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Böceklerin Hayvan Yemi Olarak Kullanım Olanakları

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 1, 42 - 46, 15.06.2020

Öz

Bugün 7.7 milyar olan Dünya nüfusunun 2050 yılında yaklaşık 9.7 milyar olacağı tahmin edilmekte ve bu artış ile birlikte hayvansal ürünlerin tüketiminde aynı zaman diliminde %60-70'lik bir artış olacağı bildirilmektedir. Bu ihtiyacın karşılanması hayvan besleme için ayrılan kaynakların artırılması ve çeşitlendirilmesi ile mümkündür. Özellikle hayvan beslemede protein kaynağı olarak soya fasülyesi küspesi ve balık unu yoğun olarak kullanılmakta ve gelecekte bu ürünlerin rasyonlarda kullanılması ekonomik ve sürdürülebilir olmayacaktır. Böceklerin (Arhropoda: Insecta) yüksek oranda protein, yağ ve mineral içermelerinden dolayı son yıllarda hem insan besini hem de hayvan yemi olarak kullanımı sık sık gündeme gelmekte ve bu konuda çok sayıda araştırma yapılmaktadır. Bu derleme çalışmasında böceklerin hayvan yemi olarak kullanım potansiyeli ve kullanımını kısıtlayan faktörler tartışılmıştır.

Teşekkür

Erciyes Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Araştırma Görevlisi Ender Şahin Çolak’a literatür taraması sırasındaki yardımlarından dolayı teşekkür ediyoruz.

