Budget Plan to Manage Income and Expenses in College Students: Some Features that Explain It

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to describe the actions taken by college students to face their future retirement. For this, the test designed by the National Commission for the Protection and Defense of Financial Services Users (CONDUSEF) in Mexico was used, which has items related to financial knowledge, specifically topics about savings, emergency funds and life insurance, among others. The instrument was applied to 60 UPAV college students of different levels, during the school cycle of February-August 2018, in the city of Xalapa, Veracruz; it should be noted that the range of age was older than 21 but younger than 23 years old. The descriptive analysis showed results that lead us to believe that students have emergency funds (53%) but these are used to face unexpected situations (59%); also, students do not have life insurance, which could be concerning in their personal and family life if/when they have to face a present or future illness. Regarding car insurance, most of the respondents stated that they do not own one, besides considering it an unnecessary expense. One of the study limitations was the surveyed population; hence the need to widen this research to encompass more students from such geographical area in order to obtain a wider outlook of said behavior.

Keywords

• Prevision plan,savings,life insurance,car insurance

Kaynakça

1. Banamex-UNAM (March, 2008). Primera Encuesta sobre cultura financiera en Mexico [First survey about financial culture in Mexico]. Retrieved from https://gruporepensares.files.wordpress.com/2011/11/cfmexico.pdf
2. Bajtelsmit, V. L., Bernasek, A., & Jianakoplos, N. A. (1999). Gender differences in defined contribution pension decisions. Financial Services Review, 8(1), 1-10.
3. Bassett, W. F., Fleming, M. J., & Rodrigues, A. (1998). How workers use 401(k) plans: the participation, contribution, and withdrawal decisions. National Tax Journal, 51(2), 263-289.
4. Beck, T., Levine, R., & Loayza, N. (2000). Finance and the sources of growth. Journal of financial economics, 58(1-2), 261-300.
5. Beck, T., Demirguc-Kunt, A., & Levine, R. (2007). Finance, inequality and the poor. Journal of economic growth, 12(1), 27-49.
6. Bernheim, B. D., & Garrett, D. M. (1996). The determinants and consequences of financial education in the workplace: Evidence from a survey of households (No. w5667). National Bureau of Economic Research. Retrieved from https://www.nber.org/papers/w5667.pdf
7. Bernheim, B. D., Skinner, J., & Weinberg, S. (1997). What accounts for the variation in retirement wealth among US households? (No. w6227). National Bureau of Economic Research. Retrieved from https://www.nber.org/papers/w6227.pdf
8. Blank, E. C. (1999). Pension type and retirement wealth. Industrial Relations: A Journal of Economy and Society, 38(1), 1–10.

