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Post-Brexit Space Policies of the United Kingdom

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 1 Sayı: 20, 77 - 93, 14.06.2024

Öz

Space security emerges as an important issue in protecting space assets used to ensure security on Earth in the developing world. The United Kingdom, with the Brexit referendum, has demonstrated that it is separating from the European Union not only on Earth but also in space. Despite being a significant actor in space policy, the European Union will no longer grant the United Kingdom powers to crucial space systems like Galileo, as the UK is no longer a member. In response, the United Kingdom has decided to develop its own space systems domestically and has adopted a different approach from the European Union in its space foreign policy. This study will examine how the United Kingdom will determine its new space partners after Brexit, among rising space powers such as India, China, and Israel, as well as the traditional space powers, the United States and Russia, which have been recognized since the Cold War. This research will delve into the changes in the United Kingdom’s space policy post-Brexit and detail how it will choose its partners and which space actors it will collaborate with in its space foreign policy.

Kaynakça

  • Beech, M., & Lee, S. (2023). Conservative governments in the age of Brexit. Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Black , J. (2024), A History of Britain 1945 Through Brexit (2nd ed.) Indiana University Press
  • Bowen, B. E. (2022). Original Sin Power, Technology and War in Outer Space. Oxford University Press, Incorporated.
  • Bowen, B. E. (2022). War in Space : Strategy, Spacepower, Geopolitics. Edinburgh University Press.
  • Ertuğral, Y. (2020). COVID-19 ve Brexıt’in Kuzey İrlanda Barışının Geleceğine (Hayırlı Cuma Anlaşmasına) Etkileri. EURO Politika, 4(2), 249-270.
  • Everett C. Dolman, (2002), Astropolitik: Classical Geopolitics in the Space Age, London
  • Fossum, J. E., & Lord, C. (2023). Handbook on the European Union and Brexit. Edward Elgar Publishing.
  • Giusti, S., & Mirkina, I. (2019). The EU in a Trans-European Space : External Relations across Europe, Asia and the Middle East. Springer International Publishing, Imprint Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Glencross, A. (2016). Why the UK Voted for Brexit: David Cameron’s Great Miscalculation. Springer Science and Business Media : Palgrave Pivot.
  • MacDonald, B. W., & Council on Foreign Relations. (2008). China, space weapons, and U.S. security.Council on Foreign Relations.
  • Al-Jazeera, (2020), Italian senator launches Italexit party to push for leaving EU, Erişim Adresi: https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/7/23/italian-senator-launches-italexit-party-to-push-for-leaving-eu.
  • BBC (2023), Virgin Orbit: Branson’s rocket dream ends after mission failure, Erişim Adresi: https://www.bbc.com/news/business-65692302
  • BBC (2024), DragonFire: UK laser could be used against Russian drones on Ukraine front line, Erişim Adresi: https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-68795603
  • Bleddyn Bowen (2018), Leaving Spaceship Europe: British space policy after Brexit, Erişim Adresi: https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/politicsandpolicy/leaving-spaceship-europe-british-space-policy-after-brexit/
  • CNN, (2024), Who are the Houthis and why are they attacking ships in the Red Sea?, Erişim Adresi: https://edition.cnn.com/2023/12/19/middleeast/red-sea-crisis-explainer-houthi-yemen-israel-intl/index.html
  • ESA (2017), Sputnik – 60 years of the space age, Erişim Adresi: https://www.esa.int/About_Us/ESA_history/Sputnik_60_years_of_the_space_age
  • European Space Agency (ESA), (2023), India’s Chandrayaan-3 successfully lands on the Moon, Erişim Adresi: https://www.esa.int/Enabling_Support/Operations/India_s_Chandrayaan-3_successfully_lands_on_the_Moon.
  • European Space Agency, (12 Nisan 2024), What is Galileo?; Erişim Adresi: https://www.esa.int/Applications/Navigation/Galileo/What_is_Galileo
  • MI5 (2023), Five Eyes launch drive to secure innovation, Erişim Adresi: https://www.mi5.gov.uk/news/five-eyes-launch-drive-to-secure-innovation
  • NASA (2019), Beresheet, Erişim Adresi: https://science.nasa.gov/mission/beresheet/.
  • The Government of UK (2024), Advanced future military laser achieves UK first, Erişim Adresi: https://www.gov.uk/government/news/advanced-future-military-laser-achieves-uk-first.
  • The Government of UK, (2020), The Artemis Accords, Erişim Adresi: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/the-artemis-accords
  • The Government of UK, (2022), National space strategy, Erişim Adresi: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/national-space-strategy/national-space-strategy
  • The Government of UK, (2024), UK Space Agency Corporate Plan 2022-25, Erişim Adresi: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/uk-space-agency-corporate-plan-2022-25/uk-space-agency-corporate-plan-2022-25--2
  • The Government of UK, UK Space Agency, Erişim Adresi ve Tarihi: https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/uk-space-agency
  • The Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), (2024), The results of the Moon Landing by the Smart Lander for Investigating Moon, Erişim Adresi: https://global.jaxa.jp/press/2024/01/20240120-1_e.html
  • The National News, (2022) Launch site built in Scotland in race to send first rocket into space from UK, Erişim Adresi: https://www.thenationalnews.com/world/uk-news/2022/02/16/launch-site-built-in-scotland-in-race-to-send-first-rocket-into-space-from-uk/
  • The State Council of the People's Republic of China, (2022), China's space station Tiangong enters new phase of application, development, Erişim Adresi: https://english.www.gov.cn/news/topnews/202212/10/content_WS63945288c6d0a757729e4521.html.
  • U.S. Department of Defense, UNMANNED AIRCRAFT SYSTEMS (UAS), Erişim Adres ve Tarihi: https://dod.defense.gov/UAS/ (10 Nisan 2024)
  • Wattles, J., CNN, (2021), Virgin Orbit launches its first commercial satellites into space, Erişim Adresi:https://edition.cnn.com/2021/06/30/tech/virgin-orbit-launch-tubular-bells-scn/index.html#:~:text=Branson%20founded%20his%20suborbital%20space%20company%2C%20Virgin%20Galactic%2C,was%20spun%20off%20from%20that%20venture%20in%202017
  • Scott W. Beidleman, (2006). GPS Versus Galileo - Balancing for Position in Space, Air University Press. Seedhouse, E. (2015). Virgin Galactic : the first ten years. Springer.
  • Wolter, D., & United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research. (2006). Common security in outer space and international law. UNIDIR.

