Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster
Yıl 2022, Sayı: 13, 102 - 122, 01.04.2022

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Aybar, S. (2020). Geopolitical Reflections of the Dynamics of Global Economic Transformation, The Post- Covid-19 Global System: Old Problems New Trends, SAM Publications, Ankara, 106-111.
  • Caballero-Anthony, M. (2016). An Introduction to Non-Traditional Security Studies. A Transnational Approach. Sage Publications, United Kingdom. Retrieved November 20, 20201 from https://uk.sagepub.com/en-gb/eur/node/60663/download-pdf.
  • Council of the European Union. (21 April 2020). Health ministers discuss proposal for new, reinforced EU-4 Health programme, A joint roadmap for recovery, Retrieved September 9, 2021 from the https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/eu-recovery-plan/.
  • Council of the European Union. (21 July 2021). Charles Michel, President of the European Council, Special European Council, 17-21 July 2020, Retrieved September 9,2021 from the https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/eu-recovery-plan/
  • Council of the European Union. (12 June 2020). EU leaders agreed a deal on the recovery package and the European budget for 2021-2027, Video conference of ministers of health, Retrieved September 9, 2021 from the https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/eu-recovery-plan/
  • Council of the European Union. (17 December 2020). Multiannual financial framework for 2021-2027 adopted. Press release. Retrieved September 9, 2021 from the https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/eu-recovery-plan/
  • Council of the European Union. (11 February 2021). EU recovery package: Council adopts Recovery and Resilience Facility. Press release. Retrieved September 5, 2021 from the https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/eu-recovery-plan/
  • Council of the European Union, n.d., Retrieved September 5, 2021 from the https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/eu-recovery-plan/
  • Council of the European Union. (25 June 2021). EU leaders continue being vigilant in COVID-19 variants, 24- 25 June 2021, Retrieved September 5, 2021 from the https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/coronavirus/
  • Council of the European Union. (1 July 2021). Safe and effective vaccines against COVID-19, Retrieved September 5, 2021 from the https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/coronavirus/
  • Council of the European Union,. (21 July 2020). Charles Michel, Remarks by President Charles Michel after the Special European Council,17-21 July 2020, Retrieved September 5, 2021 from the https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2020/07/21/remarksby-president-charles-michel-afterthe-special-european-council-17-21-july-2020/
  • Council of the European Union. (16 March 2021). Council adopts position on €95,5 billion EU research programme for 2021-2027. Retrieved August 26, 2021 from the https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/horizoneurope/#:~:text=It%20is%20the%20EU’s%20leading,EU’s%20earlier%20Horizon%202020%20programme.
  • Deen, B. and Kruijver, K. (2020). “Corona: EU’s Existential Crisis”, Clingendael Netherlands Institute of International Relations, Retrieved November 20, 2021 from the https://www.clingendael.org/sites/default/files/2020-04/Alert_Corona_Existential_Crisis_April_2020.pdf
  • EUR-Lex, Solidarity Clause, Article 222, Retrieved September 5, 2021 from the https://eurlex.europa.eu/summary/glossary/solidarity_clause.html
  • Eurobarometer. (April 2021). EU Civil Protection, Retrieved September 5, 2021 from the https://europa.eu/eurobarometer/surveys/browse/all/theme/000006
  • Eurobarometer. (July 2021). Climate Change, Retrieved September 5, 2021 from the https://europa.eu/eurobarometer/surveys/browse/all/theme/000006
  • Eurofound. (6 May 2020). Living, working and COVID-19: First findings, Retrieved August 25, 2021 from the https://www.eurofound.europa.eu/publications/report/2020/livingworking-and-covid-19-firstfindingsapril-2020
  • European Commission. (21 July 2020). Opening Remarks by President von der Leyen at the joint press conference with President Michel following the Special European Council Meeting of 17-21 July 2020. Retrieved September 5, 2021 from the https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/STATEMENT_20_1388
  • European Commission. (n.d.). Coronavirus response. Retrieved August 25, 2021 from the https://ec.europa.eu/info/live-work-travel-eu/coronavirus-response_en
  • European Commission. (28 January 2021). Prolonging State aid Temporary Framework to further support the economy. Retrieved August 25, 2021 from the https://ec.europa.eu/info/live-work-travel-eu/coronavirus-response/timeline-eu-action_en
