ANTI-VACCINATION: VACCINE HESITANCY and REFUSAL

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 3, 377 - 388, 18.10.2019

Çiğdem Kader

https://doi.org/10.35232/estudamhsd.590304

Cited By: 17

Öz

Since the first day of vaccination, there has been
negations against vaccines which have been one of the most important weapon
against various infectious diseases for a long time. Anti-vaccination, which is
defined as the behavior of different dimensions ranging from opposing a single
vaccine to rejecting all vaccines, threatens the health of all members of the
society. Informing the public about the results of scientific studies on
vaccination and its effects is important in the campaign against
anti-vaccination movement.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Anti-vaccine movements, vaccine refusal, vaccine hesitancy, vaccine safety

AŞI KARŞITLIĞI: AŞI KARARSIZLIĞI ve AŞI REDDİ - ANTI-VACCINATION: VACCINE HESITANCY and REFUSAL

Öz

Aşıların kullanıma girdiği ilk günden bu yana
enfeksiyon hastalıkları ile mücadelede en önemli silah olan aşılar konusunda
olumsuz yaklaşımlar gündeme gelmektedir. Tek bir aşıya karşı olmaktan tüm
aşıları reddetmeye kadar uzanan farklı boyutlardaki davranış biçimi olarak
tanımlanan aşı karşıtlığı toplumun tüm bireylerinin sağlığını tehdit
etmektedir. Aşılama ve etkileri konusunda yapılan bilimsel çalışmaların
sonuçları hakkında toplumun bilgilendirilmesi aşı karşıtı hareketler ile
mücadelede önemlidir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

