Evaluation of hawthorn genotypes growing naturally in Malatya (Türkiye) in terms of some morphological characteristics

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 1, 20 - 29

Hasan Pinar , Akgül Taş , Erdal Döndaş

https://doi.org/10.55257/ethabd.1612826

Öz

In this study, some morphological characteristics of hawthorn (Crataegus spp.) genotypes growing naturally in Doğanşehir district of Malatya province, Türkiye in 2024 were determined. When the ‘thorniness’ parameter of the genotypes was examined from the observations made according to UPOV criteria, it was observed that all genotypes except for only one genotype (44AL07) out of 33 available genotypes had spiny characteristics. When the ‘thorn size’ parameter was evaluated, it was seen that 22 genotypes were ‘short-spined (%67)’. The genotypes were classified as ‘many’, ‘medium’ and ‘few’ spine number in terms of spine number and it was determined that most of the genotypes (18 genotypes) had ‘many’ spine number. When the habitus (growth type) parameter was evaluated, it was seen that 24 out of 33 genotypes were ‘semi-shrub (%73)’. From morphological observations, it was observed that genotypes had ‘short’, ‘medium’ and ‘long’ shaped tree sizes in terms of tree size. In terms of leaf traits; leaf width, leaf length and petiole length were determined between 12.13 mm (44AL14)-33.70 mm (44AL12), 13.63 mm (44AL07)-51.60 mm (44AL31) and 3.97 mm (44AL07)-60.97 mm (44AL10), respectively. From the parameters defined by principal component analysis, it was determined that thorniness, thorn size, leaf width, petiole length and leaf length values were parallel to each other. Similarly, it was determined that tree size and habitus values were parallel to each other, but the thorn number value had a negative relationship with these values. From the parameters defined by heat mapping analysis, genotypes were divided into four different clusters in total. Accordingly, the first group 44AL07 genotype showed distant characteristics in terms of agro-morphological characteristics from all other genotypes and formed a separate cluster. Genotypes showing similar characteristics in terms of morphological characteristics formed three different groups and 44AL07 genotype separated from these three groups and formed a separate cluster. As a result of the study, it is thought that morphologically promising genotypes can be evaluated as breeding material in functional hawthorn production.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Howtorn, geotypes, morphological

Proje Numarası

FYL-2023-13325

Malatya’da (Türkiye) Doğal Olarak Yetişen Alıç Genotiplerinin Bazı Morfolojik Özellikler Bakımından Değerlendirilmesi

Öz

Bu çalışmada, 2024 yılında Türkiye'nin Malatya ili Doğanşehir ilçesinde doğal olarak yetişen alıç (Crataegus spp.) genotiplerinin bazı morfolojik özellikleri belirlenmiştir. UPOV kriterlerine göre yapılan gözlemlerden genotiplerin ‘dikenlilik’ parametresi incelendiğinde, mevcut 33 genotipten sadece bir genotip (44AL07) dışında tüm genotiplerin dikenli özellikte oldukları gözlenmiştir. Diken büyüklüğü’ parametresi değerlendirildiğinde, 22 genotipin ‘kısa dikenli (%67)’ oldukları görülmüştür. Genotipler diken sayısı bakımından ‘birçok’, ‘orta’ ve ‘az’ diken sayısı olarak sınıflandırılmış ve genotiplerin çoğunun (18 genotip) ‘birçok’ diken sayısına sahip olduğu belirlenmiştir. Habitus (büyüme tipi) parametresi değerlendirildiğinde, 33 genotipten 24’nün, ‘yarı çalı (%73)’ oldukları görülmüştür. Morfolojik gözlemlerden ağaç büyüklüğü bakımından genotiplerin, ‘kısa’, ‘orta’ ve ‘uzun’ şekilli ağaç büyüklüğüne sahip oldukları gözlenmiştir. Yaprak özellikleri açısından; yaprak eni, yaprak boyu ve yaprak sapı uzunluğu, sırasıyla, 12.13 mm (44AL14)-33.70 mm (44AL12), 13.63 mm (44AL07)-51.60 mm (44AL31) ve 3.97 mm (44AL07)-60.97 mm (44AL10) arasında tespit edilmiştir. Temek bileşen analizi ile tanımlanan parametrelerden, dikenlilik, diken büyüklüğü, yaprak eni, yaprak sap uzunluğu, yaprak boyu değerlerinin birbirleriyle paralellik gösterdiği belirlenmiştir. Benzer şekilde, ağaç büyüklüğü ve habitus değerlerinin birbirleriyle paralellik gösterdiği ancak diken sayısı değerinin bu değerlerle negatif yönlü bir ilişkiye sahip olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Isı haritalama analizi ile tanımlanan parametrelerden, genotipler toplamda dört farklı kümeye ayrılmıştır. Buna göre, birinci grup 44AL07 genotipi diğer tüm genotiplerden agro morfolojik özellikler açısından farklı uzak özellikler göstermiş ve ayrı bir küme oluşturmuştur. Morfolojik özellikler bakımından benzer özellikler gösteren genotipler ise farklı üç grup oluşturmuştur ve 44AL07 genotipi ise bu üç gruptan ayrılarak ayrı bir küme oluşturmuştur. Çalışma sonucunda, morfolojik açıdan ümitvar genotiplerin fonksiyonel alıç üretiminde ıslah materyali olarak değerlendirilebileceği düşünülmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Alıç, morfoloji, genotip

