U.S. Relations With Cyprus: From NATO Protection to Status Quoist Perspective

Yıl 2024, Sayı: 2, 25 - 36

Ramazan Safa

Öz

Deeply rooted in historical, ethnic and geopolitical complexities, the Cyprus issue has long been a challenge to regional stability in the Eastern Mediterranean. This article examines the evolution of the Cyprus issue, with particular emphasis on the role of the United States. Initially shaped by Cold War dynamics and the need to prevent conflict between NATO members Greece and Turkey, US intervention has evolved in response to changing geopolitical realities, including the growing influence of Russia in the region. The lifting of the US embargo on military sales to Cyprus is analyzed as a strategic maneuver aimed at countering the Russian presence and strengthening American interests. Despite these efforts, the path to a lasting solution remains challenging, as deep-rooted divisions between Greek and Turkish Cypriots, combined with complex international interests, continue to hinder progress. This article comprehensively examines the Cyprus issue, highlighting the interplay of historical grievances, ethnic divisions and international diplomacy that shape the island’s present and future.

Anahtar Kelimeler

US foreign policy, Cyprus Problem, NATO, Conflict, Middle East

Proje Numarası

1

ABD'nin Kıbrıs Politikası: NATO Korumacılığından Statükocu Bakış Açısına

Öz

Tarihsel, etnik ve jeopolitik karmaşıklıklara derinden kök salmış Kıbrıs sorunu, Doğu Akdeniz'deki bölgesel istikrar için uzun zamandır bir zorluk teşkil etmektedir. Bu makale, özellikle Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nin rolüne vurgu yaparak Kıbrıs sorununun evrimini incelemektedir. Başlangıçta Soğuk Savaş dinamikleri ve NATO üyeleri Yunanistan ve Türkiye arasındaki çatışmayı önleme ihtiyacı tarafından şekillendirilen ABD'nin müdahalesi, bölgedeki Rusya'nın artan etkisi de dahil olmak üzere değişen jeopolitik gerçeklere yanıt olarak gelişmiştir. ABD'nin Kıbrıs'a askeri satışlara uyguladığı ambargonun kaldırılması, Rus varlığına karşı koymayı ve Amerikan çıkarlarını güçlendirmeyi amaçlayan stratejik bir manevra olarak analiz edilmektedir. Bu çabalara rağmen, kalıcı bir çözüme giden yol zorluklarla dolu olmaya devam etmektedir; zira Rum ve Türk Kıbrıslılar arasındaki köklü bölünmeler, karmaşık uluslararası çıkarlarla birleşerek ilerlemeyi engellemeye devam etmektedir. Bu makale, Kıbrıs sorununu kapsamlı bir şekilde ele alarak, adanın bugününü ve geleceğini şekillendiren tarihsel şikayetlerin, etnik bölünmelerin ve uluslararası diplomasinin etkileşimini vurgulamaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

ABD dış politikası, Kıbrıs Sorunu, NATO, Çatışma, Ortadoğu

Etik Beyan

I hereby confirm that the research presented in the manuscript titled "U.S. Relations With Cyprus: From NATO Protection to Status Quoist Perspective" was conducted in accordance with ethical standards and that all sources have been appropriately cited. No ethical concerns or conflicts of interest are associated with this work.