Kaynakça

  • Awoniyi, T. A. M., Adetuyi, F. C., and Akinyosoye, F. A., 2004. Microbiological investigation of maggot meal, stored for use as livestock feed component. Journal of food, agriculture & environment (JFAE), 104-106.
  • Barroso, F. G., de Haro, C., Sánchez-Muros, M. J., Venegas, E., Martínez-Sánchez, A., and Pérez-Bañón, C., 2014. The potential of various insect species for use as food for fish. Aquaculture, 422: 193-201.
  • Bovera, F., Piccolo, G., Gasco, L., Marono, S., Loponte, R., Vassalotti, G., Mastellone, V., Lombardi, P., Attia, Y.A., and Nizza, A., 2015. Yellow mealworm larvae (Tenebrio molitor, L.) as a possible alternative to soybean meal in broiler diets. British poultry science, 56(5):569-575.
  • Bukkens, S. G., and Paoletti, M. G., 2005. Insects in the human diet: nutritional aspects. Ecological implications of minilivestock, 545-577.
  • Despins, J. L., and Axtell, R. C., 1994. Feeding behavior and growth of turkey poults fed larvae of the darkling beetle, Alphitobius diaperinus. Poultry science, 73(10):1526-1533.
  • Devkota B and Schmidt GH, 2000. Accumulation of heavy metals in food plants and grasshoppers from the Taigetos Mountains, Greece. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 78: 85–91.
  • EFSA Scientific Committee., 2015. Risk profile related to production and consumption of insects as food and feed. EFSA journal, 13(10): 4257.
  • Erwin, T. L., 2004. The biodiversity question: How many species of terrestrial arthropods are there. Forest Canopies, 10: 259-269.
  • Farina, L. F. D. J. H., Demey, F., and Hardouin, J., 1991. Production de termites pour l’aviculture villageoise au Togo. Tropicultura, 9(4): 181-187.
  • FAO, 2012. State of the world fisheries and aquaculture. http://www.fao.org/docrep/016/i2727e/i2727e/ (Erişim tarihi:10.02.2020)
  • FAO, 2013. Edible insects. Future prospects for food and feed security. http://www.fao.org/docrep/018/i3253e/i3253e00.htm (Erişim tarihi:10.02.2020)
  • Gerrard, J., Waterfield, N., and Vohra, R., 2004. Human infection with Photorhabdus asymbiotica: an emerging bacterial pathogen. Microbes and Infection, 6(2): 229-237.
  • Gerrard, J. G., McNevin, S., Alfredson, D., Forgan-Smith, R., and Fraser, N., 2003. Photorhabdus Species: Bioluminescent Bacteria as Human Pathogens?. Emerging infectious diseases, 9(2): 251.
  • Gillespie, D. R., Cock, M. J., Decaëns, T., Gerard, P. J., Gillespie, S. D., Jiménez, J. J., and Olfert, O. O., 2018. Global change and insect biodiversity in agroecosystems. Insect Biodiversity: Science and Society, 2: 801-838.
  • Henry, M., Gasco, L., Piccolo, G., and Fountoulaki, E., 2015. Review on the use of insects in the diet of farmed fish: past and future. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 203: 1-22.
  • Hogan, G., and Razniak, H. G., 1991. Selenium-induced mortality and tissue distribution studies in Tenebrio molitor (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). Environmental entomology, 20(3): 790-794.
  • Hwangbo, J., Hong, E. C., Jang, A., Kang, H. K., Oh, J. S., Kim, B. W., and Park, B. S., 2009. Utilization of house fly-maggots, a feed supplement in the production of broiler chickens. Journal of Environmental Biology, 30(4): 609-614.
  • Hwangbo, J., Hong, E. C., Jang, A., Kang, H. K., Oh, J. S., Kim, B. W., and Park, B. S., 2009. Utilization of house fly-maggots, a feed supplement in the production of broiler chickens. Journal of Environmental Biology, 30(4): 609-614.
  • Ijaiya, A. T., and Fasanya, O. O. A., 1999. Effect of graded level of dietary protein on growth and carcass characteristic of rabbits. In: 3rd Annual Conference of the Agricultural Society of Nigeria (ASN), 2-5 October, NCRI Baddegi, Nigeria, pp. 21-25.
  • Işık, Ö., and Kırkpınar, F., 2016. Etlik Piliçlerin Beslenmesinde Alternatif Protein Kaynağı Olarak Un Kurdu (Tenebrio molitor L.)’nun Kullanımı. Hayvansal Üretim, 57(1): 15-21.
  • Muzzarelli, R. A., 2010. Chitins and chitosans as immunoadjuvants and non-allergenic drug carriers. Marine drugs, 8(2): 292-312.
  • Mlcek, J., Rop, O., Borkovcova, M., and Bednarova, M., 2014. A comprehensive look at the possibilities of edible insects as food in Europe–a review. Polish Journal of Food and Nutrition Sciences, 64(3): 147-157.
  • Makkar, H. P., Tran, G., Heuzé, V., and Ankers, P., 2014. State-of-the-art on use of insects as animal feed. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 197: 1-33.
  • Mlcek, J., Rop, O., Borkovcova, M., and Bednarova, M., 2014. A comprehensive look at the possibilities of edible insects as food in Europe–a review. Polish Journal of Food and Nutrition Sciences, 64(3): 147-157.
  • Newton, G. L., Booram, C. V., Barker, R. W., and Hale, O. M., 1977. Dried Hermetia illucens larvae meal as a supplement for swine. Journal of Animal Science, 44(3): 395-400.