  • European Commission. (27 October 2020). Commission disburses EUR 17 billion under SURE to Italy, Spain and Poland. Retrieved August 25, 2021 from the https://ec.europa.eu/info/live-work-travel-eu/coronavirus-response/timeline-eu-action_en
  • European Commission. (25 September 2020). Council approves EUR 87.4 billion in financial support for member states under SURE. Retrieved August 25, 2021 from the https://ec.europa.eu/info/live-work-travel-eu/coronavirus-response/timeline-eu-action_en
  • European Commission. (7 November 2020). EUR 14 billion under SURE disbursed to nine Member States. Retrieved August 25, 2021 from the https://ec.europa.eu/info/live-worktravel-eu/coronavirus-response/timeline-eu-action_en
  • European Commission. (25 May 2021). Commission disburses €14,1 billion under SURE to 12 Member States. Retrieved August 25, 2021 from the https://ec.europa.eu/info/live-work-travel-eu/coronavirus-response/timeline-eu-action_en
  • European Commission. (16 July 2021). Protecting seasonal workers. Retrieved August 25, 2021 from the https://ec.europa.eu/info/live-worktravel-eu/coronavirus-response/timeline-eu-action_en
  • European Commission. (14 April 2021). Commission ready to raise up to €800 billion for the recovery. Retrieved August 25, 2021 from the https://ec.europa.eu/info/live-worktravel-eu/coronavirus-response/timeline-eu-action_en
  • European Commission. (13 July 2021). NextGenerationEU: European Commission raises further €10 billion in a successful third bond to support Europe’s recovery. Retrieved August 26, 2021 from the https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/IP_21_3682
  • European Commission. (2019). European Civil Protection and Humanitarian Aid. RescEU, Retrieved August 26, 2021 from the https://ec.europa.eu/echo/what/civil-protection/resceu_en
  • European Commission (27 March 2021). EU helps deliver vaccines to Moldova and medical items to Montenegro and North Macedonia. Retrieved August 26, 2021 from the https://ec.europa.eu/info/live-worktravel-eu/coronavirus-response/timeline-eu-action_en
  • European Commission. (28 December 2020). EUR 70 million package for early access to EU COVID-19 vaccines in the Western Balkans. Retrieved August 26, 2021 from the https://ec.europa.eu/info/live-work-travel-eu/coronavirus-response/timeline-eu-action_en
  • European Commission. (9 September 2020). Commission completes vaccines portfolio following talks with a sixth manufacturer. Retrieved August 26, 2021 from the https://ec.europa.eu/info/live-work-travel-eu/coronavirus-response/timeline-eu-action_en
  • European Commission. (29 January 2021). Commission puts in place transparency and authorisation mechanism for exports of COVID-19 vaccines. Retrieved August 26, 2021 from the https://ec.europa.eu/info/live-work-travel-eu/coronavirus-response/timeline-eu-action_en
  • European Commission. (17 February 2021). Launch of the “HERA Incubator”. Retrieved August 26, 2021 from the https://ec.europa.eu/info/live-work-travel-eu/coronavirus-response/timeline-eu-action_en
  • European Commission. (22 July 2021). Coronavirus: Commission steps up research funding with €120 million for 11 new projects to tackle the virus and its variants. Retrieved August 26, 2021 from the https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_21_3803
  • European Commission. (31 August 2021). Coronavirus: 70% of the EU adult population fully vaccinated. Retrieved August 26, 2021 from the https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_21_4362
  • European Commission. (n.d.). Global response to coronavirus, Retrieved August 26, 2021 from the https://ec.europa.eu/info/live-worktravel-eu/coronavirus-response/safe-covid-19-vaccines-europeans/global-response-coronavirus_en#access-to-covid-19-tools-act-accelerator
  • European Commission. (15 July 2021). Commission strengthens preparedness for future outbreaks, Retrieved August 26, 2021 from the https://ec.europa.eu/info/live-worktravel-eu/coronavirus-response/timeline-eu-action_en
  • European Commission. (21 May 2021). Global leaders adopt agenda to overcome COVID-19 crisis and avoid future pandemics. Retrieved August 26, 2021 from the https://ec.europa.eu/info/live-work-travel-eu/coronavirus-response/timeline-eu-action_en
  • European Commission. (17 March 2021). Communication from the European Commission to the Parliament, the European Council and the Council. Brussels. COM(2021) 129 final. Retrieved August 26, 2021 from the https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/default/files/communication-safe-sustained-reopening_en.pdf