9. Bowen, C. F., Lago, D. J., & Furry, M. M. (1997). Money management in families: A review of the literature with a racial, ethnic, and limited income perspective. Advancing the Consumer Interest, 9(2), 32-42.
10. BsLatAm. (2016). Mercado asegurador del Brasil se contrae un 6.20% interanual medido en USD [Brazil´s insurance market contracted by 6.20% each year measured in USD]. Retrieved from: https://bit.ly/2JxytTy.
11. Burtless, G. (1999). Effects of growing wage disparities and changing family composition on the US income distribution. European Economic Review, 43(4-6), 853-865.
12. Chan, S. F., Chau, A. W. L., & Chan, K. Y. K. (2012). Financial knowledge and aptitudes: Impacts on college students' financial well-being. College Student Journal, 46(1), 114-133.
13. Chen, H., & Volpe, R. P. (1998). An analysis of personal financial literacy among college students. Financial services review, 7(2), 107-128.
14. Chowa, G., Ansong, D., & Masa, R. (2010). Assets and child well-being in developing countries: A research review. Children and Youth Services Review, 32(11), 1508-1519.
15. Cohn, R. A., Lewellen, W. G., Lease, R. C., & Schlarbaum, G. G. (1975). Individual investor risk aversion and investment portfolio composition. Journal of Finance, 30(2), 605-620.
16. CONDUSEF (2018). La Educacion Financiera. Una aliada en el manejo de tus finanzas. [Financial literacy. An ally in finances management]. Retrieved from: https://bit.ly/2LJIqzS
17. Danes, S. M., & Hira, T. K. (1987). Money management knowledge of college students. Journal of Student Financial Aid, 17(1), 4-16.
18. Demirguc-Kunt, A., & Levine, R. (2009). Finance and inequality: Theory and evidence. Annual Review of Financial Economics, 1(1), 287-318.
19. DeVaney, S. A., & Su, Y. (1997). Factors predicting the most important source of retirement income. Compensation and Working Conditions, 2(3), 25–31.
20. DeVaney, S. A., & Chiremba, S. (2005). Comparing the retirement savings of the baby boomers and other cohorts. Washington, DC: US Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
21. Edufinet (2007-2017). Educacion Financiera en la red. Proyecto de responsabilidad social en la red [Financial literacy on the net. Social responsibility project on the net]. Retrieved from https://bit.ly/2G2dlnu
22. Ferraro, K. F., & Su, Y. P. (1999). Financial strain, social relations, and psychological distress among older people: A cross-cultural analysis. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 54(1), 3-15.
23. Fry, T. R. L., Mihajilo, S., Russell, R., & Brooks, R. (2008). The factors influencing saving in a matched savings program: Goals, knowledge of payment instruments, and other behavior. Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 29(2), 234-250.
24. Furnham, A. (1999). The saving and spending habits of young people. Journal of Economic Psychology, 20(6), 677-697.
25. Glass, J. C., & Kilpatrick, B. B. (1998). Financial planning for retirement: an imperative for baby boomer women. Educational Gerontology, 24(6), 595– 617.
26. Gomez-Soto, F. (2009). Educacion financiera: retos y lecciones a partir de experiencias representativas en el mundo. [Financial literacy: challenges and lessons from representative experiences in the world]. Proyecto Capital enbreve No. 10. Retrieved from http://repositorio.iep.org.pe/bitstream/IEP/1054/1/G%c3%b3mez-Franz_Educacion-financiera-retos-lecciones.pdf
27. Grable, J. E., & Lytton, R. H. (1997). Determinants of retirement savings plan participation: A discriminant analysis. Personal Finances and Worker Productivity, 1(1), 184-189.
28. Henkens, K. (1999). Retirement intentions and spousal support: A multi-actor approach. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 54(2), 63-73.
29. Hershey, D. A., & Mowen, J. C. (2000). Psychological determinants of financial preparedness for retirement. The Gerontologist, 40(6), 687-697.
30. Hilgert, M. A., Hogarth, J. M., & Beverly, S. G. (2003). Household financial management: The connection between knowledge and behavior. Federal Reserve Bulletin, 89, 309-322.
31. IMSS (April 18th, 2015). El numero de seguridad social del IMSS sera el mismo como estudiante y en la vida laboral. [The social security number will be the same as student and in working life]. Retrieved from https://www.gob.mx/gobmx/articulos/el-numero-de-seguridad-social-del-imss-sera-el-mismo-como-estudiante-y-en-la-vida-laboral-afiliatealimss
32. Jariah, M., Husniyah, A. R., Laily, P., & Britt, S. (2004). Financial behavior and problems among university students: Need for financial education. Journal of Personal Finance, 3(1), 82-96.
33. Karlan, D., & Morduch, J. (2009). Access to Finance. Chapter 2, Handbook of development economics, 5. Retrieved from: http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.205.6947&rep=rep1&type=pdf
34. King, R. G., & Levine, R. (1993). Finance and growth: Schumpeter might be right. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 108(3), 717–37.