Destekleyen Kurum

Erciyes Üniversitesi BAP Birimi

Proje Numarası

FYL-2023-13325

Kaynakça

• Akca, N., Bostan, S. Z. 2022. Niksar’da (Tokat) doğal olarak yetişen alıç (Crataegus spp.) genotiplerinin seleksiyonu. Türk Tarım ve Doğa Bilimleri Dergisi 9(3): 598–607.
• Alirezalu, A., Ahmadi, N., Salehi, P., Sonboli, A., Alirezalu, K., Khaneghah, A.M., Barba, F.J., Munekata, P.E.S. ve Lorenzo, J.M. 2020. Physicochemical characterization, antioxidant activity, and phenolic compounds of hawthorn (Crataegus spp.) fruits species for potential use in food applications. Foods, 9: 436.
• Alirezalu, A., Salehi, P., Ahmadi, N., Sonboli, A., Aceto, S., Hatami Maleki, H. ve Ayyari, M. 2018. Flavonoids profile and antioxidant activity in flowers and leaves of hawthorn species (Crataegus spp.) from different regions of Iran. International Journal of Food Properties, 21: 452-470.
• Asma, B.M. ve Birhanlı, O. 2003. Selection studies of wild growing hawthorns around Malatya. IV. Turkish National Horticultural Symposium, 08-12 September, Antalya, pp. 61-62.
• Babaoglu Farzaliev, E. ve Ökten, S. 2023. Production and characterization of fruit jam with activated pectin using wild hawthorn puree (Crataegus monogyna Jacq.). Natural Product Research, DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2023.2283760.
• Balta, M.F., Celik, F., Turkoglu, N., Ozrenk, K. ve Ozgokce, F. 2006. Some fruit traits of hawthorn (Crataegus spp.) genetic resources from Malatya, Turkey. Research Journal of Agriculture Biology Science, 2 (6): 531-536.
• Baytop, T. 1984. Treatment with plants in Turkey. Istanbul University Publication No. 3255, Istanbul (in Turkish).
• Bektaş, M., Bükücü, Ş.B., Özcan, A., Sütyemez, M. 2017. Akçadağ ve Hekimhan ilçelerinde yetişen alıç (Crataeugus spp.) genotiplerinin bitki ve pomolojik özellikleri. Türk Tarım ve Doğa Bilimleri Dergisi, 4 (4): 484-490.
• Browicz, P.H. 1972. Crataegus. In: Davis PH (ed), Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands. Edinburg University Press, No: 22, Edinburg.
• Cao, G., Verdon, C., Wu, A.H.B., Wang, H. ve Prior, R.L. 1995. Automated oxygen radical absorbance capacity assay using the COBAS FARA II. Clinical Chemistry, 41: 1738-1744.
• Christensen, K.I. 1992. Revision of Crataegus sect. Crataegus and Nothosect. Crataeguineae (Rosaceae-Maloideae) in the Old World. Systematic Botany Monographs, 35: 1-199.
• Cunha, L.C.M., Monteiro, M.L.G., Lorenzo, J.M., Munekata, P.E.S., Muchenje, V., De Carvalho, F.A.L. ve Conte-Junior, C.A. 2018. Natural antioxidants in processing and storage stability of sheep and goat meat products. Food Research Intertanional, 111: 379-390.
• Çalışkan, O., Gündüz, K. ve Bayazıt, S. 2018. Sarı alıç (Crataegus azarolus L.) genotipinin morfolojik, biyolojik ve meyve kalite özelliklerinin incelenmesi. Gaziosmanpaşa Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 35: 6974.
• De Carvalho, F.A.L., Lorenzo, J.M., Pateiro, M., Bermúdez, R., Purriños, L. ve Trindade, M.A. 2019. Effect of guarana (Paullinia cupana) seed and pitanga (Eugenia uniflora L.) leaf extracts on lamb burgers with fat replacement by chia oil emulsion during shelf life storage at 2°C. Food Research Intertanional, 125: 108554.
• Ebrahimzadeh, M.A. ve Bahramian, F. 2009. Antioxidant activity of Crataegus pentaegyna subsp. elburensis fruits extracts. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences, 12 (5): 413-419.
