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Çevrimiçi Öğrenmeye Yönelik Hazır Bulunuşluk Ölçeği'nin (ÇÖHBÖ) Türkçe Formunun Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması

Yıl 2013, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 2, 72 - 101, 01.08.2013

Öz

The purpose of this study is to adapt the Online Learning Readiness Scale (OLRS) developed by Hung, Chou, Chen and Own (2010) to Turkish and to investigate its psychometric properties. The study was conducted on 405 university students who studied different subjects at Dicle and Gaziantep Universities during the Spring Term of the 2012-2013 Academic Year. The findings on the linguistic equivalence indicated that the correlation between the items included in Turkish and original form varied between .79 and .98. Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was conducted on the scale to reveal construct validity. CFA results showed that the five factors of the original scale were confirmed. As for the concurrent validity, the calculation of correlation between the OLRS and Educational Internet Use Self-Efficacy Beliefs Scale reported positive, moderate and significant relationship. As a result of reliability analysis, it was determined that the internal consistency, split half, test-retest and composite reliability coefficients were within acceptable limits. The item analysis reported that the corrected item total correlations ranged from .58 and .87 and the differences between the top and bottom 27% groups were significant for all the items included in the scale. All these findings suggest that the Turkish version of the OLRS is a valid and reliable instrument that can be used to measure university students' readiness for online learning.

Kaynakça

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  • Arbaugh, J.B. (2000). Virtual Classroom Characteristics and Student Satisfaction with Internet-based MBA Courses. Journal of Management Education, 24(1), 32-54.
  • Arbaugh, J.B. (2002). Managing the Online Classroom: A Study of Technological and Behavioral Characteristics of Web-Based MBA Courses. Journal of High Technology Management Research, 13, 203-223.
  • Arbaugh, J.B., & Duray, R. (2002). Technological and Structural Characteristics, Student Learning and Satisfaction with Web-based Courses-An exploratory study of Two Online MBA programs. Management Learning, 33(3), 331–347.
  • Aydın, C.H., & Taşçı, D. (2005). Measuring Readiness for e-Learning: Reflections from an Emerging Country. Educational Technology & Society, 8(4), 244-257.
  • Beaton, D.E., Bombardier, C., Guillemin, F., & Ferraz, M.B. (2000). Guidelines for the Process of Cross-Cultural Adaptation of Self-Report Measures. Spine, 25(24), 3186-3191.
  • Bentler, P.M. (1980). Multivariate analysis with latent variables: Causal modeling. Annual Review of Psychology, 31, 419-456.
  • Bentler, P.M., & Bonett, D.G. (1980). Significance Tests and Goodness of Fit in the Analysis of Covariance Structures. Psychological Bulletin, 88, 588-606.
  • Bernard, R.M., Brauer, A., Abrami, P.C., & Surkes, M. (2004): The Development of a Questionnaire for Predicting Online Learning Achievement, Distance Education, 25(1), 31-47.
  • Brown, M., & Cudeck, R. (1993). Alternative Ways of Assessing model Fit. In: K. Bollen & J. Long, (Eds), Testing Structural Equation Models (pp. 136–162). London: Sage Publications.
  • Byrne, B., & Campbell, T.L. (1999). Cross-Cultural Comparisons and the Presumption of Equivalent Measurement and Theoretical Structure: A Look Beneath the Surface. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 30(5), 555-574.
  • Chang, S.C., & Tung, F.C. (2008), “An Empirical Investigation of Students’ Behavioral Intentions to Use the Online Learning Course Website. British Journal of Educational Technology, 39(1), 71-83.
  • Choucri, N., Maugis, V., Madnick, S., Siegel, M., Gillet, S., O’Donnel, S., Best, M., Zhu, H., Haghseta F. (2003). Global E-Readiness-For What? 19 Haziran 2013 tarihinde http://ebusiness.mit.edu/research/papers/177_choucri_global_ereadiness.pdf adresinden alınmıştır.
  • Demir Kaymak, Z., & Horzum, M.B. (2013). Çevrimiçi Öğrenme Öğrencilerinin Çevrimiçi ÖğrenmeyeHazır Bulunuşluk Düzeyleri, Algıladıkları Yapı veEtkileşim Arasındaki İlişki. Kuram ve Uygulamada Eğitim Bilimleri, 13(3), 1783-1797.
  • Domino, G., & Domino, M.L. (2006). Psychological Testing: An Introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Dray, B.J., Lowenthal, P.R., Miszkiewicz, M.J., Ruiz-Primo, M.A., & Marczynski, K. (2011). Developing an Instrument to Assess Student Readiness for Online Learning: A Validation Study. Distance Education, 32(1), 29-47.
  • Erkuş, A. (2012). Psikolojide Ölçme ve Ölçek Geliştirme. Ankara: Pegem Akademi Yayınları.
  • Field, A. (2009). Discovering Statics Using SPSS. London: SAGE Publications Ltd.
  • Fornell, C., & Larcker, D.F. (1981). Evaluating Structural Equation Models with Unobservable Variables and Measurement Error. Journal of Marketing Research, 48, 39–50.
  • Fraenkel, J.R., Wallend, N.E., & Hyun, H.H. (2012). How to Design and Evaluate Research in Education. New York: McGraw Hill.
  • Fredericksen, E., Pickett, A., Pelz, W., Shea, P., & Swan, K. (1999). Student Satisfaction and Perceived Learning with Online Courses: Principles and Examples from the SUNY Learning Network. Journal of Asynchronous Learning Networks, 14(2), 18 Haziran 2013 tarihinde http://www.emergingonlinelearningtechnology.org/conference/proceedings/1999Su mmer/papers/99summer_fredericksen2.pdf adresinden alınmıştır.
  • Geisinger, K.F. (1994). Cross-Cultural Normative Assessment: Translation and Adaptation Issues Influencing the Normative Interpretation of Assessment Instruments. Psychol Assess, 6(4), 304-312.
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  • Hair, F.J., Anderson ER., Tatham LR., & Black C.W. (1998). Multivariate Data Analysis. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
  • Hambleton, R.K. & Bollwark, J. (1991) Adapting Tests for Use in Different Cultures: Technical Issues and Methods. Bulletin of the International Test Commission, 18, 3-32.
  • Hambleton, R.K., & Kanjee, A. (1993, April). Enhancing the Validity of Cross-Cultural Studies: Improvements in Instrument Translation Methods. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association, Atlanta, GA.
  • Harasim, L., Hiltz, S.R., Teles, L., & Turoff, M. (1995). Learning Networks: A Field Guide to Teaching and Learning Online. Cambridge MA: MIT Press.
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  • Hu, L.T., & Bentler, P.M. (1999). Cutoff Criteria for Fit Indexes in Covariance Structural Analysis: Conventional Criteria Versus New Alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6, 1-55.
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Çevrimiçi Öğrenmeye Yönelik Hazır Bulunuşluk Ölçeği'nin (ÇÖHBÖ) Türkçe Formunun Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması

Yıl 2013, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 2, 72 - 101, 01.08.2013

Öz

Bu araştırmada, Hung, Chou, Chen ve Own (2010) tarafından geliştirilen Çevrimiçi Öğrenmeye Yönelik Hazır Bulunuşluk Ölçeği'nin (ÇÖHBÖ) Türkçeye uyarlanması ve ölçeğin psikometrik özelliklerinin incelenmesi amaçlanmaktadır. Araştırma 2012-2013 Öğretim Yılı Bahar Döneminde, Gaziantep ve Dicle Üniversiteleri'nden toplam 405 üniversite öğrencisi üzerinde yürütülmüştür. Dilsel eşdeğerlik çalışmasında, ÇÖHBÖ'nün Türkçe ve İngilizce formlarında bulunan maddeler arasında. 79 ile. 98 arasında değişen güçlü ve anlamlı korelasyonlar saptanmıştır. ÇÖHBÖ'nün Türkçe formunun faktör yapısı Doğrulayıcı Faktör analizi ile incelenmiştir. DFA sonucunda, ÇÖHBÖ'nün orijinal formundaki beş faktörlü yapının Türk örnekleminde doğrulandığı belirlenmiştir. Uyum geçerliği kapsamında, ÇÖHBÖ ile Eğitsel Amaçlı İnternet Kullanımı Öz Yeterlik İnancı Ölçeği arasındaki korelasyon hesaplanmış ve iki ölçek arasında pozitif yönde, orta düzeyde ve anlamlı bir ilişki saptanmıştır. Güvenirlik analizi sonucunda iç tutarlılık, test yarılama, test tekrar test ve bileşik güvenirlik yöntemleriyle hesaplanan güvenirlik katsayılarının kabul edilebilir sınırlar içerisinde yer aldığı tespit edilmiştir. Madde analizi sonucunda, düzeltilmiş madde toplam korelasyonlarının. 58 ile. 87 arasında değiştiği ve %27'lik alt-üst grupların ortalamaları arasındaki farkların ölçekte yer alan tüm maddeler için anlamlı olduğu belirlenmiştir. Bu sonuçlar, ÇÖHBÖ'nün Türkçe formunun üniversite öğrencilerinin çevrimiçi öğrenmeye yönelik hazır bulunuşluklarını ölçmek amacıyla kullanılabilecek geçerli ve güvenilir bir ölçme aracı olduğunu göstermektedir.