35. Klapper, L., Laeven, L., & Rajan, R. (2006). Entry regulation as a barrier to entrepreneurship. Journal of financial economics, 82(3), 591-629.
36. Kleinman, G., Anandarajan, A., & Lawrence, K.(1999). An analysis of the move toward defined contribution pension plans: are the rewards commensurate with the risks? Journal of Pension Planning and Compliance, 25, 61– 89.
37. Kotlikoff, L. J., & Morris, J. N. (1989). How much care do the aged receive from their children? A bimodal picture of contact assistance. In D. A. Wise (Ed.), The economics of aging (pp. 151–175). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
38. Lewellen, Cohn, R. A., W. G., Lease, R. C., & Schlarbaum, G. G. (1975). Individual investor risk aversion and investment portfolio composition. The Journal of Finance, 30(2), 605-620.
39. Lusardi, A. (1999). Information, expectations, and savings for retirement. In H. J. Aaron (Ed.), Behavioral dimensions of retirement (pp. 81–123). Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press.
40. Lusardi, A. (2009). Household Savings Behavior: The Role of Financial Literacy, Information and Financial Education Programs. In Foote, C., Goette, L. & Meier, S. (Eds), Policymaking Insights from Behavioral Economics. (pp. 109–149). Boston Massachusetts, USA: Federal Reserve Bank of Boston.
41. Malroutu, Y. L., & Xiao, J. J. (1995). Perceived adequacy of retirement income. Financial Counseling and Planning, 6, 17-23.
42. Mandell, L. (2005). Financial literacy: Does it matter. Buffalo, NY: University of Buffalo.
43. Mandell, L. (2008). The financial literacy of young American adults: Results of the 2008 National Jump $tart Coalition survey of high school seniors and college students. Washington, DC: The Jump $ tart Coalition for Personal Financial Literacy. Retrieved from: http://views.smgww.org/assets/pdf/2008%20JumpStart%20Financial%20Literacy%20Survey.pdf
44. Meier, S., & Sprenger, C. (2008). Discounting financial literacy: Time preferences and participation in financial education programmes (IZA Discussion Paper No. 3507). Journal of Economic Behaviour and Organization, 95, 159–174.
45. Mitchell, O. S., & Moore, J. F. (1998). Can Americans afford to retire? New evidence on retirement savings adequacy. The Journal of Risk Insurance, 65(3), 371– 400.
46. Moreno-Garcia, E., Garcia-Santillan, A., Bermudez, A., and Almeida, P.C. (2015) Restructuring debt proposal in three hypothetical scenarios: Equal payments, different amounts and one unknown payment, different amounts and three unknown payment. Journal of Progressive Research in Mathematics, 4(1) 233-246.
47. OECD (2008), Education at a glance. OECD Indicators 2008. Retrieved from: http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.220.136&rep=rep1&type=pdf
48. OECD (2007): Giving Knowledge for Free: The Emergence of Open Educational Resources. Retrieved from: https://www.oecd.org/education/ceri/38851849.pdf
49. Plan Nacional de Desarrollo [National Development Plan] 2007-2012. Retrieved from: http://pnd.calderon.presidencia.gob.mx/pdf/PND_2007-2012.pdf
50. Programa Nacional de Financiamiento del Desarrollo [National Program of Development Financing] 2008-2012. Retrieved from: https://bit.ly/2Y2zKeF
51. Reasie, H., Weber, J. G., & Yarbrough, D. (2001). Money management practices of college students. College Student Journal, 35(2), 244-244.
52. Schreiner, M., & Sherraden, M. (2007). Can the poor save? Saving and asset building in individual development accounts. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction.
53. Scholtz, J. K. (1992). A direct examination on the dividend clientele hypothesis. Journal of Public Economics, 49(3), 261-285.
54. Shanks, T. R. W., Kim, Y., Loke, V., & Destin, M. (2010). Assets and child well-being in developed countries. Children and Youth Services Review, 32(11), 1488-1496.
55. Shahrabani, S. (2012). The effect of financial literacy and emotions on intent to control personal budget: A study among Israeli college students. International Journal of Economics and Finance, 4(9), 156-163.
56. Sherraden, M. (1991). Assets and the poor: A new American welfare policy. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe.
57. Sonuga-Barke, E. J. S., & Webley, P. (1993). Children's saving: A study in the development of economic behaviour. East Sussex: UK.
58. Sterns, H. L. (1998). The decision to retire or work. In K. W. Schaie & C. Schooler (Eds.), Impact of work on older adults (pp. 131–142). New York, NY: Springer.
59. The Global Findex Database (2017). Retrieved from https://globalfindex.worldbank.org/index.php/basic-page-overview
60. Wiatrowski, W. (1993). Factors affecting retirement income. Monthly Labor Review, 116(3), 25–35.
61. World Bank. 2008. Finance for all? Policies and pitfalls in expanding access. Washington, DC: World Bank.
62. Yuh, Y., & Olson, P. (1997). Factors affecting the retirement fund levels of self-employed households and wage and salary households. Family Economics and Resource Management Biennial, 2, 25–31.