  • Oonincx, D. G., Van Itterbeeck, J., Heetkamp, M. J., Van Den Brand, H., Van Loon, J. J., and Van Huis, A. 2010. An exploration on greenhouse gas and ammonia production by insect species suitable for animal or human consumption. PloS one, 5(12).
  • Özkan, U., and Şahin Demirbağ, N., 2016. Türkiyede kaliteli kaba yem kaynaklarının mevcut durumu. Türkiye Bilimsel Derlemeler Dergisi, 9(1): 23-27.
  • Pretorius, Q., 2011. The evaluation of larvae of Musca domestica (common house fly) as protein source for broiler production. PhD Thesis, Stellenbosch University, South Africa.
  • Ramos-Elorduy, J., González, E. A., Hernández, A. R., and Pino, J. M., 2002. Use of Tenebrio molitor (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) to recycle organic wastes and as feed for broiler chickens. Journal of economic entomology, 95(1): 214-220.
  • Ravindran, V., and Blair, R., 1993. Feed resources for poultry production in Asia and the Pacific. III. Animal protein sources. World's Poultry Science Journal, 49(3): 219-235.
  • Ramos-Elorduy, J., González, E. A., Hernández, A. R., and Pino, J. M., 2002. Use of Tenebrio molitor (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) to recycle organic wastes and as feed for broiler chickens. Journal of economic entomology, 95(1): 214-220.
  • Ravzanaadii, N., Kim, S. H., Choi, W. H., Hong, S. J., and Kim, N. J., 2012. Nutritional value of mealworm, Tenebrio molitor as food source. International Journal of Industrial Entomology, 25(1): 93-98.
  • Rumpold, B. A., and Schlüter, O. K., 2013. Nutritional composition and safety aspects of edible insects. Molecular nutrition & food research, 57(5): 802-823.
  • Roe, R. M., Clifford, C. A., and Woodring, J. P., 1985. The effect of temperature on energy distribution during the last-larval stadium of the female house cricket, Acheta domesticus. Journal of insect physiology, 31(5): 371-378.
  • Riddick, E. W., 2014. Insect protein as a partial replacement for fishmeal in the diets of juvenile fish and crustaceans. In: JA Morales-Ramos, MG Rojas & DI Shapiro-Ilan (Eds), Mass Production of Beneficial Organisms, Academic Press, New York, pp. 565-582.
  • Sánchez-Muros, M. J., Barroso, F. G., and Manzano-Agugliaro, F., 2014. Insect meal as renewable source of food for animal feeding: a review. Journal of Cleaner Production, 65: 16-27.
  • Sonaiya, E. B., 1995. Feed resources for smallholder poultry in Nigeria. Magnesium (Mg), 216: 461.
  • Shihata, A. E. T. A., and Mrak, E. M., 1951. The fate of yeast in the digestive tract of Drosophila. The American Naturalist, 85(825): 381-383.
  • Téguia, A., Mpoame, M., and Mba, J. O., 2002. The production performance of broiler birds as affected by the replacement of fish meal by maggot meal in the starter and finisher diets. Tropicultura, 20(4): 187-192.
  • Van Huis, A., 2013. Potential of insects as food and feed in assuring food security. Annual review of entomology, 58: 563-583.
  • Van Zanten, H. H., Mollenhorst, H., Oonincx, D. G., Bikker, P., Meerburg, B. G., and de Boer, I. J., 2015. From environmental nuisance to environmental opportunity: housefly larvae convert waste to livestock feed. Journal of Cleaner Production, 102: 362-369.
  • Van der Spiegel, M., Noordam, M. Y., and Van der Fels‐Klerx, H. J., 2013. Safety of novel protein sources (insects, microalgae, seaweed, duckweed, and rapeseed) and legislative aspects for their application in food and feed production. Comprehensive reviews in food science and food safety, 12(6): 662-678.
  • Vijver, M., Jager, T., Posthuma, L., and Peijnenburg, W., 2003. Metal uptake from soils and soil–sediment mixtures by larvae of Tenebrio molitor (L.) (Coleoptera). Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 54(3): 277-289.
  • Wang, Y., Chen, Y., Li, X., Xia, J., & Du, Q., 1996. Study on the rearing larvae of Tenebrio molitor Linne and the effects of its processing and utilizing. Acta Agriculturae Universitatis Henanensis, 30(3): 288-292.
  • Wang, D., Zhai, S. W., Zhang, C. X., Zhang, Q., and Chen, H., 2007. Nutrition value of the Chinese grasshopper Acrida cinerea (Thunberg) for broilers. Animal feed science and technology, 135(1-2): 66-74.
  • Yüksel, E., and Canhilal, R., 2018. A Survey of Public Opinion about Entomophagy in Erciyes University. Uluslararası Tarım ve Yaban Hayatı Bilimleri Dergisi, 4(2): 203-208.
  • Zagrobelny, M., Dreon, A. L., Gomiero, T., Marcazzan, G. L., Glaring, M. A., MøLler, B. L., and Paoletti, M. G., 2009. Toxic moths: source of a truly safe delicacy. Journal of Ethnobiology, 29(1): 64-76.
  • Zhuang P, Zou H and Shu W, 2009. Biotransfer of heavy metals along a soil-plant-insect-chicken food chain: Field study. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 21: 849–853.