  • European Commission (23 April 2021). Eurobarometer: Trust in the European Union has increased since last summer. Retrieved August 26, 2021 from the https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/IP_21_1867
  • Eur-Lex. (13 October 2020). Council Recommendation (EU) 2020/1475 of 13 October 2020 on a coordinated approach to the restriction of free movement in response to the Covid-19 pandemic. Retrieved August 26, 2021 from the https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX-%3A02020H1475-20210202
  • European Parliament. (June 2020). Public opinion in the EU in time of coronavirus crisis. Retrieved August 26, 2021 from the https://www.europarl.europa.eu/at-your-service/en/be-heard/eurobarometer/publicopinion-in-the-eu-in-time-of-coronavirus-crisis
  • European Parliament. (9 March 2021). New health programme approved, Retrieved August 26, 2021 from the https://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/headlines/priorities/eu-response-to-coronavirus/20210211STO97615/coronavirus-a-timeline-ofeu-action-in-2021
  • European Parliament. (23 July 2021). First half 2021: Covid-19, future of Europe, climate law, Retrieved August 26, 2021 from the https://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/headlines/eu-af-fairs/20210628STO07259/first-half-2021-covid-19-future-of-europe-climate-law
  • European Parliament, Public opinion in the EU in time of coronavirus crisis, Retrieved September 5, 2021 from the https://www.europarl.europa.eu/at-your-service/en/be-heard/eurobarometer/public-opinion-in-the-eu-intime-of-coronavirus-crisis
  • European Parliament. (9 March 2021). New health programme approved, Retrieved September 5, 2021 from the https://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/headlines/priorities/eu-response-to-coronavirus/20210211STO97615/coronavirus-a-timeline-ofeu-action-in-2021
  • European Parliament. (23 July 2021). First half 2021: Covid-19, future of Europe, climate law. Retrieved September 5, 2021 from the https://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/headlines/eu-af- fairs/20210628STO07259/first-half-2021-covid-19-future-of-europe-climate-law
  • European Parliament. (10 February 2021). Recovery and Resilience Facility adopted, Retrieved September 5, 2021 from the https://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/headlines/priorities/eu-response-to-coronavirus/20210211STO97615/coronavirus-a-timeline-ofeu-action-in-2021
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  • European Parliament (29 April 2021). News, EU COVID-19 certificate must facilitate free movement without discrimination, Press Releases, Retrieved September 5, 2021 from the https://www.europarl.eu-ropa.eu/news/en/headlines/priorities/vaccines-against-covid-19/20210422IPR02606/eu-covid-19-certificate-must-facilitate-free-movement-without-discrimination
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Rethinking Covid-19 Policy Responses Of EU Institutions

Yıl 2022, Sayı: 13, 102 - 122, 01.04.2022

Öz

The European Union (EU) has been fighting against a crisis brought by the Covid-19 since the year 2020. This paper aims to discuss the measures taken by the EU institutions. Member states have had conventional reactions even though the pandemic has been an unconventional threat. However, solutions limited to national level and conventional reactions have been damaging to European integration. The paper limits the research with evaluating the policy responses of Council of the EU, European Commission and European Parliament to Covid-19. Methodologically the paper is based upon qualitative data gathered from the official documents, related news in the mainstream global media and Eurobarometer public opinion polls since March 2020. It is argued in the paper that those three institutions have been reflecting the differentiated faces of the Union in tackling the crisis. Therefore, it is concluded that the EU has needed to take into account the increased voice of the European Parliament on Covid-19 measures in order to promote solidarity in the continent and to protect European integration.

Kaynakça

  • Aybar, S. (2020). Geopolitical Reflections of the Dynamics of Global Economic Transformation, The Post- Covid-19 Global System: Old Problems New Trends, SAM Publications, Ankara, 106-111.
  • Caballero-Anthony, M. (2016). An Introduction to Non-Traditional Security Studies. A Transnational Approach. Sage Publications, United Kingdom. Retrieved November 20, 20201 from https://uk.sagepub.com/en-gb/eur/node/60663/download-pdf.
  • Council of the European Union. (21 April 2020). Health ministers discuss proposal for new, reinforced EU-4 Health programme, A joint roadmap for recovery, Retrieved September 9, 2021 from the https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/eu-recovery-plan/.
