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Q HUMMASI’NIN EPİDEMİYOLOJİSİ VE TEŞHİSİ

Yıl 2009, Cilt: 18 Sayı: 2, 100 - 110, 01.06.2009

Gökben Özbey Hakan Kalender Adile Muz

Öz

Query (Q) humması birçok ülkede görülen,zorunlu hücre içi, Gram negatif bir bakteri olanCoxiella burnetii’nin sebep olduğu zoonotik birhastalıktır. Hastalık insanları, evcil ve yabanimemelileri, artropodları, kuşları ve evcil hayvanlarıetkiler.pnömoni, hepatit ve kronik endokardite vehayvanlarda yavru atma ve infertiliteye nedenolabilir. Hayvanlardan insanlara da bulaştığı içinhalk sağlığı açısından da büyük önem taşımaktadır.Bu epidemiyolojisi ele alınmıştır

Anahtar Kelimeler

Q humması Coxiella burnetii epidemiyoloji teşhis

Kaynakça

  • Derrick EH. “Q” fever, new fever entity: clinical features, diagnosis and laboratory investigation. Med J Aust 1937; 2: 281–299.
  • Arda M, Minbay A, Leloğlu N, ve ark. Özel Mikrobiyoloji. In: Leloğlu N. (ed.). Medisan Yayın Serisi, No. 26, Ankara 1999; ss 286
  • Aydın N, İzgür M, Diker KS, ve ark. Veteri- ner Mikrobiyoloji (Bakteriyel Hastalıklar). Aydın N, Paracıkoğlu J. (Eds). İlke-Emek Yayınları, Ankara 2006; ss 219-221.
  • Labrenz M, Hirsch P. The genus Coxiella. In: Bacteriology, Garrity G., Boone DR, Castenholz RW (eds), Springer-Verlag, New York, USA 2003. Of Systematic
  • Maurin M, Raoult D. Q fever. Clin Microbiol Rev 1999; 12: 518-553.
  • Gimenez DF. Staining rickettsiae in yolk sac cultures. Stain Technol 1964; 30: 135–
  • Lang GH. Coxiellosis (Q fever) in Animals. In: Marrie TJ (ed), Q fever. I. The disease. Boca Raton, Fla: CRC Press, Inc 1990.
  • Arricau-Bouvery N, Rodolakis A. Is Q fever an emerging or re-emerging zoonosis? Vet Res 2005; 36: 327-349. Terheggen manifestations of Q fever in adults and children. Travel Med Infect Dis 2007; 5: 64. PA. Clinical
  • Gami AS, Antonios VS, Thompson RL, Chaliki HP, Ammash NM. Q fever endocarditis in the United States. Mayo Clin Proc 2004; 79: 253-257.
  • Fenollar F, Fournier PE, Carrieri MP, Ha- bib G, Messana T, Raoult D. Risks factors and prevention of Q fever endocarditis. Clin Infect Dis 2001; 33: 312-316.
  • Hartzell JD, Wood-Morris RN, Martinez LJ, Trotta diagnosis, and treatment. Mayo Clin Proc ; 83: 574-579. epidemiology, Ho T, Htwe KK, Yamasaki N, et al. Isolation of Coxiella burnetii from dairy cattle and ticks, and some characteristics of the isolates in Japan. Microbiol Immunol 1995; : 663–671.
  • Babudieri B. Q fever: a zoonosis. Adv Vet Sci 1959; 5: 81-154.
  • Buhariwalla F, Cann B, Marrie TJ. A dog related outbreak of Q fever. Clin Infect Dis ; 23: 753–755. Marrie TJ, Durant H, Williams JC, Mintz E, Waag DM. Exposure to parturient cats is a risk factor for acquisition of Q fever in Maritime Canada. J Infect Dis 1988; 158: –108. de la Fuente J, Naranjo V, Ruiz-Fons F, et al. Prevalence of tick-borne pathogens in
  • Ixodid ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) collected from European wild boar (Sus scrofa) and Iberian hispanicus) in central Spain. Eur J Wild Res ; 50: 187-196. (Cervus elaphus Eklund CM, Parker RR, Lackman DB. A case of Q fever probably contracted by exposure to ticks in nature. Public Health Rep 1947; 62: 1413–1416.
  • Webster JP, Lloyd G, Macdonald DW. Q fever (Coxiella burnetii) reservoir in wild brown rat (Rattus norvegicus) populations in the UK. Parasitology 1995; 110: 31–35. Fretz
  • Baumgartner A. Screening of various foodstuffs for occurrence of Coxiella burnetii in Switzerland. Int J Food Microbiol 2007; 116: 414-418. Tanner M,
  • Htwe KK, Amano K, Sugiyama Y, et al. Seroepidemiology of Coxiella burnetii in domestic and companion animals in Japan. Vet Rec 1992; 131: 490.
