Reflections of Fears of Children to Drawings

Yıl 2019, , 763 - 779, 15.07.2019

Ertugrul Talu

https://doi.org/10.12973/eu-jer.8.3.763

Öz

The purpose of this study is to examine the fears of children who are 6-10 years old via drawings. In this study, phenomenology research design which is among qualitative research methods was used. The study group of the study consisted of 314 children aged between 6 and 10 years in three primary schools in Kirsehir city center in 2017-2018 academic year. The data obtained from the participants were analyzed by using the content analysis method. As a result of the research, the drawings were collected under 6 categories according to their similar characteristics .When the drawings obtained from the children were classified, it was seen that the most fear is related to the category of animals, while the least fear is related to the drawings of the category of fears related to medical. In addition, children preferred to use black, red, blue, yellow and green colors in their fear themed drawings.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Fears, drawing, 6 -10 years old children, colors

Kaynakça

• Arici, B. (2006). Resim, psikoloji ve cocugun dunyasinda resim [Painting, psychology and painting in the world of the child]. Ataturk University Faculty of Fine Art Journal, 10(2), 15-22.
• Aytuna, A.H. (1976). Normal cocuklarda anormallikler [Abnormalities in normal children] [Ministry of National Education Publications], Istanbul, Turkey.
• Babaoglu, M. (2016). Ilkokul ogrencilerinde bireysel korkularin yasam kalitesi akademik basari ve oz-etkililik duzeyi ile iliskisi [Quality of life of individual fears in primary school students relationship between success and self-efficacy] (Unpublished master’s thesis). Dokuz Eylul University, Istanbul, Turkey.
• Bakanay, E.A. (2007). Karanlik korkusu [Fear of the dark]. Retrieved on March 2, 2018, from http://anneyiz.biz/haber.com.
• Bakircioglu, R. (2002). Cocuk ruh sagligi ve uyum bozukluklari [Child mental health and adjustment disorders ]. Ankara, Turkey: Ani.
• Bal, H. (2010). Ilkogretim I. kademe ogrencilerinin korkulari ve gelisimsel ozellikleri [Fears and developmental characteristics of primary school students] (Unpublished master’ thesis). Sakarya University, Turkey.
• Bati, D. (2012). 4-12 Yas cocuk resimleri ve onlarin ic dunyalarinin resimlerine yansimasi [Pictures of 4-12 years old children and their inner worlds](Unpublished master’ thesis). Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey.
• Beck, L., & Feldman, R. S. (1989). Enhancing children’s decoding of facial expression. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 13(4), 269-278.
• Bogdan, R. C., & Biklen, S.K. (2007). Qualitative research for education. Boston, MA: Pearson.
• Bornholt, L. J., & Ingram, A. (2001). Personal and social identity in children's self-concepts about drawing. Educational Psychology, 2(2), 151-166.
• Burkitt, E., Barrett, M., & Davis, A. (2009). Effects of different emotion terms on the size and colour of children’s drawings. International Journal of Art Therapy, 14(2), 74-84.
• Burkitt, E., & Newel,T. (2005). Effects of human figure type on children’s use of colour to depict sadness and happiness. International Journal of Art Therapy, 10(1), 15- 22.
• Burkovik, H. Y., & Tan, O. (2006). Korku-yorum: Korkularimiz, sebepleri ve basa cikma yollari [Fear-review: Our fears, causes and coping roads]. Istanbul, Turkey: Timas.
• Burns, C. R., & Kaufman, S. (1972). Actions, styles and symbols in kinetic family drawings. An interpretation manual. New York, NY: Brunner/Mazel.
• Burnham, J. (2005). Fears of children in the United States: An examination of the American Fear Survey Schedule with 20 contemporary fear items. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 38(2), 78-91.
• Burnham, J., Lomax, R., & Hooper, L. (2013). Gender, age, and racial differences in self-reported fears among school-aged youth. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 22(2), 268–278.
• Cherney, I. D., Seiwert, C. S., Dickey, T.M., & Flichtbeil, J. D. (2006). Children's drawings: A mirror to their minds. Educational Psychology, 26(1), 127–142.
• Christie E., & MacMullin C. (1998). What do children worry about? Australian Journal of Guidance and Counseling, 8(1), 9-24.
• Cohen, L., Manion, L., & Morrison, K. (2007). Research methods in education.(6th ed.). NewYork, NY: Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group.
• Capli, O. (1993). Cocuklarin genclerin egitimi [Education of children's youth]. Ankara, Turkey: Bilgi.
• Cimen, S. (2009). Yatili ilkogretim bolge okulunda ogrenim goren kiz ogrencilerin koy kentteki yasamlarinin resimlerine yansimalarinin degerlendirilmesi (Hakkari ili ornegi)[Evaluating the reflections of the life of female students studying at the regional elementary school in their villages in the village(A case study in Hakkari)] (Published master's thesis). Abant Izzet Baysal University, Bolu, Turkey.