• Echegaray, N., Gómez, B., Barba, F.J., Franco, D., Estévez, M., Carballo, J., Marszałek, K. ve Lorenzo, J.M. 2018. Chestnuts and by-products as source of natural antioxidants in meat and meat products: A review. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 82: 110-121.
• Erfani-Moghadam, J., Mozafari, M. ve Fazeli, A. 2016. Genetic variation of some hawthorn species based on phenotypic characteristics and RAPD marker. Biotechnology & Biotechnological Equipment, 30 (2): 247-253.
• Ertekin, C., Gozlekci, S., Kabas, O., Sonmez, S. ve Akıncı, I. 2006. Some physical, pomological and nutritional properties of two plum (Prunus domestica L.) cultivars. Journal of Food Engineering, 75: 508-514.
• Gentleman, R.C., Carey, V.J., Bates, D.M., Bolstad, B., Dettling, M., Dudoit, S., Ellis, B., Gautier, L., Ge, Y., Gentry, J., Hornik, K., Hothorn, T., Huber, W., Lacus, S., Irizarry, R., Leisch, F., Li, C., Maechler, M., Rossini, A.J., Sawitzki, G., Smith, C., Smyth, G., Tierney, L., Hanh, J.H.Y. ve Zhang, J. 2004. Bioconductor: Open software development for computational biology and bioinformatics. Genome Biology, 5 (10): 1-16.
• Gökbunar, L. 2007. Alıç (Crataegus sp.)’ın in vitro mikroçoğaltımı. Kahramanmaraş Sütcü İmam Universitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Bahçe Bitkileri Anabilim Dalı, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Kahramanmaraş.
• Gundogdu, M., Ozrenk, K., Ercisli, S., Kan, T., Kodad, O. ve Hegedus, A. 2014. Organic acids, sugars, vitamin C content and some pomological characteristics of eleven hawthorn species (Crataegus spp.) from Turkey. Biological Research, 47: 21.
• Gurlen, A., Gundogdu, M., Ozer, G., Ercisli, S. ve Duralija, B. 2020. Primary, secondary metabolites and molecular characterization of hawthorn (Crataegus spp.) genotypes. Agronomy, 10 (11): 1731.
• Güven, K., Yücel, E. ve Cetintaş, F. 2006. Antimicrobial activities of fruits of Crataegus and Pyrus. species. Pharmaceutical Biology, 44 (2): 79-83.
• Hellenbrand, N., Sendker, J., Lechtenberg, M., Petereit, F. ve Hensel, A. 2015. Isolation and quantification of oligomeric and polymeric procyanidins in leaves and flowers of Hawthorn (Crataegus spp.). Fitoterapia, 104: 14-22.
• İkinci, A., Ak, E. B., Dikmetaş, B., Hatipoğlu, H. İ. 2022. Şanlıurfa ve Diyarbakır İllerinde Yetişen Alıç (Crataegus spp.) Genotiplerinin Bazı Meyve, Yaprak ve Stoma Özelliklerinin Belirlenmesi. Türk Tarım ve Doğa Bilimleri Dergisi 9(4): 850–859
• Kalyoncu, I.H. 1996. Konya’nın yöresindeki kızılcık (Cornus mas L.) tiplerinin bazı özellikleri ve farklı nem ortamlarındaki köklenme durumu üzerine bir araştırma. Doctoral Thesis, Selçuk Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Tarımsal Yapılar ve Sulama Ana Bilim Dalı: Konya.
• Kao, E.S., Wang, C.J., Lin, W.L., Chu, C.Y. ve Tseng, T.H. 2007. Effects of polyphenols derived from fruit of Crataegus pinnatifida on cell transformation, dermal edema and skin tumor formation by phorbol ester application. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 45: 1795-1804.
• Karadeniz, T., Kalkisim, O. ve Balta, F. 1996. Vezirköprü’de yetişen kızılcık (Cornus mas L.) tiplerinde bazı olgunluk parametreleri arasındaki ilişkiler. Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi, 6: 205-214.