  • Hellenbrand W, Breuer T, Petersen L. Changing epidemiology of Q fever in Germany, 1947-1999. Emerg Infect Dis ; 7: 789-796.
  • Carrieri MP, Tissot-Dupont H, Rey D, et al. Investigation of a slaughterhouse-related outbreak of Q fever in the French Alps. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2002; 21: 17-21.
  • Fishbein DB, Raoult D. A cluster of Coxiella burnetii infections associated with exposure to vaccinated goats and their unpasteurized dairy products. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1992; 47: 5-40.
  • Hatchette TF, Hudson RC, Schlech WF, et al. Goat-associated Q fever: a new disease in newfoundland. Emerg Infect Dis 2001; 7: 419.
  • Tylewska-Wierbanowska SK, Kruszewka D. Q-fever sexually transmitted infection? J Infect Dis 1990; 161: 368–369.
  • Greenslade E, Beasley R, Jennings L, Woodward A, Weinstein P. Has Coxiella burnetii (Q fever) been introduced into New Zealand? Emerg Infect Dis 2003; 9: 138
  • McCaughey C, McKenna J, McKenna C, et al. Human Seroprevalence to Coxiella burnetii (Q fever) in Northern Ireland. Zoonoses Public Health 2008; 55: 189-194. Psaroulaki
  • Loukaides F, et al. Epidemiological study of Q fever in humans, ruminant animals, and ticks in Cyprus using a geographical information system. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2006; 25: 576–586. C,
  • Dupuis G., Peter O, Mottiez MC, Vouilloz M. Seroprevalence of human Q fever in Switzerland. Schweiz Med Wochenschr ; 116: 494–498. Tissot DH, Raoult D, Brouqui P, et al. Epidemiologic presentation of acute Q fever in hospitalized patients: 323 French cases. Am J Med ; 93: 427–434. and clinical Kim SG, Kim EH, Lafferty C.J., Dubovi E. Coxiella burnetii in bulk tank milk samples, United States. Emerg Infect Dis 2005; 11: 621.
  • McQuiston JH, Holman RC, McCall CL, Childs JE, Swerdlow DL, Thompson HA. National surveillance and the epidemiology of human Q fever in the United States, 1978 2004. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2006; 75: 36
  • Leung-Shea C, Danaher PJ. Q fever in members of the United States armed forces returning from Iraq. Clin Infect Dis 2006; : e77-82.
  • Hartzell JD, Peng SW, Morris-Wood RN, et al. Atypical Q fever in US soldiers. Emerg Infect Dis 2007; 13: 1247-1249.
  • Payzın S. Türkiye’de Q humması Epidemi- yolojisi. Türk Hyg Tec Biol Derg 1949; 2: 110.
  • Gökçen SS. Ege Bölgesi sığırları arasında Q-fever vakalarının yaygınlık derecesinin mikroaglütinasyon tekniği ile araştırılması. Etlik Mikrobiyoloji Dergisi 1989; 6: 79-85.
  • Özyer M, Mirioğlu M, Köksal F. Çukurova Bölgesinde yaşayan insan ve hayvanlarda Q fever infeksiyonu insidansının komplement fiksasyon testi ile araştırılması. Pendik Hay- van Hastalıkları Merkezi Araştırma Enstitü- sü Dergisi 1990; 21: 28-39.
  • Özgür NY, Hasöksüz M, Yılmaz H, İkiz S, Ilgaz A. İnfertilite sorunu olan dişi sığırlar- da ve insanlarda Coxiella burnetii antikor- larının ELISA testi ile belirlenmesi ve seroprevalansının saptanması. Pendik Vete- riner Mikrobiyoloji Dergisi 1997; 28: 207
  • Seyitoğlu Ş, Özkurt Z, Dinler U, Okumuş B. The Seroprevalence of Coxiellosis in Farmers and Cattle in Erzurum District in Turkey. Turk J Vet Anim Sci 2006; 30: 71
  • Cetinkaya B, Kalender H, Ertas HB, et al. Seroprevalence of coxiellosis in cattle, sheep and people in the east of Turkey. Vet Rec 2000; 146: 131-136.
  • Kalender H. Elazığ ve komşu illerdeki ko- yunlarda Coxiella burnetii enfeksiyonunun yaygınlığı. Turk J Vet Anim Sci 2001; 25: 55.