The Utilization Possibilities of Insects as Animal Feed

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 1, 42 - 46, 15.06.2020

Öz

The world population, which is currently 7.7 billion, is estimated to be 9.7 billion in 2050, and with this increase, it is reported that there will be a 60-70% increase in the consumption of animal products in the same period. This demand can be met by increasing and diversifying the resources allocated for animal feed. Especially in animal nutrition, soybean meal and fish meal are used extensively as a source of protein and in the near future, it will not be economical and sustainable to use these products in animal feeds. Due to the fact that insects (Arthropoda: Insecta) contain high levels of protein, fat, and minerals, the use of both as human food and animal feed has been on the agenda recently and a lot of research has been conducted on this subject. In this review, the potential of insects to be used as animal feed and the factors that restrict their use are discussed.

Kaynakça

  • Awoniyi, T. A. M., Adetuyi, F. C., and Akinyosoye, F. A., 2004. Microbiological investigation of maggot meal, stored for use as livestock feed component. Journal of food, agriculture & environment (JFAE), 104-106.
  • Barroso, F. G., de Haro, C., Sánchez-Muros, M. J., Venegas, E., Martínez-Sánchez, A., and Pérez-Bañón, C., 2014. The potential of various insect species for use as food for fish. Aquaculture, 422: 193-201.
  • Bovera, F., Piccolo, G., Gasco, L., Marono, S., Loponte, R., Vassalotti, G., Mastellone, V., Lombardi, P., Attia, Y.A., and Nizza, A., 2015. Yellow mealworm larvae (Tenebrio molitor, L.) as a possible alternative to soybean meal in broiler diets. British poultry science, 56(5):569-575.
  • Bukkens, S. G., and Paoletti, M. G., 2005. Insects in the human diet: nutritional aspects. Ecological implications of minilivestock, 545-577.
  • Despins, J. L., and Axtell, R. C., 1994. Feeding behavior and growth of turkey poults fed larvae of the darkling beetle, Alphitobius diaperinus. Poultry science, 73(10):1526-1533.
  • Devkota B and Schmidt GH, 2000. Accumulation of heavy metals in food plants and grasshoppers from the Taigetos Mountains, Greece. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 78: 85–91.
  • EFSA Scientific Committee., 2015. Risk profile related to production and consumption of insects as food and feed. EFSA journal, 13(10): 4257.
  • Erwin, T. L., 2004. The biodiversity question: How many species of terrestrial arthropods are there. Forest Canopies, 10: 259-269.
  • Farina, L. F. D. J. H., Demey, F., and Hardouin, J., 1991. Production de termites pour l’aviculture villageoise au Togo. Tropicultura, 9(4): 181-187.
  • FAO, 2012. State of the world fisheries and aquaculture. http://www.fao.org/docrep/016/i2727e/i2727e/ (Erişim tarihi:10.02.2020)
  • FAO, 2013. Edible insects. Future prospects for food and feed security. http://www.fao.org/docrep/018/i3253e/i3253e00.htm (Erişim tarihi:10.02.2020)
  • Gerrard, J., Waterfield, N., and Vohra, R., 2004. Human infection with Photorhabdus asymbiotica: an emerging bacterial pathogen. Microbes and Infection, 6(2): 229-237.
  • Gerrard, J. G., McNevin, S., Alfredson, D., Forgan-Smith, R., and Fraser, N., 2003. Photorhabdus Species: Bioluminescent Bacteria as Human Pathogens?. Emerging infectious diseases, 9(2): 251.
  • Gillespie, D. R., Cock, M. J., Decaëns, T., Gerard, P. J., Gillespie, S. D., Jiménez, J. J., and Olfert, O. O., 2018. Global change and insect biodiversity in agroecosystems. Insect Biodiversity: Science and Society, 2: 801-838.
  • Henry, M., Gasco, L., Piccolo, G., and Fountoulaki, E., 2015. Review on the use of insects in the diet of farmed fish: past and future. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 203: 1-22.