  • Council of the European Union. (21 July 2021). Charles Michel, President of the European Council, Special European Council, 17-21 July 2020, Retrieved September 9,2021 from the https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/eu-recovery-plan/
  • Council of the European Union. (12 June 2020). EU leaders agreed a deal on the recovery package and the European budget for 2021-2027, Video conference of ministers of health, Retrieved September 9, 2021 from the https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/eu-recovery-plan/
  • Council of the European Union. (17 December 2020). Multiannual financial framework for 2021-2027 adopted. Press release. Retrieved September 9, 2021 from the https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/eu-recovery-plan/
  • Council of the European Union. (11 February 2021). EU recovery package: Council adopts Recovery and Resilience Facility. Press release. Retrieved September 5, 2021 from the https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/eu-recovery-plan/
  • Council of the European Union, n.d., Retrieved September 5, 2021 from the https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/eu-recovery-plan/
  • Council of the European Union. (25 June 2021). EU leaders continue being vigilant in COVID-19 variants, 24- 25 June 2021, Retrieved September 5, 2021 from the https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/coronavirus/
  • Council of the European Union. (1 July 2021). Safe and effective vaccines against COVID-19, Retrieved September 5, 2021 from the https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/coronavirus/
  • Council of the European Union,. (21 July 2020). Charles Michel, Remarks by President Charles Michel after the Special European Council,17-21 July 2020, Retrieved September 5, 2021 from the https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2020/07/21/remarksby-president-charles-michel-afterthe-special-european-council-17-21-july-2020/
  • Council of the European Union. (16 March 2021). Council adopts position on €95,5 billion EU research programme for 2021-2027. Retrieved August 26, 2021 from the https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/horizoneurope/#:~:text=It%20is%20the%20EU’s%20leading,EU’s%20earlier%20Horizon%202020%20programme.
  • Deen, B. and Kruijver, K. (2020). “Corona: EU’s Existential Crisis”, Clingendael Netherlands Institute of International Relations, Retrieved November 20, 2021 from the https://www.clingendael.org/sites/default/files/2020-04/Alert_Corona_Existential_Crisis_April_2020.pdf
  • EUR-Lex, Solidarity Clause, Article 222, Retrieved September 5, 2021 from the https://eurlex.europa.eu/summary/glossary/solidarity_clause.html
  • Eurobarometer. (April 2021). EU Civil Protection, Retrieved September 5, 2021 from the https://europa.eu/eurobarometer/surveys/browse/all/theme/000006
  • Eurobarometer. (July 2021). Climate Change, Retrieved September 5, 2021 from the https://europa.eu/eurobarometer/surveys/browse/all/theme/000006
  • Eurofound. (6 May 2020). Living, working and COVID-19: First findings, Retrieved August 25, 2021 from the https://www.eurofound.europa.eu/publications/report/2020/livingworking-and-covid-19-firstfindingsapril-2020
  • European Commission. (21 July 2020). Opening Remarks by President von der Leyen at the joint press conference with President Michel following the Special European Council Meeting of 17-21 July 2020. Retrieved September 5, 2021 from the https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/STATEMENT_20_1388
  • European Commission. (n.d.). Coronavirus response. Retrieved August 25, 2021 from the https://ec.europa.eu/info/live-work-travel-eu/coronavirus-response_en
  • European Commission. (28 January 2021). Prolonging State aid Temporary Framework to further support the economy. Retrieved August 25, 2021 from the https://ec.europa.eu/info/live-work-travel-eu/coronavirus-response/timeline-eu-action_en
  • European Commission. (27 October 2020). Commission disburses EUR 17 billion under SURE to Italy, Spain and Poland. Retrieved August 25, 2021 from the https://ec.europa.eu/info/live-work-travel-eu/coronavirus-response/timeline-eu-action_en
  • European Commission. (25 September 2020). Council approves EUR 87.4 billion in financial support for member states under SURE. Retrieved August 25, 2021 from the https://ec.europa.eu/info/live-work-travel-eu/coronavirus-response/timeline-eu-action_en
  • European Commission. (7 November 2020). EUR 14 billion under SURE disbursed to nine Member States. Retrieved August 25, 2021 from the https://ec.europa.eu/info/live-worktravel-eu/coronavirus-response/timeline-eu-action_en
  • European Commission. (25 May 2021). Commission disburses €14,1 billion under SURE to 12 Member States. Retrieved August 25, 2021 from the https://ec.europa.eu/info/live-work-travel-eu/coronavirus-response/timeline-eu-action_en
