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AN ANALYSIS ON THE ANTI-VACCINATION MOVEMENT IN TURKISH DIGITAL PLATFORMS: EKŞİSÖZLÜK AND FACEBOOK

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 1, 1 - 10, 08.02.2021
https://doi.org/10.35232/estudamhsd.778038

Öz

The anti-vaccination movement turned into a public health problem also in Turkey. This paper analyzes the vaccine-related posts of one of the anti-vaccination group on Facebook. The group was selected as a “purposive sample”. Also, vaccine-related entries from EkşiSözlük, one of Turkey’s most popular collaborative hypertext dictionaries, were analyzed. The study aimed to find out if digital social media in Turkey were the main hub for the anti-vaccination movement, as this is the case in several countries, while also aiming to find out the motivations of anti-vaxxers. The Thematic Content Analysis (TCA) of Facebook messages and EkşiSözlük entries showed that Facebook appeared as a platform used more by anti-vaccination, mostly religious anti vaccination groups for disseminating their ideas. In contrast, very few anti-vaxxer messages were seen on EkşiSözlük, used by more secular and usually educated people. It was seen that anti-vaxxers were motivated by postmodern allegedly “scientific” and religious arguments, both of which are often shaped by conspiracy thinking.

Kaynakça

  • 1. Rappuoli R, Mandl CW, Black S, de Gregorio E. Vaccines for the twenty-first century society. Nature Reviews Immunology. 2011;11(12):865-872. Available from: https://www.nature.com/articles/nri3085 DOI:h10.1038/nri3085
  • 2. Dube E, Vivion M, MacDonald N. Vaccine hesitancy, vaccine refusal and the anti-vaccine movement: influence, impact and implications. Expert Review of Vaccines, 2015; 14(1): 99-117. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25373435/ DOI:10.1586/14760584.2015.964212
  • 3. Davies P, Chapman S, Leask J. Anti-vaccination activists on the world wide web. Archives of Disease in Childhood. 2002;87(1): 22-5. Available from: https://adc.bmj.com/content/87/1/22 DOI: 10.1136/adc.87.1.22
  • 4. Kata A. A postmodern Pandora’s Box: Anti-vaccination misinformation on the internet. Vaccine. 2010; 28(7):1709-16. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20045099/ DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.12.022
  • 5. Kata A. Anti-vaccine activists, Web 2.0, and the postmodern paradigm: An overview of tactics and tropes used online by the anti-vaccination movement. Vaccine. 2012;30(25): 3778-89. DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.11.112
  • 6. Bean SJ. Emerging and continuing trends in vaccine opposition website content. Vaccine. 2011; 29:1874-80. Available from: https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/news-events/emerging-and-continuing-trends-vaccine-opposition-website-content DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine. 2011.01.003
  • 7. Catalan-Matamoros D, Penafiel-Sainz C. A visual content analysis of vaccine coverage in the print media. Human Vaccines and Immunotherapeutics. 2019; 15(10): 2453-9. DOI: 10.3145/epi.2019.mar.01
  • 8. Smith N, Graham T. Mapping the anti-vaccination movement on Facebook. Information, Communication & Society. 2019;22(9):1310-27. DOI:10.1080/1369118X. 2017.1418406
  • 9. Chiou L, Tucker C. Fake News and Advertising on Social Media: a study of the Anti-Vaccination Movement. 2019; NBER Working Papers 25223, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc. DOI:10.2139/ssrn.3209929
  • 10. Sak G, Diviani N, Allam A, Schulz P. Comparing the quality of pro- and anti-vaccination online information: a content analysis of vaccination-related webpages. BMC Public Health 2016;16(38):1-12. DOI:10.1186/s12889-016-2722-9
  • 11. Love B, Himelboim I, Holton A, Stewart K. Twitter as a source of vaccination information: Content drivers and what they are saying. American Journal of Infection Control. 2013; 41: 568-70. DOI:10.1016/j.ajic.2012.10.016
  • 12. Mitra T, Counts S, Pennebaker JW. Understanding Anti-Vaccination Attitudes in Social Media. In: Proceedings of the Tenth International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media, Cologne, Germany, 17-20 May 2016, pp. 269-78. California: AAAI Press Available from: https://www.aaai.org/ocs/index.php/ICWSM/ICWSM16/paper/view/13073
  • 13. IER. Korona Virüs Aşısı Bulunsa Yaptırır Mısınız? Türkiye Raporu. 2020. Available from: https://www.turkiyeraporu.com/korona-virusu-asisi-bulunsa-yaptirir-misiniz Date of access: 3 March 2020.
  • 14. Hacettepe University Institute of Population Studies 2018 Turkey Demographic and Health Survey. T.R. Presidency of Turkey Directorate of Strategy and Budget and TÜBİTAK, Ankara, Turkey. Available from: http://www.hips.hacettepe.edu.tr/tnsa2018/rapor/TDHS2018_mainReport.pdf Date of access: 19 March 2020.
  • 15. Çam Z. “Dr. Savan Günay: Silinen hastalıklar hortladı.” Cumhuriyet. Available from: http://www.cumhuriyet.com.tr/haber/turkiye/1715953/uzman-dr.-savan-gunay-silinen-hastaliklar-hortladi.html Date of access: 5 March 2020.
  • 16. Çocuklarına aşı yaptırmayan ailelerin sayısı 183’ten 23 bine çıktı. Diken. Available from: http://www.diken.com.tr/cocuklarina-asi-yaptirmayan-ailelerin-sayisi-183ten-23-bine-ciktikizamik-bes-kat-artti/ Date of access: 19 January 2020.
  • 17. Türkiye’de aşı reddi 40 binin üzerinde. NTV 2019. Available from: https://www.ntv.com.tr/saglik/turkiyede-asi-reddi-40-binin-uzerinde,pnKCyfxi_UOAxg7P0c8PLQ Date of access: 19 March 2020.
  • 18. Tılıç LD, Uz Ozcan H. An Analysis on the Coverage of Vaccine in Turkish Newspapers. 2020. Article awaiting reviewer scores for publication.
  • 19. Teker AG. Content Review of Vaccines and Vaccination Related News in Internet Newspapers. ESTÜDAM Halk Sağlığı Dergisi. 2019;4(2):10-15. Available from: https://doi.org/10.35232/estudamhsd.498789
  • 20. Catalan-Matamoros D, Penafiel-Sainz C. Speciality matters. Analysis of health journalists’ coverage about vaccines. El professional de la information. 2019;28(2):1-10. DOI: 10.3145/epi.2019.mar.01
  • 21. Catalan-Matamoros D, Santamaria-Ochao CD, Panafiel-Saiz. Message analyses about vaccines in the print press, television and radio: characteristics and gaps in previous research. Journal of Communication in Healthcare 2019;12(2):86-101. DOI:10.1080/17538068.2019.1614377
  • 22. Durboch N. Bodily matters: The anti-vaccination movement in England,1853-1907. Durham: Duke University Press; 2005. ISBN: 9780822334231
  • 23. O’Connor C. Facebook removes anti-vaxxers coronavirus video. The Daily Examiner. Available from: https://www.dailyexaminer.com.au/news/anti-vaxxers-sick-virus-claim/3 988370/ Date of access: 2020 March 5
  • 24. Türkiye’de aşı reddi artıyor: “Reddeden gruplar postmodernler ve dindarlar” T24. Available from: https://t24.com.tr/haber/turkiye-de-asi-reddi-artiyor-reddeden-gruplar -postmodernler-ve-dindarlar,856631 Date of access: 2020 March 5
  • 25. Karakaya I. Otizm ve aşılar arasında bir ilişki var mı? (Is there a relationship between autism and vaccines?). Toplum ve Hekim 2018; 33(3):213-6.
  • 26. Buttler R. Vaccine hesitancy: What it means and what we need to know in order to tackle it. Available from: https://www.who.int/immunization/research/forums_and_initiative s/1_RButler_VH_Threat_Child_Health_gvirf16.pdf?ua=1 Date of access: 2020December 27
  • 27. Gür E. Aşı kararsızlığı – aşı reddi. (Vaccine hesitancy – vaccine refusal). Turk Pediatri Arşivi 2019;54(1):1-2.

TÜRK DİJİTAL PLATFORMLARINDA AŞI KARŞITI HAREKETİN ANALİZİ: EKŞİSÖZLÜK VE FACEBOOK ÖRNEĞİ

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 1, 1 - 10, 08.02.2021
https://doi.org/10.35232/estudamhsd.778038

Öz

Aşı karşıtı hareket Türkiye’de bir halk sağlığı sorununa dönüşmüştür. Bu araştırmada aşı karşıtı hareketin dijital medyadaki yansımasından bir kesit sunulmaktadır. Bir sosyal medya uygulaması olan Facebook ve bir hipertext sözlük olan Ekşisözlük’ten amaçsal örneklem yöntemiyle seçilen iki grupta yapılmış olan aşı hakkındaki paylaşımlar analiz edilmiştir. Araştırma, dijital sosyal medyanın birçok ülkede olduğu gibi Türkiye’de de aşı karşıtı hareketin asıl yuvası olup olmadığına bakarken, aynı zamanda aşı karşıtlığının hangi motivasyonlara sahip olduğunu göstermeyi amaçlamaktadır. EkşiSözlük girişlerine ve Facebook paylaşımlarına yapılan Tematik İçerik Analizi, Facebook’un daha çok aşı karşıtları ve özellikle dindar aşı karşıtlarının düşüncelerini yaymak için kullandıkları bir platform olduğunu; daha seküler ve eğitimli kesimlerce kullanılan EkşiSözlük’te ise aşı karşıtlığının daha az görüldüğünü göstermiştir. Aşı karşıtlarının motivasyonlarının çoğunlukla sözde “bilimsel” postmodern ve dinsel değerlendirmeler olduğu ve her iki kesimde de komplocu düşüncenin hakim olduğu görülmüştür.