  • Hogan, G., and Razniak, H. G., 1991. Selenium-induced mortality and tissue distribution studies in Tenebrio molitor (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). Environmental entomology, 20(3): 790-794.
  • Hwangbo, J., Hong, E. C., Jang, A., Kang, H. K., Oh, J. S., Kim, B. W., and Park, B. S., 2009. Utilization of house fly-maggots, a feed supplement in the production of broiler chickens. Journal of Environmental Biology, 30(4): 609-614.
  • Hwangbo, J., Hong, E. C., Jang, A., Kang, H. K., Oh, J. S., Kim, B. W., and Park, B. S., 2009. Utilization of house fly-maggots, a feed supplement in the production of broiler chickens. Journal of Environmental Biology, 30(4): 609-614.
  • Ijaiya, A. T., and Fasanya, O. O. A., 1999. Effect of graded level of dietary protein on growth and carcass characteristic of rabbits. In: 3rd Annual Conference of the Agricultural Society of Nigeria (ASN), 2-5 October, NCRI Baddegi, Nigeria, pp. 21-25.
  • Işık, Ö., and Kırkpınar, F., 2016. Etlik Piliçlerin Beslenmesinde Alternatif Protein Kaynağı Olarak Un Kurdu (Tenebrio molitor L.)’nun Kullanımı. Hayvansal Üretim, 57(1): 15-21.
  • Muzzarelli, R. A., 2010. Chitins and chitosans as immunoadjuvants and non-allergenic drug carriers. Marine drugs, 8(2): 292-312.
  • Mlcek, J., Rop, O., Borkovcova, M., and Bednarova, M., 2014. A comprehensive look at the possibilities of edible insects as food in Europe–a review. Polish Journal of Food and Nutrition Sciences, 64(3): 147-157.
  • Makkar, H. P., Tran, G., Heuzé, V., and Ankers, P., 2014. State-of-the-art on use of insects as animal feed. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 197: 1-33.
  • Mlcek, J., Rop, O., Borkovcova, M., and Bednarova, M., 2014. A comprehensive look at the possibilities of edible insects as food in Europe–a review. Polish Journal of Food and Nutrition Sciences, 64(3): 147-157.
  • Newton, G. L., Booram, C. V., Barker, R. W., and Hale, O. M., 1977. Dried Hermetia illucens larvae meal as a supplement for swine. Journal of Animal Science, 44(3): 395-400.
  • Oonincx, D. G., Van Itterbeeck, J., Heetkamp, M. J., Van Den Brand, H., Van Loon, J. J., and Van Huis, A. 2010. An exploration on greenhouse gas and ammonia production by insect species suitable for animal or human consumption. PloS one, 5(12).
  • Özkan, U., and Şahin Demirbağ, N., 2016. Türkiyede kaliteli kaba yem kaynaklarının mevcut durumu. Türkiye Bilimsel Derlemeler Dergisi, 9(1): 23-27.
  • Pretorius, Q., 2011. The evaluation of larvae of Musca domestica (common house fly) as protein source for broiler production. PhD Thesis, Stellenbosch University, South Africa.
  • Ramos-Elorduy, J., González, E. A., Hernández, A. R., and Pino, J. M., 2002. Use of Tenebrio molitor (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) to recycle organic wastes and as feed for broiler chickens. Journal of economic entomology, 95(1): 214-220.
  • Ravindran, V., and Blair, R., 1993. Feed resources for poultry production in Asia and the Pacific. III. Animal protein sources. World's Poultry Science Journal, 49(3): 219-235.
  • Ramos-Elorduy, J., González, E. A., Hernández, A. R., and Pino, J. M., 2002. Use of Tenebrio molitor (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) to recycle organic wastes and as feed for broiler chickens. Journal of economic entomology, 95(1): 214-220.
  • Ravzanaadii, N., Kim, S. H., Choi, W. H., Hong, S. J., and Kim, N. J., 2012. Nutritional value of mealworm, Tenebrio molitor as food source. International Journal of Industrial Entomology, 25(1): 93-98.