  • Ongör H, Cetinkaya B, Karahan M, Açik MN, Bulut H, Muz A. Detection of Coxiella burnetii by immunomagnetic separation- PCR in the milk of sheep in Turkey. Vet Rec ; 154: 570-572. Berberoğlu U, Gozalan A, Kılıç S, Kurtoğlu D, Esen B. A seroprevalence study of in Antalya, Diyarbakir and Samsun provinces. Mikrobiyol Bült 2004; 38: 385-391.
  • Aydın N, Çelebi B, Komiya T, Karatepe B, Babür C, Kılıç S. İç Anadolu Bölgesi sokak kedilerinde seroprevalansının araştırılması, VII. Ulusal Veteriner Mikrobiyoloji Kongresi (Uluslar arası Katılımlı) Bildiri Kitabı, Antalya, 26- Eylül 2006, ss 200-201. burnetii antigen preparations for detection of serum antibodies by various tests. Acta Virol ; 42: 365-368.
  • World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) (2004). Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals.
  • Chapter 2.2.10., Q fever. http://www.oie.int/ eng/normes /mmanual/A_00049.htm.
  • Field PR, Mitchell JL, Santiago A, et al. Comparison of a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent immunofluorescence fixation tests for detection of Coxiella burnetii (Q fever) immunoglobulin M. J Clin Microbiol 2000; 38: 1645-1647. with complement
  • Berri M, Souriau A, Crosby M, Crochet D, Lechopier P, Rodolakis A, Relationships between the shedding of Coxiella burnetii, clinical signs and serological responses of sheep. Vet Rec 2001; 148: 502-505.
  • Fournier PE, Raoult D. Comparison of PCR and serology assays for early diagnosis of acute Q fever. J Clin Microbiol 2003; 41: 5098.
  • Willems H, Thiele D, Frolich-Ritter R, Krauss H. Detection of Coxiella burnetii in cow's milk using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Zentralbl Veterinarmed B ; 41: 580-587. Ibrahim A, Norlander L, Macellaro A, Sjöstedt A. Specific detection of Coxiella burnetii through partial amplification of S rDNA. Eur J Epidemiol 1997; 13:329
  • Lorenz H, Jäger C, Willems H, Baljer G. PCR detection of Coxiella burnetii from different clinical specimens, especially bovine milk, on the basis of DNA preparation with a silica matrix. Appl Environ Microbiol 1998; 64: 4234-4237.
  • Edingloh M, Merck CC, Manz E. Multiplex PCR for the diagnostic detection of Coxiella burnetii in cow's milk. Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr 1999; 112: 5-9.
  • Willems H, Thiele D, Krauss H. Plasmid based differentiation and detection of Coxiella burnetii in clinical samples. Eur J Epidemiol 1993; 9: 411-418.
  • Zhang GQ, Hotta A, Mizutani M, et al. Direct identification of Coxiella burnetii plasmids in human sera by nested PCR. J Clin Microbiol 1998; 36: 2210-2213.
  • Fenollar F, Fournier PE, Raoult D. Molecular detection of Coxiella burnetii in the sera of patients with Q fever endocarditis or vascular infection. J Clin Microbiol 2004; 42: 4919-4924.
  • Brennan RE, Samuel JE. Evaluation of Coxiella burnetii antibiotic susceptibilities by real-time PCR assay. J Clin Microbiol ; 41: 1869-1874.
  • Harris RJ, Storm PA, Lloyd A, Arens M, Marmion BP. Long-term persistence of Coxiella burnetii in the host after primary Q fever. Epidemiol Infect 2000; 124: 543-549.
  • Hoover TA, Vodkin MH, Williams JC. A Coxiella burnetti repeated DNA element resembling a bacterial insertion sequence. J Bacteriol 1992; 174: 5540-5548.
  • Klee SR, Tyczka J, Ellerbrok H, et al. Highly sensitive real-time PCR for specific detection and quantification of Coxiella burnetii. BMC Microbiol 2006; 6: 2.
  • Perez-del-Molino A, Aguado JM, Riancho JA, Sampredo I, Matorras P, Gonzales- Macias J. Erythromycin and the treatment of Antimicrob Chemother 1991; 28: 455–459. pneumonia. J
  • Vaidya VM, Malik SV, Kaur S, Kumar S, Barbuddhe SB. immunofluorescence assay and isolation method for diagnosis of Q fever in humans with Microbiol 2008; 46: 2038-2044. J Clin