aşı karşıtı kampanyalar, aşı reddi, aşı kararsızlığı, aşı güvenliği

Kaynakça

• 1. World Health Organization (WHO) 2017 Assesment Report of the Global Vaccine Action Plan. URL: https://www.who.int/immunization/web_2017_sage_gvap_assessment_report_en.pdf?ua=1
• 2. Ten Great Public Health Achievements -- United States, 1900-1999. MMWR Weekly 1999: 48(12); 241-243. URL: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00056796.htm
• 3. World Health Organization. Report of the SAGE Working Group on Vaccine Hesitancy. URL: https://www.who.int/immunization/programmes_systems/vaccine_hesitancy/en/
• 4. Badur S. Aşı Karşıtı Gruplar ve Aşılara Karşı Yapılan Haksız Suçlamalar. ANKEM Derg 2011; 25 (Ek 2): 82-6.
• 5. Spier RE. Perception of risk of vaccine adverse events: a historical perspective. Vaccine 2001; 20: 78–84.
• 6. Wolfe RM, Sharp LK. Antivaccinationists past and present. Brit Med J 2002; 325(7361): 430-2.
• 7. Porter D, Porter R. The politics of prevention: anti-vaccinationism and public health in nineteenth-century England. Med Hist.1988; 32(3): 231-52.
• 8. Williamson S. One hundred years ago: Anti-Vaccination Leagues. Archives of Disease in Childhood 1984; 59: 1195-1196.
• 9. Weber TP. Alfred Russel Wallace and the Antivaccination Movement in Victorian England. Emerging Infectious Diseases 2010; 16(4): 664-8.
• 10. A brief history of vaccination. The Immunization Advisory Center. URL: http://www.immune.org.nz/vaccines/vaccine-development/brief-history-vaccination
• 11. State the world’s vaccines and immunization. Third Edition. Executive Summary. URL: https://vaccine-safety-training.org/tl_files/vs/pdf/who_ivb_09_10_eng.pdf
• 12. Wakefield AJ, Murch SH, Anthony A et al. Ileal-lymphoid-nodular hyperplasia, nonspesific colitis, and pervasive developmental disorder in children. Lancet. 1998; 351: 637-41.
• 13. Godlee F, Smith J, Marcovitch H. Wakefields article linking MMR vaccine and autism was fraudulent. BMJ 2011;342: 7452.
• 14. Cooper GS, Stroehla BC. The epidemiology of autoimmune diseases. Autoimmun Rev. 2003; 2(3): 119-25.
• 15. Schattner A. Consequence or coincidence? The occurrence, pathogenesis and significance of autoimmune manifestations after viral vaccines. Vaccine. 2005 Jun 10;23(30):3876-86.
• 16. Baxter R, Bakshi N, Fireman B et al. Lack of Association of Gullain-Barre Syndrome With Vaccinations. Clin Infect Dis. 2013; 57(2): 197-204.
• 17. Chen RT, Pless R, Destefano F. Epidemiology of autoimmune reactions induced by vaccination. J Autoimmun 2001; 16(3): 309-18.
• 18. Karakaya I. Otizm ve Aşılar Arasında Bir İlişki Var mı? Toplum ve Hekim 2018; 33-3: 213-6 .
• 19. Gerber JS, Offit PA. Vaccines and Autism: A Tale of Shifting Hypotheses. Clin Infect Dis. 2009; 48(4): 456-61.
• 20. Taylor LE, Swerdfeger AL, Eslick GD. Vaccines are not associated with autism: An evidence-based meta-analysis of case control and cohort studies. Vaccine 2014; 32(29): 3623-29.
• 21. Gadad BS, Li W, Yazdani U et al. Administration of thimerosal-containing vaccines to infant rhesus macaques does not result in autism-like behavior or neuropathology. Proceedings of The National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2015; 112(2): 12498-503.
• 22. Eggertson L. Lancet retracts 12-year-old article linking autism to MMR vaccines. CMAJ. 2010; 182 (4): 199-200.
• 23. Ghebrehewet S, Vivancos R, et al. Measles outbreaks in the UK, is it when and where, rather than if? A database cohort study of childhood population susceptibility in Liverpool, UK. BMJ Open 2017;7:e014106.
• 24. Institute of Medicine (US) Immunization Safety Review Committee; Stratton K, Gable A, Shetty P, editors. Immunization Safety Review: Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine and Autism. Washington (DC): National Acedemies Press (US) 2001.
• 25. Dales L, Hammer SJ, Smith NJ. Time trends in autism and in MMR immunization coverage in California . JAMA. 2001; 285(9):1183-5.
• 26. Arıcan I. Sık Rastlanan Aşı Karşıtı İddialara Yanıtlar. Toplum ve Hekim 2018; 33-3: 195-206.
• 27. Vaccine Safety. Timeline: Thimerosal in Vaccines (1999-2010). URL: https://www.cdc.gov/vaccinesafety/concerns/thimerosal/timeline.html
• 28. Azap A. Aşı nedir? Ne işe yarar? Aşıya karşı olunabilir mi? URL: https://www.klimik.org.tr/2018/09/02/asi-nedir-ne-ise-yarar-asiya-karsi-olunabilir-mi/
• 29. Baylor NW, Egan W, Richman P. Aluminum saltsin vaccines-US perspective. Vaccine. 2002; 20 Suppl 3:18-23.
• 30. Toxicological Profile for Aluminum U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Public Health Service Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. September 2008. URL: https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/ToxProfiles/tp22.pdf
• 31. Exley C. Human exposure to aluminum. Environ Sci Process Impacts. 2013; 15(10):1807-16.
• 32. Mitkus RJ, Hess MA, Schwartz SL. Updated aluminum pharmacokinetics following infant exposures through diet and vaccination. Vaccine. 2011; 29(51): 9538-43.
• 33. Human Cell Strains in Vaccine Development . History of Vaccines. An Educational Research By The College of Physicians of Philadelphia. URL: https://www.historyofvaccines.org/content/articles/human-cell-strains-vaccine-development
• 34. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean. URL: http://www.immunize.org/talking-about-vaccines/porcine.pdf 35. T.C.Sağlık Bakanlığı. Aşı Portalı. Aşı İçerikleri. URL: https://asi.saglik.gov.tr/genel-bilgiler/36-asi-icerikleri.html
• 36. Mitkus RJ, Hess MA, Schwartz SL. Pharmacokinetic modeling as an approach to assessing the safety of residual formaldehyde in infant vaccines. Vaccine. 2013;7;31(25):2738-43.
• 37. World Health Organization. Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals. Vaccine Market. URL: https://www.who.int/immunization/programmes_systems/procurement/market/individual_vaccine/en/ 38. WHO. SAGE Working Group, 2013: What influences vaccine acceptance: A model of determinants of vaccine hesitancy. URL: http://www.who.int/immunization/sage/meetings/2013/april/1_Model_analyze_driversofvaccineConfidence_22_March.pdf
• 39. World Health Organization. Ten threats to global health in 2019. URL: https://www.who.int/emergencies/ten-threats-to-global-health-in-2019
• 40. T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı Sağlık Bilgi Sistemleri Genel Müdürlüğü. Sağlık İstatistikleri Yıllığı 2017 Haber Bülteni,2018. URL: https://dosyamerkez.saglik.gov.tr/Eklenti/27344,saglik-istatistikleri-yilligi-2017-haber-bultenipdf.pdf?0
• 41. T.C.Sağlık Bakanlığı.Aşı Portalı. URL: https://asi.saglik.gov.tr/
• 42. Larson HJ, Cooper LZ, Eskola J, Katz SL, Ratzan S. Addressing the vaccine confidence gap. Lancet. 2011; 6: 378: 526-35.