  • Rumpold, B. A., and Schlüter, O. K., 2013. Nutritional composition and safety aspects of edible insects. Molecular nutrition & food research, 57(5): 802-823.
  • Roe, R. M., Clifford, C. A., and Woodring, J. P., 1985. The effect of temperature on energy distribution during the last-larval stadium of the female house cricket, Acheta domesticus. Journal of insect physiology, 31(5): 371-378.
  • Riddick, E. W., 2014. Insect protein as a partial replacement for fishmeal in the diets of juvenile fish and crustaceans. In: JA Morales-Ramos, MG Rojas & DI Shapiro-Ilan (Eds), Mass Production of Beneficial Organisms, Academic Press, New York, pp. 565-582.
  • Sánchez-Muros, M. J., Barroso, F. G., and Manzano-Agugliaro, F., 2014. Insect meal as renewable source of food for animal feeding: a review. Journal of Cleaner Production, 65: 16-27.
  • Sonaiya, E. B., 1995. Feed resources for smallholder poultry in Nigeria. Magnesium (Mg), 216: 461.
  • Shihata, A. E. T. A., and Mrak, E. M., 1951. The fate of yeast in the digestive tract of Drosophila. The American Naturalist, 85(825): 381-383.
  • Téguia, A., Mpoame, M., and Mba, J. O., 2002. The production performance of broiler birds as affected by the replacement of fish meal by maggot meal in the starter and finisher diets. Tropicultura, 20(4): 187-192.
  • Van Huis, A., 2013. Potential of insects as food and feed in assuring food security. Annual review of entomology, 58: 563-583.
  • Van Zanten, H. H., Mollenhorst, H., Oonincx, D. G., Bikker, P., Meerburg, B. G., and de Boer, I. J., 2015. From environmental nuisance to environmental opportunity: housefly larvae convert waste to livestock feed. Journal of Cleaner Production, 102: 362-369.
  • Van der Spiegel, M., Noordam, M. Y., and Van der Fels‐Klerx, H. J., 2013. Safety of novel protein sources (insects, microalgae, seaweed, duckweed, and rapeseed) and legislative aspects for their application in food and feed production. Comprehensive reviews in food science and food safety, 12(6): 662-678.
  • Vijver, M., Jager, T., Posthuma, L., and Peijnenburg, W., 2003. Metal uptake from soils and soil–sediment mixtures by larvae of Tenebrio molitor (L.) (Coleoptera). Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 54(3): 277-289.
  • Wang, Y., Chen, Y., Li, X., Xia, J., & Du, Q., 1996. Study on the rearing larvae of Tenebrio molitor Linne and the effects of its processing and utilizing. Acta Agriculturae Universitatis Henanensis, 30(3): 288-292.
  • Wang, D., Zhai, S. W., Zhang, C. X., Zhang, Q., and Chen, H., 2007. Nutrition value of the Chinese grasshopper Acrida cinerea (Thunberg) for broilers. Animal feed science and technology, 135(1-2): 66-74.
  • Yüksel, E., and Canhilal, R., 2018. A Survey of Public Opinion about Entomophagy in Erciyes University. Uluslararası Tarım ve Yaban Hayatı Bilimleri Dergisi, 4(2): 203-208.
  • Zagrobelny, M., Dreon, A. L., Gomiero, T., Marcazzan, G. L., Glaring, M. A., MøLler, B. L., and Paoletti, M. G., 2009. Toxic moths: source of a truly safe delicacy. Journal of Ethnobiology, 29(1): 64-76.
  • Zhuang P, Zou H and Shu W, 2009. Biotransfer of heavy metals along a soil-plant-insect-chicken food chain: Field study. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 21: 849–853.
Toplam 48 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Hayvansal Üretim (Diğer)
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Ramazan Canhilal

Ebubekir Yüksel

İsmail Ulger

Yayımlanma Tarihi 15 Haziran 2020
Kabul Tarihi 12 Ağustos 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020 Cilt: 3 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Canhilal, R., Yüksel, E., & Ulger, İ. (2020). Böceklerin Hayvan Yemi Olarak Kullanım Olanakları. Erciyes Tarım Ve Hayvan Bilimleri Dergisi, 3(1), 42-46.