• Khadivi, A., Heidari, P., Rezaei, M., Safari-Khuzani, A. ve Sahebi, M. 2019. Morphological variabilities of Crataegus monogyna and C. pentagyna in northeastern areas of Iran. Industrial Crops and Products, 139: 111531.
• Kibar, H., Taş, A. ve Gündoğdu, M. 2021. Evaluation of biochemical changes and quality in peach fruit: Effect of putrescine treatments and storage. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 102: 104048.
• Lev-Yadun, S. 2003. Weapon (thorn) automimicry and mimicry of aposematic colorful thorns in plants. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 224 (2): 183-188.
• Li,W.Q., Hu, Q.P. ve Xu, J.G. 2015. Changes in physicochemical characteristics and free amino acids of hawthorn (Crataegus pinnatifida) fruits during maturation. Food Chemistry, 175: 50-56.
• Lin, Y., Vermeer, M.A. ve Trautwein, E.A. 2011. Triterpenic acids present in hawthorn lower plasma cholesterol by inhibiting intestinal ACAT activity in hamsters. Evidence-based complement. Alternative Medicine, 2011: 1-11.
• Ljubuncic, P., Portnaya, I., Cogan, U., Azaizeh, H. ve Bomzon, A. 2005. Antioxidant activity of Crataegus aronia aqueous extract used in traditional Arab medicine in Israel. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 101: 153-161.
• Ljubuncic, P., Portnaya, I., Cogan, U., Azaizeh, H., Bomzon, A. 2005. Antioxidant activity of Crataegus aronia aqueous extract used in traditional Arab medicine in Israel. J. Ethnopharma. 101: 153–161.
• Lorenzo, J.M., Munekata, P.E.S., Gómez, B., Barba, F.J., Mora, L., Pérez-Santaescolástica, C. ve Toldrá, F. 2018.
• Bioactive peptides as natural antioxidants in food products-A review. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 79: 136-147.
• McAdam, J.H., Bell, A.C., Gilmore, C., Mulholland, F., Henry, T. 1996. The effects of different hedge restoration strategies on biodiversity. Aspects of Applied Biology, 44: 363-367.
• Mraihi, F., Hidalgo, M., De Pascual-Teresa, S., Trabelsi-Ayadi, M. ve Chérif, J.K. 2015. Wild grown red and yellow hawthorn fruits from Tunisia as source of antioxidants. Arabian Journal of Chemistry, 8: 570-578.
• Muradoğlu, F., Gürsoy, S. ve Güler, E. 2021. Multivariate analysis revealed the morphological variability among Crataegus species. Yuzuncu Yıl University Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 31 (4): 961-972.
• Nabavi, S.F., Habtemariam, S., Ahmed, T., Sureda, A., Daglia, M., Sobarzo-Sánchez, E. ve Nabavi, S.M. 2015. Polyphenolic composition of Crataegus monogyna jacq.: From chemistry to medical applications. Nutrients, 7: 7708-7728.
• Nazhand, A., Lucarini, M., Durazzo, A., Zaccardelli, M., Cristarella, S., Souto, S.B., Silva, A.M., Severino, P., Souto, E.B. ve Santini, A. 2020. Hawthorn (Crataegus spp.): An updated overview on its beneficial properties. Forests, 11 (5): 564.
• Okatan, V., Gündoğdu, M. ve Çolak, A.M. 2017. Determination of some chemical and pomological characters of different hawthorn (Crataegus spp.) genotype fruits grown in Uşak. Iğdır University Journal of Science Technology, 7: 39-44.
• Özcan, M., Hacıseferogulları, H., Marakoglu, T. ve Arslan, D. 2005. Hawthorn (Crataegus spp.) fruit: some physical and chemical properties. Journal of Food Engineering, 69: 409-415.