• Driessnack, M. (2006). Draw-and-tell conversations with children about fear. Qualitative Health Research, 16(10), 1414–1435.
• Dong, Q., Yang, B., & Ollendick, T.H. (1994). Fears in Chinese children and their relations to anxiety and depression. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 35(2), 351-363.
• Elmaci F. (2006). Ergenlerin yasam korkularinin incelenmesi [Investigation of the life fears of adolescents]. Paper presented at the Bahcesehir University Counseling and Guidance Symposium. Bahcesehir University, Istanbul, Turkey.
• Fox, T., & Thomas, G. V. (1990). Children’s drawings of an anxiety-eliciting topic: Effect on size of the drawing. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 29(1), 71-81.
• Golomb, C. (2004). The child's creation of a pictorial world. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
• Graziano, A. M., Degiovanni, I. S., & Garcia, K. A. (1979). Behavioral treatment of children’s fears: A Review. Psychological
• Bulletin, 86(4), 804-830.
• Guvenc, E. (2005). Ilkogretim birinci basamagi cocuk resimlerinde renk kullaniminda okul, aile ve kulturel etkilerin arastirilmasi [Primary school children in primary schoolinvestigation of family and cultural influences] (Unpublished master's thesis). Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey.
• Hancerlioglu, O. (1988). Ruh bilim sozlugu[Psychology dictionary]. Istanbul, Turkey: Remzi Kitapevi.
• Hill, C. E., Thompson, B. J., & Williams, E. N. (1997). A Guide to conducting consensual qualitative research. The Counseling Psychologist, 25(4), 517-572.
• Ingman, K., Ollendick, T., & Akande, A. (1999). Cross-cultural aspects of fears in African children and adolescents. Behavior Research Therapy, 37, 337-345.
• Inan, B. (2006). Ana sinifi cocuklarinin duygu ve dusuncelerini ifade etmelerinde cocuk resimlerinin onemi (6 yas grubu)[The importance of children's pictures in expressing the feelings and thoughts of the children of the primary class (age group 6)](Unpublished master's thesis). Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey.
• Jersild, A., & Holmes, F. (1935). Childrens’ fears. New York City: Teachers College Columbia University.
• Karakas, S. (1995). Psikolojiye giris [Introduction to Psychology]. Ankara, Turkey: Hacettepe University Department of Psychology Publications.
• Kearney, S. K., & Hyle, E. A. (2004). Drawing out emotions: The use of participant-produced drawings in qualitative inquiry. Qualitative Research, 4(3), 361-382.
• Kindap, Y., & Sayil, M. (2005). Cocuk cizimlerinde temsil ve ifade: dogrusal ve dogrusal olmayan gelisim [Representation and expression in children's drawings: linear and nonlinear development]. Turkish Journal of Psychology, 20(56), 25-39.
• King, N., & Ollendick, T. (1989). Children's anxiety and phobic disorders in school settings: Classification, assessment and intervention issues. Review of Educational Research, 59(4), 431-470.
• Koknel, O. (2004). Korkular takintilar saplantilar [Fears obsessions obsessions] (5. Ed.).Istanbul, Turkey: Altin Kitaplar.
• Lane, B., & Gullone, E. (1999). Common fears: A comparison of adolescents’ self generated and fear survey generated fears. Journal of Genetic Psychology , 160(2), 194- 203.
• Leblebici, D. N., & Kilic, M. (2004). Icerik analizi [Content analysis]. Ankara, Turkey: Hacettepe University Publications.
• Leonard, M. (2006). Children’s drawings as a methodological tool: Reflections on the eleven plus system in Northern Ireland. Irish Journal of Sociology, 15(2), 52–66.
• Li, H., & Prevatt, F. (2007). Fears and related anxieties across three age groups of Mexican American and white children with disabilities. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 168(4), 381-400.
• Malchiodi, C. A. (2005). Cocuklarin resimlerini anlamak [To understand the pictures of children] (T. Yurtbay, Trans.). Istanbul, Turkey: Epsilon.
• Marasuna, O. A., & Eroglu, K. (2013). Ortaokul ogrencilerinin tibbi islem korkulari ve etkileyen faktorler [Medical treatment fears and affecting factors of middle school students]. Journal of Pediatrics, 11(1), 13-22.
• Miles, M. B., & Huberman, A. M. (1994). Qualitative data analysis, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
• Miller, L., Barret, C., & Hampe, E. (1974). Phobias in childhood in a prescientific era. In A. Davis (Ed.). Child Personality and Psychopatology: Current topics (pp. 84–120). New York, NY: Wiley.
• Misailidi, P., & Bonoti, F. (2008). Emotion in children's art: do young children understand the emotions expressed in other children's drawings? Journal of Early Childhood Research, 6(2), 189–200.
• Muris, P., & Merckelbach, H. (2000). How serious are common childhood fears? The parent’s point of view. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 38(8), 813–818.
• Muris, P., Merckelbach, H., Jong, P. D., & Ollendick, T. (2002). The etiology of specific fears and phobias in children: a critique of the non-associative account. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 40(2), 185–195. doi:10.1016/S0005- 7967(01)00051-1.