Destekleyen Kurum

Adam Mickiewicz University

Proje Numarası

1

Kaynakça

• Adams, T. (1966). The First Republic of Cyprus: a Review of an Unworkable Constitution, The Western Political Quarterly, 19(3), 475. University of Utah Press. https://doi.org/10.1177/106591296601900303
• Aydemir, S. S. (2021). The first diplomatic crisis that caused harm to the image of the USA in the eyes of the Turkish public: The Johnson Letter. International Journal of Eurasia Social Sciences / Uluslararasi Avrasya Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 12(45), 626.
• Brinkley, D. (1990). Dean Acheson and the ‘special relationship’: The West Point speech of December 1962. The Historical Journal, 33(3), 599-608. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x00013546
• Christou, M. (2006). A double imagination: Memory and education in Cyprus. Mediterranean Quarterly, 24(2), 285-306. https://doi.org/10.1353/mgs.2006.0019
• Dodd, C. (2010). The History and Politics of the Cyprus Conflict.
• Duckett, B. (2010). Historical Dictionary of Cyprus. In Reference Reviews (Vol. 24, Issue 7, p. 61). Emerald Publishing Limited. https://doi.org/10.1108/09504121011077516
• Fırat, M. M. (1997). 1960-71 arası Türk dış politikası ve Kıbrıs sorunu. Siyasal Kitabevi.
• Hannay, D. (2005). Cyprus: The search for a solution. I.B. Tauris.
• İsmail, S. (2000). Kıbrıs sorununun kökleri. İstanbul: Akdeniz Haber Ajansı Yayınları.
• Janigian, A. M. (2017). The Cypriot-Turkish conflict and NATO-European Union cooperation. https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/1046420.pdf
• Kalaitzaki, T. (2023). US Mediation in the Greek-Turkish Disputes since 1954. https://read.dukeupress.edu/mediterranean-quarterly/article-abstract/16/2/106/1532/US-Mediation-in-Greek-Turkish-Disputes-since-1954?redirectedFrom=fulltext
• Katsoulas, S. (2021). The “Nixon Letter” to Ecevit: An untold story of the eve of the Turkish invasion of Cyprus in 1974. The International History Review, 44(2), 318-334. https://doi.org/10.1080/07075332.2021.1935293
• Katsourides, Y. (2017). The Greek Cypriot Nationalist Right in the Era of British Colonialism. In Contributions to political science. Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-55536-2
• Ker-Lindsay, J. (2009). A history of Cyprus Peace Proposals. In Reunifying Cyprus: The Annan plan and Beyond (p. 11). New York: I.B.Tauris & Co Ltd.
• Ker‐Lindsay, J. (2011). The Cyprus Problem. In Oxford University Press eBooks. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/wentk/9780199757169.001.0001
• Kızılyürek, N. (2005). Doğmamış bir devletin tarihi. İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
• Kontos, M. (2020). Cyprus and the great powers: An evaluation of Russian-Cypriot relations in the new Eastern Mediterranean environment. Central Asia and the Caucasus, 15(4), 17-27. https://doi.org/10.24833/2073-8420-2019-4-53-17-27
• Kürkçügil, M. (2003). Kıbrıs Dün ve Bugün, Ithaki Publishing House, Istanbul.
• Loizides, N. (2007). Ethnic Nationalism and Adaptation in Cyprus. In International Studies Perspectives (Vol. 8, Issue 2, p. 172). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1528-3585.2007.00279.x
• Melakopides, C. (2020). Moscow-Cyprus relations since the 1950s: A schematic introduction. Central Asia and the Caucasus, 15(4), 39-55. https://doi.org/10.24833/2073-8420-2019-4-53-39-55
• Michael, M. S. (2009). Resolving the Cyprus Conflict. In Palgrave Macmillan US eBooks. Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230103382
• Neocleous, E. (2015). The potential impact of Russian de-offshorization legislation on Cyprus holding and finance structures. Trusts & Trustees, 21(6), 610-613. https://doi.org/10.1093/tandt/ttv052
• Nicolet, C. (2002). The Development of US Plans for the Resolution of the Cyprus Conflict in 1964: “The Limits of American Power.” In Cold War History (Vol. 3, Issue 1, p. 95). Taylor & Francis. https://doi.org/10.1080/713999969
• Papadakis, Y., Peristianis, N., & Welz, G. (2006). Divided Cyprus: Modernity, History, and an Island in Conflict.
• Price, N. (2022). Lifting of defense trade restrictions on the Republic of Cyprus for fiscal year 2023. https://www.state.gov/lifting-of-defense-trade-restrictions-on-the-republic-of-cyprus-for-fiscal-year-2023/
• Rappas, A. (2014). Cyprus in the 1930s: British colonial rule and the roots of the Cyprus conflict. London: I.B. Tauris. https://www.amazon.com/Cyprus-1930s-Colonial-International-Twentieth/dp/1780764383
• Sakellaropoulos, S. (2022). The evolution of the political, social and economic life of Cyprus, 1191-1950. Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-91839-2
• Souter, D. (1984). An island apart: A review of the Cyprus problem [Review of An island apart: A review of the Cyprus problem]. Third World Quarterly, 6(3), 657. Taylor & Francis. https://doi.org/10.1080/01436598408419791
• Stroescu, O.-C., & Popa, D. (2012). Ethnic Stereotyping in the Greek History Textbooks, 1974-1988. Main Aspects of the Educational Language Used for Depicting the Turks. In Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences (Vol. 46, p. 5124). Elsevier BV. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.06.394
• Ulusoy, K. (2016). Turkey and the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus: A thorny relationship. Journal of South Asian and Middle Eastern Studies, 40(1), 66-79. https://doi.org/10.1353/jsa.2016.0017
• Vural, Y. (2011). Resolving the Cyprus conflict: negotiating history. In Global change, peace & security (Vol. 23, Issue 3, p. 445). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.1080/14781158.2011.605648
• Yakinthou, C. (2009). Political settlements in divided societies. Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230246874
• Yeşilada, B. A. (2009). Islam and the Turkish Cypriots. In Social Compass (Vol. 56, Issue 1, p. 49). SAGE Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1177/0037768608100341
• Τσουκαλά, Ό. (2021). Diplomatic Tensions in the Eastern Mediterranean: Developments in 2021 and Prospects. In HAPSc Policy Briefs Series (Vol. 2, Issue 2, p. 157). National Documentation Centre. https://doi.org/10.12681/hapscpbs.29503