Brexit Sonrasında Birleşik Krallık’ın Uzay Politikaları

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 1 Sayı: 20, 77 - 93, 14.06.2024

Öz

Uzay güvenliği, gelişen dünyada yeryüzünde güvenliğin sağlanmasında kullanılan uzay varlıklarının korunması açısından önemli bir konu olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Birleşik Krallık, Brexit referandumu ile birlikte yalnızca dünyada değil, uzayda da Avrupa Birliği’nden ayrıldığını göstermiştir. Avrupa Birliği'nin uzay politikasında önemli bir aktör olmasına rağmen, artık Birleşik Krallık Avrupa Birliği üyesi olmadığı için, Galileo gibi önemli uzay sistemlerine erişemeyecektir. Bu durum karşısında Birleşik Krallık, kendi uzay sistemlerini geliştirme konusunda yerlilik kararı almış ve uzay dış politikasında Avrupa Birliği’nden farklı bir yaklaşım benimsemiştir. Soğuk Savaş’tan bu yana uzay gücü olarak kabul edilen ABD ve Rusya'nın yanı sıra, yükselen uzay güçleri Hindistan, Çin ve İsrail arasında, Brexit sonrası Birleşik Krallık’ın yeni uzay ortaklarını nasıl belirleyeceği bu çalışmada incelenecektir. Bu araştırma, Brexit sonrasında Birleşik Krallık’ın uzay politikasında meydana gelen değişimleri derinleştirerek, uzay dış politikasında hangi ortakları seçeceğini ve hangi uzay aktörleri ile iş birliği yapacağını detaylandıracaktır.