• Oghii, O. (2015). Fears of preschool and primary school children with regard to gender, age and cultural identity: Cross cultural study (Unpublished master’ thesis). Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey.
• Ollendick, T., Matson, J., & Helsel, W. (1985). Fears in children and adolescents: Normative data. Behavior Research and Therapy, 23(4), 465-467.
• Oya, R., & Ovec, O. (2017). 66-72 Aylik cocuklarin sevgi, mutluluk, korku, uzuntu duygularini tanimlama durumlarinin ve resmederken kullandiklari renklerin incelenmesi [Children aged between 66-72 months with love, happiness, fear, sorrow, and the color of their description of the situations used to describe the feelings of paintings]. Uludag University Journal of Education Faculty, 30(1), 265-289.
• Ovec, O. (2012). Okul oncesi egitim alan 6 yas cocuklarinin bazi duygulari (sevgi, korku, mutluluk, uzuntu) resmetmelerinin incelenmesi [An examination of some of the emotions (love, fear, happiness, sadness) of 6 years old children receiving pre-school education ] (Unpublished master’ thesis). Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey.
• Ratcliff, D. (1995). Validity and reliability in qualitative research. Retrieved on February 12, 2018, from http://qualitative research.Ratcliffs.net/Validity.pdf.
• Robinson E.H., Rotter, J. C., Fey, M., & Robinson, S. L. (1991). Children’s fear : Toward a preventive model. School Counselor, 38(3), 187-202.
• Saban, A. (2009). Ogretmen adaylarinin ogrenci kavramina iliskin sahip olduklari zihinsel imgeler [The mental images of student teachers about the concept of studentinsel]. Turkish Journal of Education Sciences, 7(2), 281-326.
• Sargin, N. (2001). Cocuklarda ruh sagligi [Mental health in children]. Ankara, Turkey: Nobel.
• Savas, I. (2014). Cocuk resmi ve bilincalti [Children's art and subconscious] (Unpublished master’ thesis). Arel University, Istanbul, Turkey.
• Sayil, M. (1998). The development of emotional facial drawings in children. Journal of Child and Adolescence Mental Health, 4(4), 129-133.
• Schirrmacher, R. (2002). Art and creative development for young children (4th ed.). Clifton Park, NY: Delmar Thomson Learning.
• Serim, B. (2010). Nature, severity and origins of fears among children and adolescents with respect to age, gender and socioeconomic status (Unpublished master’ thesis). Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey.
• Serim, B., Erdur-Baker, O., & Bugay, A. (2013). The common fears and their origins among Turkish children and adolescents. Behaviour Change, 30(3), 199-209.
• Silverman W. K., La Greca A.M., & Wasserstein S. (1995). What do children worry about? Worries and their relation to anxiety. Child Development, 66(3), 671- 686.
• Spence, S., & McCathie, H. (1993). The stability of fears in children: a two-year prospectivestudy: A research note. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 34(4), 579–585.
• Snipstad, M.B., Therese G., & Winje D. (2005). What do Tanzanian children worry about? African Journal of AIDS Research, 4(3), 183- 193.
• Solter, A. (2015). ‘Child afraid of night- time. Retrieved on March 3, 2018, from http:// monsters/awareparenting.com.
• Senol, S. (2006). Korkular gelisimsel anlami ve tedavisi [Development and meaning of fears]. Istanbul, Turkey: Morpa Kultur.
• Tavsancil, E., & Aslan, E. (2001). Icerik analizi ve uygulama ornekleri [Content analysis and application examples]. Istanbul, Turkey: Epsilon.
• Thomas, G.V., & Jolley, R.P. (1998). Drawing conclusions: A re-examination of empirical and conceptual bases for psychological evaluation of children from their drawings. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 37(2) 127-139.
• White, C. R., Wallace, J., & Huffman, L. C. (2004). Use of drawings to identify thought impairment among students with emotional and behavioral disorders: An Exploratory study. Journal of The American Art Therapy Associations, 21(4), 210-218.
• Yalcin, M., & Erginer, A. (2014). Ilkogretim okulu ogrencilerinin okul muduru algilarina iliskinyaptiklari cizimler [Primary school students' perceptions of school principals]. Education and Science, 39(171), 270-285.
• Yanbasti, A.G. (1990). Kisilik kuramlari [Personality theories]. Izmir, Turkey: Ege University Faculty of Letters Publications.
• Yavuzer, H. (2007). Resimleriyle cocuk [Children with pictures ] (12th Ed.). Istanbul, Turkey: Remzi.
• Yildirim, A., & Simsek, H. (2013). Sosyal bilimlerde nitel arastirma yontemleri [Qualitative research methods in the social sciences]. Ankara, Turkey: Seckin.
• Young A. R., & Szpunar M. (2012). Parenting and fear and anxiety in young children. Integrating Science and Practice, 2(1), 10-14.
• Yorukoglu, A. (2000). Cocuk ruh sagligi: Cocugun kisilik gelisimi, yetistirilmesi ve ruhsal sorunlari [Child mental health: child's personality development, training and mental problems]. Istanbul, Turkey: Ozgur.
• Zulliger, H. (2005). Cocuklarimizin korkulari [Fear of our children](K.Sipal, Trans.) (3rd. ed.). Istanbul, Turkey: Cem.