Kaynakça

  • Akbulut, Y. (2010). Sosyal Bilimlerde SPSS Uygulamaları. İstanbul: İdeal Kültür Yayıncılık.
  • Ally, M. (2004). Foundations of Educational Theory for Online Learning. In T. Anderson & F. Elloumi, (Eds.), Theory and Practice of Online Learning (pp.3-31).Athabasca, AB: Athabasca University.
  • Arbaugh, J.B. (2000). Virtual Classroom Characteristics and Student Satisfaction with Internet-based MBA Courses. Journal of Management Education, 24(1), 32-54.
  • Arbaugh, J.B. (2002). Managing the Online Classroom: A Study of Technological and Behavioral Characteristics of Web-Based MBA Courses. Journal of High Technology Management Research, 13, 203-223.
  • Arbaugh, J.B., & Duray, R. (2002). Technological and Structural Characteristics, Student Learning and Satisfaction with Web-based Courses-An exploratory study of Two Online MBA programs. Management Learning, 33(3), 331–347.
  • Aydın, C.H., & Taşçı, D. (2005). Measuring Readiness for e-Learning: Reflections from an Emerging Country. Educational Technology & Society, 8(4), 244-257.
  • Beaton, D.E., Bombardier, C., Guillemin, F., & Ferraz, M.B. (2000). Guidelines for the Process of Cross-Cultural Adaptation of Self-Report Measures. Spine, 25(24), 3186-3191.
  • Bentler, P.M. (1980). Multivariate analysis with latent variables: Causal modeling. Annual Review of Psychology, 31, 419-456.
  • Bentler, P.M., & Bonett, D.G. (1980). Significance Tests and Goodness of Fit in the Analysis of Covariance Structures. Psychological Bulletin, 88, 588-606.
  • Bernard, R.M., Brauer, A., Abrami, P.C., & Surkes, M. (2004): The Development of a Questionnaire for Predicting Online Learning Achievement, Distance Education, 25(1), 31-47.
  • Brown, M., & Cudeck, R. (1993). Alternative Ways of Assessing model Fit. In: K. Bollen & J. Long, (Eds), Testing Structural Equation Models (pp. 136–162). London: Sage Publications.
  • Byrne, B., & Campbell, T.L. (1999). Cross-Cultural Comparisons and the Presumption of Equivalent Measurement and Theoretical Structure: A Look Beneath the Surface. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 30(5), 555-574.
  • Chang, S.C., & Tung, F.C. (2008), “An Empirical Investigation of Students’ Behavioral Intentions to Use the Online Learning Course Website. British Journal of Educational Technology, 39(1), 71-83.
  • Choucri, N., Maugis, V., Madnick, S., Siegel, M., Gillet, S., O’Donnel, S., Best, M., Zhu, H., Haghseta F. (2003). Global E-Readiness-For What? 19 Haziran 2013 tarihinde http://ebusiness.mit.edu/research/papers/177_choucri_global_ereadiness.pdf adresinden alınmıştır.
  • Demir Kaymak, Z., & Horzum, M.B. (2013). Çevrimiçi Öğrenme Öğrencilerinin Çevrimiçi ÖğrenmeyeHazır Bulunuşluk Düzeyleri, Algıladıkları Yapı veEtkileşim Arasındaki İlişki. Kuram ve Uygulamada Eğitim Bilimleri, 13(3), 1783-1797.
  • Domino, G., & Domino, M.L. (2006). Psychological Testing: An Introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Dray, B.J., Lowenthal, P.R., Miszkiewicz, M.J., Ruiz-Primo, M.A., & Marczynski, K. (2011). Developing an Instrument to Assess Student Readiness for Online Learning: A Validation Study. Distance Education, 32(1), 29-47.
  • Erkuş, A. (2012). Psikolojide Ölçme ve Ölçek Geliştirme. Ankara: Pegem Akademi Yayınları.
  • Field, A. (2009). Discovering Statics Using SPSS. London: SAGE Publications Ltd.
  • Fornell, C., & Larcker, D.F. (1981). Evaluating Structural Equation Models with Unobservable Variables and Measurement Error. Journal of Marketing Research, 48, 39–50.
  • Fraenkel, J.R., Wallend, N.E., & Hyun, H.H. (2012). How to Design and Evaluate Research in Education. New York: McGraw Hill.