Epidemiology and Diagnosis of Q Fever

Yıl 2009, Cilt: 18 Sayı: 2, 100 - 110, 01.06.2009

Gökben Özbey Hakan Kalender Adile Muz

Öz

Query (Q) fever, a zoonotic diseasecaused intracellular, Gram negative bacteria is seen inmost countries. The disease affects humans,domestic and wild mammals, arthropods, birds andpets. Q fever may cause acute flu-like illness,pneumonia, hepatitis, and chronic endocarditis inhumans and abortion or infertility in animals. It hasmajor importance for public health. This reviewsummarizes the knowledge on the diagnosis andepidemiology of Q fever

Anahtar Kelimeler

Q fever Coxiella burnetii epidemiology diagnosis

Kaynakça

  • Derrick EH. “Q” fever, new fever entity: clinical features, diagnosis and laboratory investigation. Med J Aust 1937; 2: 281–299.
  • Arda M, Minbay A, Leloğlu N, ve ark. Özel Mikrobiyoloji. In: Leloğlu N. (ed.). Medisan Yayın Serisi, No. 26, Ankara 1999; ss 286
  • Aydın N, İzgür M, Diker KS, ve ark. Veteri- ner Mikrobiyoloji (Bakteriyel Hastalıklar). Aydın N, Paracıkoğlu J. (Eds). İlke-Emek Yayınları, Ankara 2006; ss 219-221.
  • Labrenz M, Hirsch P. The genus Coxiella. In: Bacteriology, Garrity G., Boone DR, Castenholz RW (eds), Springer-Verlag, New York, USA 2003. Of Systematic
  • Maurin M, Raoult D. Q fever. Clin Microbiol Rev 1999; 12: 518-553.
  • Gimenez DF. Staining rickettsiae in yolk sac cultures. Stain Technol 1964; 30: 135–
  • Lang GH. Coxiellosis (Q fever) in Animals. In: Marrie TJ (ed), Q fever. I. The disease. Boca Raton, Fla: CRC Press, Inc 1990.
  • Arricau-Bouvery N, Rodolakis A. Is Q fever an emerging or re-emerging zoonosis? Vet Res 2005; 36: 327-349. Terheggen manifestations of Q fever in adults and children. Travel Med Infect Dis 2007; 5: 64. PA. Clinical
  • Gami AS, Antonios VS, Thompson RL, Chaliki HP, Ammash NM. Q fever endocarditis in the United States. Mayo Clin Proc 2004; 79: 253-257.
  • Fenollar F, Fournier PE, Carrieri MP, Ha- bib G, Messana T, Raoult D. Risks factors and prevention of Q fever endocarditis. Clin Infect Dis 2001; 33: 312-316.
  • Hartzell JD, Wood-Morris RN, Martinez LJ, Trotta diagnosis, and treatment. Mayo Clin Proc ; 83: 574-579. epidemiology, Ho T, Htwe KK, Yamasaki N, et al. Isolation of Coxiella burnetii from dairy cattle and ticks, and some characteristics of the isolates in Japan. Microbiol Immunol 1995; : 663–671.
  • Babudieri B. Q fever: a zoonosis. Adv Vet Sci 1959; 5: 81-154.
  • Buhariwalla F, Cann B, Marrie TJ. A dog related outbreak of Q fever. Clin Infect Dis ; 23: 753–755. Marrie TJ, Durant H, Williams JC, Mintz E, Waag DM. Exposure to parturient cats is a risk factor for acquisition of Q fever in Maritime Canada. J Infect Dis 1988; 158: –108. de la Fuente J, Naranjo V, Ruiz-Fons F, et al. Prevalence of tick-borne pathogens in
  • Ixodid ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) collected from European wild boar (Sus scrofa) and Iberian hispanicus) in central Spain. Eur J Wild Res ; 50: 187-196. (Cervus elaphus Eklund CM, Parker RR, Lackman DB. A case of Q fever probably contracted by exposure to ticks in nature. Public Health Rep 1947; 62: 1413–1416.
  • Webster JP, Lloyd G, Macdonald DW. Q fever (Coxiella burnetii) reservoir in wild brown rat (Rattus norvegicus) populations in the UK. Parasitology 1995; 110: 31–35. Fretz
  • Baumgartner A. Screening of various foodstuffs for occurrence of Coxiella burnetii in Switzerland. Int J Food Microbiol 2007; 116: 414-418. Tanner M,
  • Htwe KK, Amano K, Sugiyama Y, et al. Seroepidemiology of Coxiella burnetii in domestic and companion animals in Japan. Vet Rec 1992; 131: 490.
  • Hellenbrand W, Breuer T, Petersen L. Changing epidemiology of Q fever in Germany, 1947-1999. Emerg Infect Dis ; 7: 789-796.