  • European Commission. (16 July 2021). Protecting seasonal workers. Retrieved August 25, 2021 from the https://ec.europa.eu/info/live-worktravel-eu/coronavirus-response/timeline-eu-action_en
  • European Commission. (14 April 2021). Commission ready to raise up to €800 billion for the recovery. Retrieved August 25, 2021 from the https://ec.europa.eu/info/live-worktravel-eu/coronavirus-response/timeline-eu-action_en
  • European Commission. (13 July 2021). NextGenerationEU: European Commission raises further €10 billion in a successful third bond to support Europe’s recovery. Retrieved August 26, 2021 from the https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/IP_21_3682
  • European Commission. (2019). European Civil Protection and Humanitarian Aid. RescEU, Retrieved August 26, 2021 from the https://ec.europa.eu/echo/what/civil-protection/resceu_en
  • European Commission (27 March 2021). EU helps deliver vaccines to Moldova and medical items to Montenegro and North Macedonia. Retrieved August 26, 2021 from the https://ec.europa.eu/info/live-worktravel-eu/coronavirus-response/timeline-eu-action_en
  • European Commission. (28 December 2020). EUR 70 million package for early access to EU COVID-19 vaccines in the Western Balkans. Retrieved August 26, 2021 from the https://ec.europa.eu/info/live-work-travel-eu/coronavirus-response/timeline-eu-action_en
  • European Commission. (9 September 2020). Commission completes vaccines portfolio following talks with a sixth manufacturer. Retrieved August 26, 2021 from the https://ec.europa.eu/info/live-work-travel-eu/coronavirus-response/timeline-eu-action_en
  • European Commission. (29 January 2021). Commission puts in place transparency and authorisation mechanism for exports of COVID-19 vaccines. Retrieved August 26, 2021 from the https://ec.europa.eu/info/live-work-travel-eu/coronavirus-response/timeline-eu-action_en
  • European Commission. (17 February 2021). Launch of the “HERA Incubator”. Retrieved August 26, 2021 from the https://ec.europa.eu/info/live-work-travel-eu/coronavirus-response/timeline-eu-action_en
  • European Commission. (22 July 2021). Coronavirus: Commission steps up research funding with €120 million for 11 new projects to tackle the virus and its variants. Retrieved August 26, 2021 from the https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_21_3803
  • European Commission. (31 August 2021). Coronavirus: 70% of the EU adult population fully vaccinated. Retrieved August 26, 2021 from the https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_21_4362
  • European Commission. (n.d.). Global response to coronavirus, Retrieved August 26, 2021 from the https://ec.europa.eu/info/live-worktravel-eu/coronavirus-response/safe-covid-19-vaccines-europeans/global-response-coronavirus_en#access-to-covid-19-tools-act-accelerator
  • European Commission. (15 July 2021). Commission strengthens preparedness for future outbreaks, Retrieved August 26, 2021 from the https://ec.europa.eu/info/live-worktravel-eu/coronavirus-response/timeline-eu-action_en
  • European Commission. (21 May 2021). Global leaders adopt agenda to overcome COVID-19 crisis and avoid future pandemics. Retrieved August 26, 2021 from the https://ec.europa.eu/info/live-work-travel-eu/coronavirus-response/timeline-eu-action_en
  • European Commission. (17 March 2021). Communication from the European Commission to the Parliament, the European Council and the Council. Brussels. COM(2021) 129 final. Retrieved August 26, 2021 from the https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/default/files/communication-safe-sustained-reopening_en.pdf
  • European Commission (23 April 2021). Eurobarometer: Trust in the European Union has increased since last summer. Retrieved August 26, 2021 from the https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/IP_21_1867
  • Eur-Lex. (13 October 2020). Council Recommendation (EU) 2020/1475 of 13 October 2020 on a coordinated approach to the restriction of free movement in response to the Covid-19 pandemic. Retrieved August 26, 2021 from the https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX-%3A02020H1475-20210202
  • European Parliament. (June 2020). Public opinion in the EU in time of coronavirus crisis. Retrieved August 26, 2021 from the https://www.europarl.europa.eu/at-your-service/en/be-heard/eurobarometer/publicopinion-in-the-eu-in-time-of-coronavirus-crisis
  • European Parliament. (9 March 2021). New health programme approved, Retrieved August 26, 2021 from the https://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/headlines/priorities/eu-response-to-coronavirus/20210211STO97615/coronavirus-a-timeline-ofeu-action-in-2021