  • Fredericksen, E., Pickett, A., Pelz, W., Shea, P., & Swan, K. (1999). Student Satisfaction and Perceived Learning with Online Courses: Principles and Examples from the SUNY Learning Network. Journal of Asynchronous Learning Networks, 14(2), 18 Haziran 2013 tarihinde http://www.emergingonlinelearningtechnology.org/conference/proceedings/1999Su mmer/papers/99summer_fredericksen2.pdf adresinden alınmıştır.
  • Geisinger, K.F. (1994). Cross-Cultural Normative Assessment: Translation and Adaptation Issues Influencing the Normative Interpretation of Assessment Instruments. Psychol Assess, 6(4), 304-312.
  • Gülbahar, Y. (2012). E-öğrenme. Ankara: PegemA Yayıncılık.
  • Hair, F.J., Anderson ER., Tatham LR., & Black C.W. (1998). Multivariate Data Analysis. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
  • Hambleton, R.K. & Bollwark, J. (1991) Adapting Tests for Use in Different Cultures: Technical Issues and Methods. Bulletin of the International Test Commission, 18, 3-32.
  • Hambleton, R.K., & Kanjee, A. (1993, April). Enhancing the Validity of Cross-Cultural Studies: Improvements in Instrument Translation Methods. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association, Atlanta, GA.
  • Harasim, L., Hiltz, S.R., Teles, L., & Turoff, M. (1995). Learning Networks: A Field Guide to Teaching and Learning Online. Cambridge MA: MIT Press.
  • Hill, J.R. (2000). Web-based instruction: Prospects and challenges. In R.M. Branch & M.A. Fitzgerald (Eds.), Educational Media and Technology Yearbook 2000 (pp. 14-25). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Educalional Technology.
  • Ho, L.A., Kuo, T.H., Lin, B. (2010). Influence of Online Learning Skills in Cyberspace. Internet Research, 20(1), 55-71.
  • Hu, L.T., & Bentler, P.M. (1999). Cutoff Criteria for Fit Indexes in Covariance Structural Analysis: Conventional Criteria Versus New Alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6, 1-55.
  • Huang, H.M. (2002). Toward Constuctivism for Adult Learners in Online Learning Environments. British Journal of Educational Technology, 33(1), 27-37.
  • Hung, M.L., Chou, C., Chen, C.H., & Own, Z.Y. (2010). Learner Readiness for Online Learning: Scale Development and Student Perceptions. Computers & Education, 55, 108010
  • Ibrahim, D.Z, Silong, A.D., & Samah, B.A. (2002, February). Readiness and Attitude Towards Online Learning among Virtual Students. Paper presented at the meeting of the Asian Association of Open Universities, New Delhi.
  • Kanuka, H., & Nocente, N. (2003). Exploring the Effects of Personality Type on Perceived Satisfaction with Web-Based Learning in Continuing Professional Development. Decision Education, 24(2), 227-245.
  • Karuppan, C.M. (2001). Web-based Teaching Materials: A User’s Profile. Internet Research:Electronic Networking Applications and Policy, 11(2), 138-148.
  • Katz, Y.J. (2000). The Comparative Suitability of Three ICT Distance Learning Methodologies for College Level İnstruction. Educational Media International, 37(1), 25–30.
  • Katz, Y.J. (2002). Attitudes Affecting College Students’ Preferences for Distance Learning. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 18, 2-9.
  • Kaur, K., & Zoraini Wati, A. (2004, November-December) An Assessment of E-Learning Readiness at Open University Malaysia. Paper Presented at the International Conference on Computers in Education. Australia: Melbourne.
  • Keoduangsine, S., & Goodwin, R. (2009, November). Measuring E-Readiness Assessment: The Case of Laotian Organisations. Paper Presented at the 6th International Conference on Information Technology and Applications (ICITA). http://www.academicinternational.org/events/icita2009/papers/23-lakeoduangsine-150.pdf adresinden 20 Haziran 2013 tarihinde alınmıştır.