  • Carrieri MP, Tissot-Dupont H, Rey D, et al. Investigation of a slaughterhouse-related outbreak of Q fever in the French Alps. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2002; 21: 17-21.
  • Fishbein DB, Raoult D. A cluster of Coxiella burnetii infections associated with exposure to vaccinated goats and their unpasteurized dairy products. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1992; 47: 5-40.
  • Hatchette TF, Hudson RC, Schlech WF, et al. Goat-associated Q fever: a new disease in newfoundland. Emerg Infect Dis 2001; 7: 419.
  • Tylewska-Wierbanowska SK, Kruszewka D. Q-fever sexually transmitted infection? J Infect Dis 1990; 161: 368–369.
  • Greenslade E, Beasley R, Jennings L, Woodward A, Weinstein P. Has Coxiella burnetii (Q fever) been introduced into New Zealand? Emerg Infect Dis 2003; 9: 138
  • McCaughey C, McKenna J, McKenna C, et al. Human Seroprevalence to Coxiella burnetii (Q fever) in Northern Ireland. Zoonoses Public Health 2008; 55: 189-194. Psaroulaki
  • Loukaides F, et al. Epidemiological study of Q fever in humans, ruminant animals, and ticks in Cyprus using a geographical information system. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2006; 25: 576–586. C,
  • Dupuis G., Peter O, Mottiez MC, Vouilloz M. Seroprevalence of human Q fever in Switzerland. Schweiz Med Wochenschr ; 116: 494–498. Tissot DH, Raoult D, Brouqui P, et al. Epidemiologic presentation of acute Q fever in hospitalized patients: 323 French cases. Am J Med ; 93: 427–434. and clinical Kim SG, Kim EH, Lafferty C.J., Dubovi E. Coxiella burnetii in bulk tank milk samples, United States. Emerg Infect Dis 2005; 11: 621.
  • McQuiston JH, Holman RC, McCall CL, Childs JE, Swerdlow DL, Thompson HA. National surveillance and the epidemiology of human Q fever in the United States, 1978 2004. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2006; 75: 36
  • Leung-Shea C, Danaher PJ. Q fever in members of the United States armed forces returning from Iraq. Clin Infect Dis 2006; : e77-82.
  • Hartzell JD, Peng SW, Morris-Wood RN, et al. Atypical Q fever in US soldiers. Emerg Infect Dis 2007; 13: 1247-1249.
  • Payzın S. Türkiye’de Q humması Epidemi- yolojisi. Türk Hyg Tec Biol Derg 1949; 2: 110.
  • Gökçen SS. Ege Bölgesi sığırları arasında Q-fever vakalarının yaygınlık derecesinin mikroaglütinasyon tekniği ile araştırılması. Etlik Mikrobiyoloji Dergisi 1989; 6: 79-85.
  • Özyer M, Mirioğlu M, Köksal F. Çukurova Bölgesinde yaşayan insan ve hayvanlarda Q fever infeksiyonu insidansının komplement fiksasyon testi ile araştırılması. Pendik Hay- van Hastalıkları Merkezi Araştırma Enstitü- sü Dergisi 1990; 21: 28-39.
  • Özgür NY, Hasöksüz M, Yılmaz H, İkiz S, Ilgaz A. İnfertilite sorunu olan dişi sığırlar- da ve insanlarda Coxiella burnetii antikor- larının ELISA testi ile belirlenmesi ve seroprevalansının saptanması. Pendik Vete- riner Mikrobiyoloji Dergisi 1997; 28: 207
  • Seyitoğlu Ş, Özkurt Z, Dinler U, Okumuş B. The Seroprevalence of Coxiellosis in Farmers and Cattle in Erzurum District in Turkey. Turk J Vet Anim Sci 2006; 30: 71
  • Cetinkaya B, Kalender H, Ertas HB, et al. Seroprevalence of coxiellosis in cattle, sheep and people in the east of Turkey. Vet Rec 2000; 146: 131-136.
  • Kalender H. Elazığ ve komşu illerdeki ko- yunlarda Coxiella burnetii enfeksiyonunun yaygınlığı. Turk J Vet Anim Sci 2001; 25: 55.
  • Ongör H, Cetinkaya B, Karahan M, Açik MN, Bulut H, Muz A. Detection of Coxiella burnetii by immunomagnetic separation- PCR in the milk of sheep in Turkey. Vet Rec ; 154: 570-572. Berberoğlu U, Gozalan A, Kılıç S, Kurtoğlu D, Esen B. A seroprevalence study of in Antalya, Diyarbakir and Samsun provinces. Mikrobiyol Bült 2004; 38: 385-391.