  • European Parliament. (23 July 2021). First half 2021: Covid-19, future of Europe, climate law, Retrieved August 26, 2021 from the https://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/headlines/eu-af-fairs/20210628STO07259/first-half-2021-covid-19-future-of-europe-climate-law
  • European Parliament, Public opinion in the EU in time of coronavirus crisis, Retrieved September 5, 2021 from the https://www.europarl.europa.eu/at-your-service/en/be-heard/eurobarometer/public-opinion-in-the-eu-intime-of-coronavirus-crisis
  • European Parliament. (9 March 2021). New health programme approved, Retrieved September 5, 2021 from the https://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/headlines/priorities/eu-response-to-coronavirus/20210211STO97615/coronavirus-a-timeline-ofeu-action-in-2021
  • European Parliament. (23 July 2021). First half 2021: Covid-19, future of Europe, climate law. Retrieved September 5, 2021 from the https://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/headlines/eu-af- fairs/20210628STO07259/first-half-2021-covid-19-future-of-europe-climate-law
  • European Parliament. (10 February 2021). Recovery and Resilience Facility adopted, Retrieved September 5, 2021 from the https://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/headlines/priorities/eu-response-to-coronavirus/20210211STO97615/coronavirus-a-timeline-ofeu-action-in-2021
  • European Parliament. (10 February 2021). News, Press Releases, COVID-19 vaccination: MEPs call for EU and global solidarity, Retrieved September 5, 2021 from the https://www.europarl.eu-ropa.eu/news/en/headlines/priorities/vaccines-against-covid-19/20210204IPR97104/covid-19-vaccination-meps-call-foreu-and-global-solidarity
  • European Parliament (29 April 2021). News, EU COVID-19 certificate must facilitate free movement without discrimination, Press Releases, Retrieved September 5, 2021 from the https://www.europarl.eu-ropa.eu/news/en/headlines/priorities/vaccines-against-covid-19/20210422IPR02606/eu-covid-19-certificate-must-facilitate-free-movement-without-discrimination
  • European Parliament. (9 June 2021). EU Digital Covid Certificate: it’s now up to EU countries. News. Retrieved September 5, 2021 from the https://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/headlines/priorities/vaccines-againstcovid-19/20210603STO05415/eu-digital-covid-certificate-it-s-now-up-toeu-countries.
  • European Parliament. (10 June 2021). Parliament calls for temporary Covid-19 vaccine patent waiver. Retrieved September 5, 2021 from the https://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/headlines/priorities/eu-response-to-coronavirus/20210211STO97615/coronavirus-a-timeline-ofeu-action-in-2021
  • Hatip, Y. (15 March 2020). “Koronavirüs Salgını Schengen’i Tehlikeye Atıyor”, Retrieved September 5, 2021 from the https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/dunya/koronavirus-salgini-schengeni-tehlikeye-atiyor/1766546
  • Nurhasanah, S., Napang, M. and Rohman, S. (2020). Covid-19 as a Non-Traditional Threat to Human Security, Journal of Strategic and Global Studies, 3(1), 54-68.
  • Pogonyi, S. (2019). The Passport as Means of Identity Management: Making and Unmaking Ethnic boundaries through citizenship. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 45(6), 975-993.
  • Sanchez, P. (2020). “Europe’s future is at stake in this war against coronavirus”. 5 April 2020.Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/commentisfree/2020/apr/05/europes-future-is-at-stake-in-this-war-againstcoronavirus
  • Schmitt-Roschmann, V. (2020) After glimpsing ‘Abyss,’ von der Leyen determined EU will survive”, 28 March 2020, dpa International, Retrieved September 5, 2021 from the https://www.dpa-international.com/topic/glimpsing-abyss-von-der-leyen-determined-eu-will-survive-urn%3An122ewsml%3Adpa.com%3A20090101%3A200328-99-509470
  • Worldometer. (2021). Italy. Last updated: 13 September 2021. Retrieved September 13, 2021 from the https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/country/italy/
  • Worldometer (2021). Spain. Last updated: 13 September 2021. Retrieved September 13, 2021 from the https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/country/spain/
  • Yetim, F. (2020). “Fransa ve İsveç Arasındaki Maske Krizi Aşıldı: Fransa El Koyduğu Maskeleri İade Etti. 7 April 2020. Euronews. Retrieved September 13, 2021 from the https://tr.euronews.com
Toplam 60 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Uluslararası İlişkiler
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Zühal Ünalp Çepel 0000-0002-2057-5966

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Nisan 2022
Gönderilme Tarihi 15 Şubat 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Sayı: 13

Kaynak Göster

APA Ünalp Çepel, Z. (2022). Rethinking Covid-19 Policy Responses Of EU Institutions. EURO Politika(13), 102-122.

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