielewicz, J. & Skrzeszewska, K. (2016). The role of non-governmental organizations in the field of sustainable development of cruise ship tourism. Z. Primorac, C. Bussoli, N. Recker (Eds.), 16th International Scientific Conference on Economic and Social Development “The Legal Challenges of Modern World” içinde (s. 546-556). Split: University of Split and University North.
• Knowles, T., Macmillan, S., Palmer, J., Grabowski, P. & Hashimoto, A. (1999). The development of environmental initiatives in tourism: responses from the London hotel sector. The International Journal of Tourism Research, 1(4), 255.
• Kong, N., Salzmann, O., Steger, U. & Ionescu-Somers, A. (2002). Moving business/industry towards sustainable consumption: the role of NGOs. European Management Journal, 20(2), 109-127.
• Mason, P., Johnston, M. & Twynam, D. (2000). The World Wide Fund for Nature Arctic Tourism Project. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 8(4), 305-323.
• Mohammadi, I. M. & Mirbod, M. (2005). The role of environmental non-governmental organizations in natural resources management extension(case study in Iran). American Journal of Environmental Sciences, 1(3), 221-229.
• Segarra-Oña, M. D. V., Peiró-Signes, Á., Verma, R. & Miret-Pastor, L. (2012). Does environmental certification help the economic performance of hotels? Evidence from the Spanish hotel industry. Cornell Hospitality Quarterly, 53(3), 242-256.
• Stafford, E. R., Polonsky, M. J. & Hartman, C. L. (2000). Environmental NGO-business collaboration and strategic bridging: a case analysis of the Greenpeace-Foron alliance. Business Strategy and The Environment, 9(2), 122.
• Svoronou, E. & Holden, A. (2005). Ecotourism as a tool for nature conservation: the role of WWF Greece in the Dadia-Lefkimi-Soufli Forest Reserve in Greece. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 13(5), 456-467.
• Tzschentke, N., Kirk, D. & Lynch, P.A. (2004). Reasons for going green in serviced accommodation establishments. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 16(2), 116-124.
• Van Huijstee, M. & Glasbergen, P. (2008). The practice of stakeholder dialogue between multinationals and NGOs. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 15(5), 298-310.
• Webster, K. (2000). Environmental Management in the hospitality industry: a guide for students and managers. Londra: Cassell.
• Yücel, M. (2008). Türkiye’de çevreci sivil toplum kuruluşlarının, temiz üretim sistemleri üzerine olan etkisi: Greenpeace. A. Akdemir (Ed.), V. Uluslararası Sivil Toplum Kuruluşları Kongresi bildiriler kitabı içinde. Çanakkale: Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi.