Evli Bireylerin Kişisel-Ailesel Özellikleri, Ebeveynleştirilme, Depresyon ve Evlilik Doyum Düzeyleri Arasındaki İlişkinin İncelenmesi

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 2, 258 - 279, 29.12.2021

Tolga Zencir

https://doi.org/10.51725/etad.923021

Cited By: 1

Öz

Bu araştırmanın amacı evli bireylerin ebeveynleştirilme, depresyon ve evlilik doyumu düzeyleri arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemek; kişisel ve ailesel özelliklerinin de ebeveynleştirilme düzeylerine temel etkisini ortaya koymaktır. Çalışmanın araştırma grubu olan 597 evli bireye (244 erkek, 353 kadın) “Ebeveynleştirilmiş Çocuk Ölçeği- Yetişkin Formu”, “Beck Depresyon Ölçeği”, “Evlilik Doyum Ölçeği”, demografik özellikleri elde etmek için hazırlanmış olan “Kişisel Bilgi Formu” verilmiştir. Araştırma sonucuna göre, evli bireylerin ebeveynleştirilme ve depresyon düzeyleri evlilik doyumlarını istatistiksel olarak yordamaktadır. Ayrıca, ebeveynleştirilme düzeyleri, bireylerin depresyon düzeylerini de istatisiksel olarak anlamlı bir şekilde yordamaktadır. Evli bireylerin ailesel ve kişisel niteliklerine göre de bazı değişkenler (ailede kalıcı rahatsızlık olma durumu, ebeveynler ile zaman geçirme, aile madde bağımlılığı durumu, babanın çalışma durumu, ebeveynlerden birinin il dışında çalışma durumu; kardeş sayısı ve çocukken çalışma durumu) açısından ebeveynleştirilme düzeylerinde anlamlı bir temel etki görülürken, diğer değişkenler açısından ise anlamlı bir fark tespit edilmemiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Ebeveynleşme, Ebeveynleştirilmiş çocuk, Evlilik doyumu, Depresyon

Destekleyen Kurum

Destekleyen bir kurum olmamıştır.

The Examination of Relationships among Personal-Familial Qualifications, Levels of Parentification, Depression and Marital Satisfaction of Married Individuals

Öz

This study aims to investigate the relationship among levels of parentification, depression and marital satisfaction of married individuals; to examine how married individuals' personal-familial characteristics affect the level of parentification. 597 married people (244 men, 353 women) filled in “Parentified Child Scale-Adult Version”, “Beck Depression Scale”, “Marital Satisfaction Scale”, and “Personal Information Form”. Parentification and depression levels of married individuals statistically predict marital satisfaction. Parentification levels statistically significantly predict individuals' depression levels. While the main effect is observed in the parentification levels according to the familial and personal variables (permanent illness in the family, spending time with the parents, substance abuse in the family, the father’s employment status, one of the parents working outside the province; the number of siblings and condition of working in childhood), the other variables indicate that there is no significant difference on their parentification level.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Parentification, Parentified child, Marital satisfaction, Depression

Kaynakça

• Adler, A. (2002). Sosyal duygunun gelişiminde bireysel psikoloji (H. Özgü, Trans.). İstanbul: Hayat.
• Alkayış, M. F. (2013). Adıyaman yöresi atasözleri ve deyimlerinde gelin-kaynana ilişkisi ve evlilik konusu. International Periodical for the Languages, Listerature and History of Turkish or Turkic, 8(9), 579-594. Retrieved from https://arastirmax.com/en/system/files/dergiler/79199/makaleler/8/9/ arastirmax-adiyaman-yoresi-atasozleri-deyimlerinde-gelin-kaynana-iliskisi-evlilik-konusu.pdf.
• Azar, S. T., & Wolfe, D. A. (1998). Child physical abuse and neglect. In E. J. Mash & R.A. Barkley (Eds.), Treatment of childhood disorders (2nd ed.) (pp. 501-544). New York: Guilford.
• Bagget, E., Shaffer, A., & Muetzelfeld, H. (2015). Father-daughter parentification and young adult romantic relationships among college women. Journal of Family Issues, 36(6), 760-783. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X13499759
• Boszormenyi-Nagy, I. (1987). Foundations of contextual therapy: Collected papers of Ivan Boszormenyi-Nagy. MD. New York: Brunner/Mazel.
• Boszormenyi-Nagy, I., & Spark, G. M. (1973). Invisible loyalties. New York: Brunner/Mazel.
• Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment and loss: Vol.1 attachment. New York: Basic.
• Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). The ecology of human development: Experiments by nature and design. Harvard University.
• Burnett, G., Jones, R. A., Bliwise, N. G., & Ross, L. T. (2006) Family unpredictability, parental alcoholism, and the development of parentification. American Journal of Family Therapy, 34, 181–189. https://doi.org/10.1080/01926180600550437
• Burton, L. (2007). Childhood adultification in economically disadvantaged families: A conceptual model. Family Relations, 56(4), 329-345. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3729.2007.00463.x
• Burton, S., Hooper, L. M., Tomek, S., Cauley, B., Washington, A., & Pössel, P. (2018). The mediating effects of parentification on the relation between parenting behavior and well-being and depressive symptoms in early adolescents. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 27(12), 4044-4059. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-018-1215-0
• Carroll, J. J., & Robinson, B. E. (2000). Depression and parentification among adults as related to parental workaholism and alcoholism. The Family Journal, 8(4), 360-367. https://doi.org/10.1177/1066480700084005
• Castro, D. M., Jones, R. A., & Mirsalimi, H. (2004). Parentification and the imposter phenomenon: An empirical investigation. The American Journal of Family Therapy, 32, 205–216.
• Celano, M. (2018). Children with emotional and behavioural disorders: Systemsic practise. New York: Momentum.
• Chase, N. D. (1999). Burdened children: Theory, research, and treatment of parentification. California: Sage.
• Chase, N. D., Deming, M. P., & Wells, M. C. (1998). Parentification, parental alcoholism, and academic condition among young adults. American Journal of Family Therapy, 26(2), 105–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01926189808251091
• Cihan-Güngör, H. (2007). Evlilik doyumunu açıklamaya yönelik bir model geliştirme [Developing a model to explain marital satisfaction]. Doctoral Thesis. Gazi University Graduate School of Educational Sciences, Ankara.
• Clerici, R., & Vanin, P. (2002). Validation for Italian context of Jurkovic and Session’s Parentification Questionnaire. PIP, Atti della XLI Riunione Scientifica. Padova: CLEUP. Retrieved from http://www.old.sis-statistica.org/files/pdf/atti/RSMi0602p343-346.pdf.
• Cuskelly, M., & Gunn, P. (2003). Sibling relationships of children with Down syndrome: Perspectives of mothers, fathers, and siblings. American Journal of Mental Retardation, 108(4), 234–44. https://doi.org/10.1352/0895-8017(2003)108%3C234:SROCWD%3E2.0.CO;2
• Çelik, M., & Yazgan-İnanç, B. (2009). Evlilik doyumu ölçeği: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışmaları. Çukurova Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 18(2), 247-269. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/cusosbil/issue/4382/60137.
• Danby, S., Cromdal, J., Rendle-Short, J., Butler, C. W., Osvaldsson, K., & Emmison, M. (2015). Parentification: Counselling talk on a helpline for children and young people. In M. O’Reilly, & J. N. Lester (Eds.), The palgrave handbook of child mental health (pp. 578-596). London: Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137428318_31
• Davis, M., Blims, J., & Suveg, C. (2017). In sync and in control: A meta-analysis of parent-child positive behavioural synchrony and youth self-regulation. Family Process, 56(4), 962-980. https://doi.org/10.1111/famp.12259
• Derikozis, E. O., & Wingsiong, A. (2017). Childhood parentification and adulthood depression and anxiety. Paper presented in Canadian Psychological Association 2017 Conference, Toronto. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317784943_Childhood_Parentification_and _Adulthood_Depression_and_Anxiety.
• Earley, L. & Cushway, D. (2002). The parentified child. Clinical Child Psycholog and Psychiatry, 7(2), 163-178. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1359104502007002005
• Emre, O. (2016). Ebeveynleştirmenin çocukların gelişim sürecine etkisi. İnönü Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 5(2), 29-34. Retrieved from http://openaccess.inonu.edu.tr:8080/xmlui/bitstream/handle /11616/8289/Makale%20Dosyas%c4%b1.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y.
• Erikson, H. E. & Erikson, J. (2014). İnsanın 8 evresi (Genişletilmiş Baskı). (G. Akkaya, Trans.). İstanbul: Okuyan Us. Feldman, S. S., Fisher, L., & Seitel, L. (1997). The effect of parents' marital satisfaction on young adults' adaptation: A longitudinal study. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 1, 55-80. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327795jra0701_4
• Fitzgerald, M. M. (2005). The impact of parentification on children’s psychological adjustment: Emotional management skills as potential underlying process cheese. Doctoral Thesis. University of Georgia Graduate Faculty, Athens. Retrieved from https://getd.libs.uga.edu/pdfs/fitzgerald_monica _m_200508_phd.pdf.
• Fitzgerald, M. M., Schneider, R. A., Salstrom, S., Zinzow, H. M., Jackson, J., & Fossel, R. V. (2008). Child sexual abuse, early family risk, and childhood parentification: Pathways to current psychosocial adjustment. Journal of Family Psychology, 22(2), 320-324. https://doi.org/10.1037/0893-3200.22.2.320
• Ford, M. C. (2006). The relationships between childhood maltreatment and delinquency. In B. Sims & P. Preston (Eds.), Handsbook of juvenile justice: Theory and practise (pp.127-143). Taylor & Francis.
• Fraenkel, J. R., Wallen, N. E., & Hyun, H. H. (2012). How to design and evaluate research in education (8th. ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Humanities.
• Freud, S. (2015). Psikanaliz üzerine beş konferans ve psikanalize toplu bakış. (K. Şipal, Trans.). İstanbul: Say.
• George, D. & Mallery, M. (2010). SPSS for Windows step by step: A simple guide and reference, 17.0 Update (10th ed.). Boston: Pearson.
• Godsall, R. E., Jurkovic, G. J., Emshoff, J., Anderson, L., & Stanwyck, D. (2004). Why some kids do well in bad situations: relation of parental alcohol misuse and parentification to children’s self-concept. Substance Use & Misuse, 39(5), 789-809. https://doi.org/10.1081/ja-120034016
• Goglia, L. R., Jurkovic, G. J., Burt, A. M., & Burge-Callaway, K. G. (1992). Generational boundary distortions by adult children of alcoholics: Child-as-parent and child-as-mate. American Journal of Family Therapy, 20(4), 291-299. https://doi.org/10.1080/01926189208250899
• Gültekin, Z. (2010). Bağlanma ve aile işlevleri açısından anne-baba-çocuk ilişkileri. In T. Solmuş (Ed.), Bağlanma, evlilik ve aile psikolojisi (pp.123-141). İstanbul: Sistem.
• Haskan-Avcı, Ö., Zencir, T., Koç, M., & Tunç, E. (2018). Üniversite öğrencilerinin ebeveynleşme düzeylerinin çeşitli demografik değişkenler açısından incelenmesi. In C. Şahin (Ed.), 20. Uluslararası psikolojik danışma ve rehberlik kongresi tam metin kitabı (pp.141-147). Ankara: Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Derneği.
• Hetherington, E. M. (1999). Should we stay together for the sake of the children? In E. M. Hetherington (Ed.), Coping with divorce, single parenting, and remarriage: A risk and resiliency perspective (pp. 93-116). New York: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
• Heubeck, B. G., Tausch, B., & Mayer, B. (1995). Models of responsibility and depression in unemployed young males and females. Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology, 5(5), 291-305. https://doi.org/10.1002/casp.2450050502
• Hisli, N. (1988). Beck depresyon envanterinin geçerliği üzerine bir çalişma. Psikoloji Dergisi, 22, 118-126. Retrieved from https://www.academia.edu/1472683/Beck_Depresyon_Envanterinin_Ge%C3 %A7erli%C4%9Fi_%C3%9Czerine_bir_%C3%87al%C4%B1%C5%9Fma.
• Hisli, N. (1989). Beck depresyon envanterinin üniversite öğrencileri için geçerliği, güvenirliği. Psikoloji Dergisi, 23(7), 3-13.
• Hooper, L. M. (2007). The application of attachment theory and family systems theory to the phenomena of parentification. The Family Journal, 15, 217-223. https://doi.org/10.1177/1066480707301290
• Hooper, L. M. (2008). Defining and understanding parentification: Implications for all counsellors. The Alabama Counselling Association Journal, 34(1), 34–43.
• Hooper, L. M. (2009). Individual and family resilience: definitions, re-search, and frameworks relevant for all counsellors. The Alabama Counseling Association Journal, 35(1), 19-26. Retrieved from https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ875400.pdf.
• Hooper, L. M., Doehler, K., Jankowski, P. J., & Tomek, S. E. (2012). Patterns of self-reported alcohol use, depressive symptoms, and body mass index in a family sample: the buffering effects of parentification. The Family Journal, 20(2), 164-178. https://doi.org/10.1177/1066480711435320
• Hooper, L. M., Tomek, S., Bond, J. M., & Reif, M. S. (2015). Race/ethnicity, gender, parentification, and psychological functioning: Comparisons among a nationwide university sample. The Family Journal, 23(1), 33-48. https://doi.org/10.1177/1066480714547187
• Hooper, L. M., & Wallace, S. A. (2009). Evaluating the parentification questionnaire: Psychometric properties and psychopathology correlates. Contemporary Family Therapy: An International Journal, 32, 52-68. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10591-009-9103-9
• İşmen-Gazioğlu, A. E. (2011). Aile yaşam döngüsü. In H. Yavuzer (Ed.), Evlilik okulu (7th ed.) (pp. 29-47). İstanbul: Remzi.
• Jones, R. A., & Wells, M. (1996). An empirical study of parentification and personality. The American Journal of Family Therapy, 24(2), 145-152. https://doi.org/10.1080/01926189608251027
• Jurkovic, G. J. (1997). Lost childhood: The plight of the parentified child. Brunner/Mazel.
• Jurkovic, G. J., Morrell, R., & Thirkield, A. (1999). Assessing childhood parentification: Guidelines for researchers and clinicians. In. N. D. Chase (Ed.), Burdened children: Theory, research and treatment of parentification (pp. 92-113.). Thousand Oaks: Sage. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781452220604.n4
• Jurkovic, G. J., Thirkield, A., & Morrell, R. (2001). Parentification of adult children of divorce: A multidimensional analysis. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 30(2), 245-257.
• Kagitcibasi, C., Sunar, D., & Bekman, S. (2001). Long-term effects of early intervention: Turkish low-income mothers and children. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 22(4), 333-361. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0193-3973(01)00071-5
• Karasar, N. (2000). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri: Kavramlar, ilkeler, terimeler (10th. ed.). Ankara: Nobel.
• Koç, A. (2016). Struggle at the threshold: The mother-in-law and father-in-law wrestling in Anatolian weddings. The Journal of International Social Research 9(42), 252-274. https://doi.org/10.17719/jisr.20164216144
• Köyden, D. (2015). The relationship between parentification and depression, anxiety, anger and obsessive beliefs. Master’s Thesis. Hacettepe University Graduate School of Social Sciences, Ankara.
• Lamorey, S. (1999). Parentification of siblings of children with disability and chronic disease. In. N. D. Chase (Ed.), Burdened children: Theory, research and treatment of parentification (pp. 75-91.). Thousand Oaks: Sage. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781452220604.n4
• Leon, K., & Rudy, D. (2005). Family processes and children’s representations of parentification. Journal of Emotional Abuse, 5(2–3), 111–142.
• Lewandowska-Walter, A., Borchet, J., Rostowska, T., Polomski, P., & Peplinska, A. (2017). Parentification and coping in polish adolescents. Polish Journal of Social Science, 12(1), 157-176. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/325386504.
• Lower, L. M. (2005). Couples with young children. In M. Harway (Ed), Handbook of couples therapy (pp. 44-60). New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons.
• Madden, A. R, & Shaffer, A. (2016). The relation between parentification and dating communication: The role of romantic attachment-related cognitions. The Family Journal, 24(3), 313-318. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1066480716648682
• McMahon, T. J., & Luthar, S. S. (2007). Defining characteristics and potential consequences of caretaking burden among children living in urban poverty. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 77(2), 267-281. https://doi.org/10.1037/0002-9432.77.2.267
• Minuchin, S., Montalvo, B., Guerney, B. G., Rosman, B. L., & Schumer, F. (1967). Families of the slums: An exploration of their structure and treatment. New York: Basic.
• Minuchin, S., Rosman, B. L., & Baker, L. (1978). Psychosomatic families: Anorexia nervosa in context. London: Harvard University.
• Nazlı, S. (2014). Aile danışmanlığı (11th ed.). Ankara: Anı.
• Özabaci, N. (2011). Evlilik öncesi ilişkiler. In H. Yavuzer (Ed.), Evlilik okulu (7th ed.) (pp. 48-60). İstanbul: Remzi.
• Pasternak, A. & Schier, K. (2012). The role reversal in the families of adult children of alcoholics. Archives of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, 3, 511-57. Retrieved from http://w.archivespp.pl/uploads/images/2012_14_3/Pasternak51_ArchivesPP_3_2012.pdf.
• Peris, T. S., Goeke-Morey, M. C., Cummings, E. M., & Emery, R. E. (2008). Marital conflict and support seeking by parents in adolescence: Empirical support for the parentification construct. Journal of Family Psychology, 22(4), 633–642. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0012792
• Prime Ministry General Directorate of Family and Social Research. (2010). Aile yapısı araştırması. Ankara: Diner.
• van der Mijl, R. C. & Vingerhoets, A. J. (2017). The positive effects of parentification: An exploratory study among students. Psihologijske teme, 26(2), 417-430. https://doi.org/10.31820/pt.26.2.8
• Sfoggia, A., Pacheco, M. A., & Grassi-Oliveira, R. (2008). History of childhood abuse and neglect and suicidal behavior at hospital admission. Crisis, 29, 154–158. https://doi.org/10.1027/0227-5910.29.3.154
• Shifren, K. (2001). Early caregiving and adult depression: Good news for young caregivers. The Gerontologist, 41(2), 188-190. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/41.2.188
• Sroufe, L. A., Cooper, R. G., & Dehart, R. D. (1996). Child development (3rd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
• Stalfa-Jr, F. J. (1994). Vocation as autobiography: Family of origin influences on the caregiving role in ministry. Journal of Pastoral Care, 48(4), 370-380. https://doi.org/10.1177/002234099404800407
• Stein, J. A., Riedel, M., & Rotheram-Borus, M. J. (1999). Parentification and its impact on adolescent children of parents with AIDS. Family Process, 38, 193-208. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1545-5300.1999.00193.x
• Stein, J. A., Rotheram-Borus, M. J., & Lester, P. (2007). Impact of parentification on long-term outcomes among children of parents with HIV / AIDS. Family Process, 46(3), 317-333. https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1545-5300.2007.00214.X
• Szymańska, P. (2021). The role of siblings in the process of forming life satisfaction among young adults–moderating function of gender. Current Psychology, 40, 61323-6144. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-020-00776-3
• Valleau, M.D., Bergner, R. M., & Horton, C. B. (1995). Parentification and caretaker syndrome: An empirical investigation. Family Therapy, 22, 157–164.
• Wells, M. & Jones, R. A. (1999). Object relations therapy for individuals with narcissistic and masochistic parentification styles. In N. D. Chase (Ed.), Burdened children: Theory, research and treatment of parentification (pp. 117-131). Thousand Oaks: Sage. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781452220604.n6
• Wingsiong, A. C. (2015). Parentification, coping, and distress in siblings of individuals with and without attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Master’s Thesis. University of Windsor the Faculty of Graduate Studies, Ontario.
• Yıldırım, F. (2016). Examining the effects of family unpredictability and parentification on university students' depression level, anger styles and obsessive beliefs. Master’s Thesis. Hacettepe University the Graduate School of Social Sciences, Ankara.
• Zencir, T & Haskan-Avcı, Ö. (2019). Development of the parentified child scale- adult version: A reliability and validity study. Çukurova University Faculty of Education Journal, 48(1), 531-553. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/cuefd/issue/44511/443707.