Kaynakça

  • Beech, M., & Lee, S. (2023). Conservative governments in the age of Brexit. Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Black , J. (2024), A History of Britain 1945 Through Brexit (2nd ed.) Indiana University Press
  • Bowen, B. E. (2022). Original Sin Power, Technology and War in Outer Space. Oxford University Press, Incorporated.
  • Bowen, B. E. (2022). War in Space : Strategy, Spacepower, Geopolitics. Edinburgh University Press.
  • Ertuğral, Y. (2020). COVID-19 ve Brexıt’in Kuzey İrlanda Barışının Geleceğine (Hayırlı Cuma Anlaşmasına) Etkileri. EURO Politika, 4(2), 249-270.
  • Everett C. Dolman, (2002), Astropolitik: Classical Geopolitics in the Space Age, London
  • Fossum, J. E., & Lord, C. (2023). Handbook on the European Union and Brexit. Edward Elgar Publishing.
  • Giusti, S., & Mirkina, I. (2019). The EU in a Trans-European Space : External Relations across Europe, Asia and the Middle East. Springer International Publishing, Imprint Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Glencross, A. (2016). Why the UK Voted for Brexit: David Cameron’s Great Miscalculation. Springer Science and Business Media : Palgrave Pivot.
  • MacDonald, B. W., & Council on Foreign Relations. (2008). China, space weapons, and U.S. security.Council on Foreign Relations.
  • Al-Jazeera, (2020), Italian senator launches Italexit party to push for leaving EU, Erişim Adresi: https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/7/23/italian-senator-launches-italexit-party-to-push-for-leaving-eu.
  • BBC (2023), Virgin Orbit: Branson’s rocket dream ends after mission failure, Erişim Adresi: https://www.bbc.com/news/business-65692302
  • BBC (2024), DragonFire: UK laser could be used against Russian drones on Ukraine front line, Erişim Adresi: https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-68795603
  • Bleddyn Bowen (2018), Leaving Spaceship Europe: British space policy after Brexit, Erişim Adresi: https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/politicsandpolicy/leaving-spaceship-europe-british-space-policy-after-brexit/
  • CNN, (2024), Who are the Houthis and why are they attacking ships in the Red Sea?, Erişim Adresi: https://edition.cnn.com/2023/12/19/middleeast/red-sea-crisis-explainer-houthi-yemen-israel-intl/index.html
  • ESA (2017), Sputnik – 60 years of the space age, Erişim Adresi: https://www.esa.int/About_Us/ESA_history/Sputnik_60_years_of_the_space_age
  • European Space Agency (ESA), (2023), India’s Chandrayaan-3 successfully lands on the Moon, Erişim Adresi: https://www.esa.int/Enabling_Support/Operations/India_s_Chandrayaan-3_successfully_lands_on_the_Moon.
  • European Space Agency, (12 Nisan 2024), What is Galileo?; Erişim Adresi: https://www.esa.int/Applications/Navigation/Galileo/What_is_Galileo
  • MI5 (2023), Five Eyes launch drive to secure innovation, Erişim Adresi: https://www.mi5.gov.uk/news/five-eyes-launch-drive-to-secure-innovation
  • NASA (2019), Beresheet, Erişim Adresi: https://science.nasa.gov/mission/beresheet/.
  • The Government of UK (2024), Advanced future military laser achieves UK first, Erişim Adresi: https://www.gov.uk/government/news/advanced-future-military-laser-achieves-uk-first.
  • The Government of UK, (2020), The Artemis Accords, Erişim Adresi: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/the-artemis-accords
  • The Government of UK, (2022), National space strategy, Erişim Adresi: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/national-space-strategy/national-space-strategy
  • The Government of UK, (2024), UK Space Agency Corporate Plan 2022-25, Erişim Adresi: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/uk-space-agency-corporate-plan-2022-25/uk-space-agency-corporate-plan-2022-25--2
  • The Government of UK, UK Space Agency, Erişim Adresi ve Tarihi: https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/uk-space-agency
  • The Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), (2024), The results of the Moon Landing by the Smart Lander for Investigating Moon, Erişim Adresi: https://global.jaxa.jp/press/2024/01/20240120-1_e.html
  • The National News, (2022) Launch site built in Scotland in race to send first rocket into space from UK, Erişim Adresi: https://www.thenationalnews.com/world/uk-news/2022/02/16/launch-site-built-in-scotland-in-race-to-send-first-rocket-into-space-from-uk/
  • The State Council of the People's Republic of China, (2022), China's space station Tiangong enters new phase of application, development, Erişim Adresi: https://english.www.gov.cn/news/topnews/202212/10/content_WS63945288c6d0a757729e4521.html.
  • U.S. Department of Defense, UNMANNED AIRCRAFT SYSTEMS (UAS), Erişim Adres ve Tarihi: https://dod.defense.gov/UAS/ (10 Nisan 2024)
  • Wattles, J., CNN, (2021), Virgin Orbit launches its first commercial satellites into space, Erişim Adresi:https://edition.cnn.com/2021/06/30/tech/virgin-orbit-launch-tubular-bells-scn/index.html#:~:text=Branson%20founded%20his%20suborbital%20space%20company%2C%20Virgin%20Galactic%2C,was%20spun%20off%20from%20that%20venture%20in%202017
  • Scott W. Beidleman, (2006). GPS Versus Galileo - Balancing for Position in Space, Air University Press. Seedhouse, E. (2015). Virgin Galactic : the first ten years. Springer.
  • Wolter, D., & United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research. (2006). Common security in outer space and international law. UNIDIR.
Toplam 32 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Avrupa Birliği, Avrupa Çalışmaları
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Mahmut Can Özdemir 0009-0008-9940-545X

Yayımlanma Tarihi 14 Haziran 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 14 Nisan 2024
Kabul Tarihi 6 Haziran 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 1 Sayı: 20

Kaynak Göster

APA Özdemir, M. C. (2024). Brexit Sonrasında Birleşik Krallık’ın Uzay Politikaları. EURO Politika, 1(20), 77-93.

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