Kaynakça

  • 1. Rappuoli R, Mandl CW, Black S, de Gregorio E. Vaccines for the twenty-first century society. Nature Reviews Immunology. 2011;11(12):865-872. Available from: https://www.nature.com/articles/nri3085 DOI:h10.1038/nri3085
  • 2. Dube E, Vivion M, MacDonald N. Vaccine hesitancy, vaccine refusal and the anti-vaccine movement: influence, impact and implications. Expert Review of Vaccines, 2015; 14(1): 99-117. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25373435/ DOI:10.1586/14760584.2015.964212
  • 3. Davies P, Chapman S, Leask J. Anti-vaccination activists on the world wide web. Archives of Disease in Childhood. 2002;87(1): 22-5. Available from: https://adc.bmj.com/content/87/1/22 DOI: 10.1136/adc.87.1.22
  • 4. Kata A. A postmodern Pandora’s Box: Anti-vaccination misinformation on the internet. Vaccine. 2010; 28(7):1709-16. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20045099/ DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.12.022
  • 5. Kata A. Anti-vaccine activists, Web 2.0, and the postmodern paradigm: An overview of tactics and tropes used online by the anti-vaccination movement. Vaccine. 2012;30(25): 3778-89. DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.11.112
  • 6. Bean SJ. Emerging and continuing trends in vaccine opposition website content. Vaccine. 2011; 29:1874-80. Available from: https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/news-events/emerging-and-continuing-trends-vaccine-opposition-website-content DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine. 2011.01.003
  • 7. Catalan-Matamoros D, Penafiel-Sainz C. A visual content analysis of vaccine coverage in the print media. Human Vaccines and Immunotherapeutics. 2019; 15(10): 2453-9. DOI: 10.3145/epi.2019.mar.01
  • 8. Smith N, Graham T. Mapping the anti-vaccination movement on Facebook. Information, Communication & Society. 2019;22(9):1310-27. DOI:10.1080/1369118X. 2017.1418406
  • 9. Chiou L, Tucker C. Fake News and Advertising on Social Media: a study of the Anti-Vaccination Movement. 2019; NBER Working Papers 25223, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc. DOI:10.2139/ssrn.3209929
  • 10. Sak G, Diviani N, Allam A, Schulz P. Comparing the quality of pro- and anti-vaccination online information: a content analysis of vaccination-related webpages. BMC Public Health 2016;16(38):1-12. DOI:10.1186/s12889-016-2722-9
  • 11. Love B, Himelboim I, Holton A, Stewart K. Twitter as a source of vaccination information: Content drivers and what they are saying. American Journal of Infection Control. 2013; 41: 568-70. DOI:10.1016/j.ajic.2012.10.016
  • 12. Mitra T, Counts S, Pennebaker JW. Understanding Anti-Vaccination Attitudes in Social Media. In: Proceedings of the Tenth International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media, Cologne, Germany, 17-20 May 2016, pp. 269-78. California: AAAI Press Available from: https://www.aaai.org/ocs/index.php/ICWSM/ICWSM16/paper/view/13073
  • 13. IER. Korona Virüs Aşısı Bulunsa Yaptırır Mısınız? Türkiye Raporu. 2020. Available from: https://www.turkiyeraporu.com/korona-virusu-asisi-bulunsa-yaptirir-misiniz Date of access: 3 March 2020.
  • 14. Hacettepe University Institute of Population Studies 2018 Turkey Demographic and Health Survey. T.R. Presidency of Turkey Directorate of Strategy and Budget and TÜBİTAK, Ankara, Turkey. Available from: http://www.hips.hacettepe.edu.tr/tnsa2018/rapor/TDHS2018_mainReport.pdf Date of access: 19 March 2020.
  • 15. Çam Z. “Dr. Savan Günay: Silinen hastalıklar hortladı.” Cumhuriyet. Available from: http://www.cumhuriyet.com.tr/haber/turkiye/1715953/uzman-dr.-savan-gunay-silinen-hastaliklar-hortladi.html Date of access: 5 March 2020.
  • 16. Çocuklarına aşı yaptırmayan ailelerin sayısı 183’ten 23 bine çıktı. Diken. Available from: http://www.diken.com.tr/cocuklarina-asi-yaptirmayan-ailelerin-sayisi-183ten-23-bine-ciktikizamik-bes-kat-artti/ Date of access: 19 January 2020.
  • 17. Türkiye’de aşı reddi 40 binin üzerinde. NTV 2019. Available from: https://www.ntv.com.tr/saglik/turkiyede-asi-reddi-40-binin-uzerinde,pnKCyfxi_UOAxg7P0c8PLQ Date of access: 19 March 2020.
  • 18. Tılıç LD, Uz Ozcan H. An Analysis on the Coverage of Vaccine in Turkish Newspapers. 2020. Article awaiting reviewer scores for publication.
  • 19. Teker AG. Content Review of Vaccines and Vaccination Related News in Internet Newspapers. ESTÜDAM Halk Sağlığı Dergisi. 2019;4(2):10-15. Available from: https://doi.org/10.35232/estudamhsd.498789
  • 20. Catalan-Matamoros D, Penafiel-Sainz C. Speciality matters. Analysis of health journalists’ coverage about vaccines. El professional de la information. 2019;28(2):1-10. DOI: 10.3145/epi.2019.mar.01
  • 21. Catalan-Matamoros D, Santamaria-Ochao CD, Panafiel-Saiz. Message analyses about vaccines in the print press, television and radio: characteristics and gaps in previous research. Journal of Communication in Healthcare 2019;12(2):86-101. DOI:10.1080/17538068.2019.1614377
  • 22. Durboch N. Bodily matters: The anti-vaccination movement in England,1853-1907. Durham: Duke University Press; 2005. ISBN: 9780822334231
  • 23. O’Connor C. Facebook removes anti-vaxxers coronavirus video. The Daily Examiner. Available from: https://www.dailyexaminer.com.au/news/anti-vaxxers-sick-virus-claim/3 988370/ Date of access: 2020 March 5
  • 24. Türkiye’de aşı reddi artıyor: “Reddeden gruplar postmodernler ve dindarlar” T24. Available from: https://t24.com.tr/haber/turkiye-de-asi-reddi-artiyor-reddeden-gruplar -postmodernler-ve-dindarlar,856631 Date of access: 2020 March 5
  • 25. Karakaya I. Otizm ve aşılar arasında bir ilişki var mı? (Is there a relationship between autism and vaccines?). Toplum ve Hekim 2018; 33(3):213-6.
  • 26. Buttler R. Vaccine hesitancy: What it means and what we need to know in order to tackle it. Available from: https://www.who.int/immunization/research/forums_and_initiative s/1_RButler_VH_Threat_Child_Health_gvirf16.pdf?ua=1 Date of access: 2020December 27
  • 27. Gür E. Aşı kararsızlığı – aşı reddi. (Vaccine hesitancy – vaccine refusal). Turk Pediatri Arşivi 2019;54(1):1-2.
Toplam 27 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Halk Sağlığı, Çevre Sağlığı
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Lütfi Doğan Tılıç 0000-0003-2981-6938

Hande Uz Özcan 0000-0002-3852-0306

Yayımlanma Tarihi 8 Şubat 2021
Gönderilme Tarihi 8 Ağustos 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Cilt: 6 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

Vancouver Tılıç LD, Uz Özcan H. AN ANALYSIS ON THE ANTI-VACCINATION MOVEMENT IN TURKISH DIGITAL PLATFORMS: EKŞİSÖZLÜK AND FACEBOOK. ESTÜDAM Halk Sağlığı Dergisi. 2021;6(1):1-10.

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