  • Khan, B. H. (1997). Web-Based Instruction. Englewood Cliffs: Educational Technology Publications.
  • Kline, R.B. (2011). Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling. New York: The Guilford Press.
  • Leech, N.L. Barlett, K.C., & Morgan, G.A. (2005). SPSS for Intermediate Statistics; Use and Interpretation. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
  • Lin, B., & Hsieh, C. (2001). Web-Based Teaching and Learner Control: A Research Review. Computers & Education, 37, 377-386.
  • Liu, X., Bonk, C.J., Magjuka, R.J., Lee, S.H., & Su, B. (2005). Exploring Four Dimensions of Online İnstructor Roles: A Program Level Case Study. Journal of Asynchronous Learning Networks, 9(4), 29-48.
  • Maneesriwongul, W., & Dixon, J.K. (2004). Instrument Translation Process: A Methods Review. Journal of Advanced Nursing Research, 48(2), 175-186.
  • Marsh, H.W., Hau, K.T., Artelt, C., Baumert, J. & Peschar, J.L. (2006).OECD’s Brief Self-Report Measure of Educational Psychology’s Most Useful Affective Constructs: CrossCultural, Psychometric Comparisons across 25 Countries. International Journal of Testing, 6(4), 311-360.
  • Meydan, C.H., & Şeşen, H. (2011).Yapısal Eşitlik Modellemesi: AMOS Uygulamaları. Ankara: Detay Yayıncılık.
  • Murphy, K.L., & Collins, M.P. (1997). Communication Conventions in Instructional Electronic Chats. First Monday, 2(11). http://firstmonday.org/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/558/479 adresinden 17 Haziran 2013 tarihinde alınmıştır.
  • Novick, M.R., & Lewis, C. (1967). Coefficient Alpha and the Reliability of Composite Measurements. Psychometrika, 32, 1-13.
  • Nunnally, J., & Bernstein, I. (1994). Psychometric Theory. New York: McGraw-Hill.
  • Oliver, R. G. (2001). Assuring the Quality of Online Learning in Australian Higher Education. Proceedings of 2000 Moving Online Conference. (pp. 222-231). Gold Coast, QLD. Norsearch Reprographics
  • Pallant, J. (2005). SPSS Survival Manual: A Step by Step Guide to DATA ANALYSIS USING SPSS for Windows. Australia: Australian Copyright.
  • Peng, H., Tsai, C. C., & Wu, Y. T. (2006). University Students’ Self-Efficacy and Their Attitudes toward the Internet: The Role of Students’ Perceptions of the Internet. Educational Studies, 32(1), 73-86.
  • Pillay, H., Irving, K., & Tones, M. (2007): Validation of the Diagnostic Tool for Assessing Tertiary Students’ Readiness for Online Learning, Higher Education Research & Development, 26(2), 217-234.
  • Poole, D.M. (2000). Student Participation in a Discussion-Oriented Online Course: A Case Study. Journal of Research on Computing in Education, 33(2), 162–177.
  • Rae, G. (2006). Correcting Coefficient Alpha for Correlated Errors: Is a K a Lower Bound to Reliability? Applied Psychological Measurement January, 30(1), 56-59.
  • Richardson, C.J., & Swan, K. (2003). Examining Social Presence in Online Courses in Relation to Students’ Perceived Learning and Satisfaction. Journal of Asynchronous Learning Networks, 7(1), 68-88.
  • Shank, P., & Sitze, A. (2004). Making Sense of Online Learning: A Guide for Beginners and the Truly Skeptical. San Francisco: John Wily and Sons.
  • Sipahi, B., Yurtkoru, S., & Çinko, M. (2010). Sosyal Bilimlerde SPSS’le Veri Analizi. İstanbul: Beta Basım Yayım Dağıtım.
  • Sivo, S.A., Pan, C.C. and Hahs-Vaughn, D.L. (2007), “Combined Longitudinal Effects of Attitude and Subjective Norms on Student Outcomes in a Web-Enhanced Course: A Structural Equation Modeling Approach. British Journal of Educational Technology, 38(5), 861-75.