  • Aydın N, Çelebi B, Komiya T, Karatepe B, Babür C, Kılıç S. İç Anadolu Bölgesi sokak kedilerinde seroprevalansının araştırılması, VII. Ulusal Veteriner Mikrobiyoloji Kongresi (Uluslar arası Katılımlı) Bildiri Kitabı, Antalya, 26- Eylül 2006, ss 200-201. burnetii antigen preparations for detection of serum antibodies by various tests. Acta Virol ; 42: 365-368.
  • World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) (2004). Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals.
  • Chapter 2.2.10., Q fever. http://www.oie.int/ eng/normes /mmanual/A_00049.htm.
  • Field PR, Mitchell JL, Santiago A, et al. Comparison of a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent immunofluorescence fixation tests for detection of Coxiella burnetii (Q fever) immunoglobulin M. J Clin Microbiol 2000; 38: 1645-1647. with complement
  • Berri M, Souriau A, Crosby M, Crochet D, Lechopier P, Rodolakis A, Relationships between the shedding of Coxiella burnetii, clinical signs and serological responses of sheep. Vet Rec 2001; 148: 502-505.
  • Fournier PE, Raoult D. Comparison of PCR and serology assays for early diagnosis of acute Q fever. J Clin Microbiol 2003; 41: 5098.
  • Willems H, Thiele D, Frolich-Ritter R, Krauss H. Detection of Coxiella burnetii in cow's milk using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Zentralbl Veterinarmed B ; 41: 580-587. Ibrahim A, Norlander L, Macellaro A, Sjöstedt A. Specific detection of Coxiella burnetii through partial amplification of S rDNA. Eur J Epidemiol 1997; 13:329
  • Lorenz H, Jäger C, Willems H, Baljer G. PCR detection of Coxiella burnetii from different clinical specimens, especially bovine milk, on the basis of DNA preparation with a silica matrix. Appl Environ Microbiol 1998; 64: 4234-4237.
  • Edingloh M, Merck CC, Manz E. Multiplex PCR for the diagnostic detection of Coxiella burnetii in cow's milk. Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr 1999; 112: 5-9.
  • Willems H, Thiele D, Krauss H. Plasmid based differentiation and detection of Coxiella burnetii in clinical samples. Eur J Epidemiol 1993; 9: 411-418.
  • Zhang GQ, Hotta A, Mizutani M, et al. Direct identification of Coxiella burnetii plasmids in human sera by nested PCR. J Clin Microbiol 1998; 36: 2210-2213.
  • Fenollar F, Fournier PE, Raoult D. Molecular detection of Coxiella burnetii in the sera of patients with Q fever endocarditis or vascular infection. J Clin Microbiol 2004; 42: 4919-4924.
  • Brennan RE, Samuel JE. Evaluation of Coxiella burnetii antibiotic susceptibilities by real-time PCR assay. J Clin Microbiol ; 41: 1869-1874.
  • Harris RJ, Storm PA, Lloyd A, Arens M, Marmion BP. Long-term persistence of Coxiella burnetii in the host after primary Q fever. Epidemiol Infect 2000; 124: 543-549.
  • Hoover TA, Vodkin MH, Williams JC. A Coxiella burnetti repeated DNA element resembling a bacterial insertion sequence. J Bacteriol 1992; 174: 5540-5548.
  • Klee SR, Tyczka J, Ellerbrok H, et al. Highly sensitive real-time PCR for specific detection and quantification of Coxiella burnetii. BMC Microbiol 2006; 6: 2.
  • Perez-del-Molino A, Aguado JM, Riancho JA, Sampredo I, Matorras P, Gonzales- Macias J. Erythromycin and the treatment of Antimicrob Chemother 1991; 28: 455–459. pneumonia. J
  • Vaidya VM, Malik SV, Kaur S, Kumar S, Barbuddhe SB. immunofluorescence assay and isolation method for diagnosis of Q fever in humans with Microbiol 2008; 46: 2038-2044. J Clin
Toplam 55 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Diğer ID JA87JZ55VG
Bölüm Derleme
Yazarlar