• Pateiro, M., Barba, F.J.F.J., Domínguez, R., Sant’Ana, A.S., Mousavi Khaneghah, A., Gavahian, M., Gómez, B. ve Lorenzo, J.M.J.M. 2018. Essential oils as natural additives to prevent oxidation reactions in meat and meat products: A review. Food Research International, 113: 156-166.
• Ramos, P.A.B., Santos, S.A.O., Guerra, Â.R., Guerreiro, O., Freire, C.S.R., Rocha, S.M., Duarte, M.F. ve Silvestre, A.J.D. 2014. Phenolic composition and antioxidant activity of different morphological parts of Cynara cardunculus L. var. altilis (DC). Industrial Crops and Products, 61: 460-471.
• Rigelsky, J. M. ve Sweet, B. V. 2002. Hawthorn: Pharmacology and therapeutic uses. American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy, 59: 417-422.
• Salehi, S., Long, S.R., Proteau, P.J. ve Filtz, T.M. 2009. Hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna Jacq.) extract exhibits atropinesensitive activity in a cultured cardiomyocyte assay. Journal of Natural Medicines, 63: 1-8.
• Serçe, S., Simsek, Ö., Toplu, C., Kamiloglu, Ö., Çaliskan, O., Gündüz, K., Özgen, M. ve Kaçar, Y.A. 2011. Relationships among Crataegus accessions sampled from Hatay, Turkey, as assessed by fruit characteristics and RAPD. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution, 58: 933-942.
• Sheng, F., Chen, S-Y., Tian, J., Li, P., Qin, X., Wang, L., Luo, S-P. ve Li, J. 2017. Morphological and ISSR molecular markers reveal genetic diversity of wild hawthorns (Crataegus songorica K. Koch.) in Xinjiang, China. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 16 (11): 2482-2495.
• Tas, A., Gundogdu, M., Ercisli, S., Orman, E., Celik, K., Marc, R. A., Buckova, M., Adamkova, A. ve Mlcek, J. 2023. Fruit quality characteristics of service tree (Sorbus domestica L.) genotypes. ACS Omega, 8 (22): 19862-19873.
• Turkoglu, N., Kazankaya, A. ve Sensoy, R.I. 2005. Pomological characteristics of hawthorn species found in Van Region. Journal Agriculture Science, 15: 17-21.
• UPOV. 2023. https://www.upov.int/test_guidelines/en/, (Erişim Tarihi: 1 Ekim 2023).
• Ürgenç, S. 1992. Seedling techniques. I.U. Pub. No: 3676, İstanbul (in Turkish).
• Venskutonis, P. 2018. Phytochemical composition and bioactivities of hawthorn (Crataegus spp.): Review of recent research advances. Journal of Food Bioactives, 4.
• Wichtl, M. 1996. Herbal drugs and phytopharmaceuticals. In N. Bisset (Ed.), A handbook for practice on a scientific basis, CRC: Medpharm Scientific Publishers, pp. 161-166.
• Yalçın Dokumacı, K., Uslu, N., Hacıseferoğulları, H. ve Örnek, M.N. 2021. Determination of some physical and chemical properties of common hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna Jacq. var. monogyna). Erwerbs-Obstbau, 63: 99-106.
• Yanar, M., Ercisli, S., Yilmaz, K.U., Sahiner, H., Taskin, T., Zengin, Y., Akgul, I. ve Celik, F. 2011. Morphological and chemical diversity among hawthorn (Crataegus spp.) genotypes from Turkey. Scientific Research and Essays, 6 (1): 35-38.
• Yıldız, E., Yaman, M., Sümbül, A. ve Say, A. 2021. Elucidation of genetic diversity as morphological, phytochemical and molecular markers in some hawthorn (Crataegus) genotypes. 29 December 2021, PREPRINT (Version 1) available at Research Square, https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1202879/v1.
• Yilmaz, K.U., Yanar, M., Ercisli, S., Sahiner, H., Taksin, T. ve Zengin, Y. 2010. Genetic relationships among some hawthorn (Crataegus spp.) species and genotypes. Biochemical Genetics, 48: 873-878.