  • Smith, P.J. (2005). Learning Preferences and Readiness for Online Learning. An International Journal of Experimental Educational Psychology, 25(1), 3-12.
  • Smith, P.J., Murphy, K.L., & Mahoney, S.E. (2003): Towards Identifying Factors Underlying Readiness for Online Learning: An Exploratory Study, Distance Education, 24(1), 57
  • Sun, P.C., Tsai, R.C., Finger, G., Chen, Y.Y., & Yeh, D. (2008). What Drives a Successful eLearning? An Empirical Investigation of the Critical Factors Influencing Learner Satisfaction. Computers & Education, 50, 1183-1202.
  • Stansfield, M., McLellan, E., & Connolly, T. (2004). Enhancing Student Performance in Online Learning and Traditional Face-to-Face Class Delivery. Journal of Information Technology Education, 3, 173-188.
  • Şahin, İ. (2009). Eğitsel İnternet Kullanım Özyeterliği İnançları Ölçeğinin Geçerliği ve Güvenirliği. Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 21, 461-471.
  • Tezbaşaran, A. (1997). Likert Tipi Ölçek Hazırlama Kılavuzu. Ankara: Türk Psikologlar Derneği. Thurber, S., & Bonynge, M.R. (2011). SEM-Based Composite Reliability Estimates of the Crisis Acuity Rating Scale with Children and Adolescents. Archives of Assessment Psychology, 1(1).
  • Trentin, G. (1997). Telematics and Online Teacher Training: The POLARIS Project. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 13, 261–270.
  • Tsai, C.C., & Lin, C.C. (2004). Taiwanese Adolescents’ Perceptions and Attitudes Regarding the Internet: Exploring Gender Differences. Adolescence, 39, 725-734.
  • Urbina, S. (2004). Essentials of Psychological Testing. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons. Inc.
  • Vonderwell, S., & Savery, J. (2004). Onlıne Learning: Student Role And Readiness. The Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology-TOJET, 3(3), 38-42.
  • Vrasidas, C., & McIsaac, M.C. (2000). Principles of Pedagogy and Evaluation for web-Based Learning. Education Media International, 37(2), 105-111.
  • Watkins, R. (2003). Readiness for Online Learning Self-Assessment. In E.Biech (Ed.), The 2003 Pfeiffer Annual:Training. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass-Pfeiffer.
  • Watkins, R., Leigh, D., & Triner, D. (2004). Assessing Readiness for E-Learning. Performance Improvement Quarterly, 17(4), 66–79.
  • Weston, R., & Gore, P.A. (2006). A Brief Guide to Structural Equation Modeling. The Counseling Psychologist, 34(5), 719-751.
  • Wojciechowski, A., & Palmer, L.B. (2005). Individual Student Characteristics: Can Any Be Predictors of Success in Online Classes? Online Journal of Distance Learning Administration, 8(2). 20 Haziran 2013 tarihinde http://www.westga.edu/~distance/ojdla/summer82/wojciechowski82.htm adresinden alınmıştır.
  • Wolfe, C.R. (2000). Learning and Teaching on the World Wide Web. In C.D. Wolfe. (Eds.), Learning and teaching on the World Wide Web (pp. 1-22). Academic Press.
  • Yang, Y., & Green, S.B. (2011). Coefficient Alpha: A Reliability Coefficient for the 21st Century? Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 29(4) 377-392.
Toplam 78 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Mustafa İlhan Bu kişi benim

Bayram Çetin Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Ağustos 2013
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2013 Cilt: 3 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA İlhan, M., & Çetin, B. (2013). Çevrimiçi Öğrenmeye Yönelik Hazır Bulunuşluk Ölçeği’nin (ÇÖHBÖ) Türkçe Formunun Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması. Eğitim Teknolojisi Kuram Ve Uygulama, 3(2), 72-101.