Gökben Özbey Bu kişi benim

Hakan Kalender Bu kişi benim

Adile Muz Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Haziran 2009
Gönderilme Tarihi 1 Haziran 2009
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2009 Cilt: 18 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Özbey, G., Kalender, H., & Muz, A. (2009). Q HUMMASI’NIN EPİDEMİYOLOJİSİ VE TEŞHİSİ. Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 18(2), 100-110.
AMA Özbey G, Kalender H, Muz A. Q HUMMASI’NIN EPİDEMİYOLOJİSİ VE TEŞHİSİ. JHS. Haziran 2009;18(2):100-110.
Chicago Özbey, Gökben, Hakan Kalender, ve Adile Muz. “Q HUMMASI’NIN EPİDEMİYOLOJİSİ VE TEŞHİSİ”. Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi 18, sy. 2 (Haziran 2009): 100-110.
EndNote Özbey G, Kalender H, Muz A (01 Haziran 2009) Q HUMMASI’NIN EPİDEMİYOLOJİSİ VE TEŞHİSİ. Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi 18 2 100–110.
IEEE G. Özbey, H. Kalender, ve A. Muz, “Q HUMMASI’NIN EPİDEMİYOLOJİSİ VE TEŞHİSİ”, JHS, c. 18, sy. 2, ss. 100–110, 2009.
ISNAD Özbey, Gökben vd. “Q HUMMASI’NIN EPİDEMİYOLOJİSİ VE TEŞHİSİ”. Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi 18/2 (Haziran 2009), 100-110.
JAMA Özbey G, Kalender H, Muz A. Q HUMMASI’NIN EPİDEMİYOLOJİSİ VE TEŞHİSİ. JHS. 2009;18:100–110.
MLA Özbey, Gökben vd. “Q HUMMASI’NIN EPİDEMİYOLOJİSİ VE TEŞHİSİ”. Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, c. 18, sy. 2, 2009, ss. 100-1.
Vancouver Özbey G, Kalender H, Muz A. Q HUMMASI’NIN EPİDEMİYOLOJİSİ VE TEŞHİSİ. JHS. 2009;18(2):100-1.