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Yarasa kaynaklı zoonotik viruslar

Yıl 2023, , 211 - 218, 28.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.35864/evmd.1321675

Öz

Yarasalar böcek popülasyonlarının dengelenmesi, bitkilerin tozlaşması ve tohumların yayılması gibi önemli ekolojik katkıları bulunan, çok farklı habitatlarda yaşayabilen ve rodentlerden sonra Memeliler sınıfının en fazla çeşitlilik gösteren takımıdır. Yarasalar vücut büyüklüklerine oranla oldukça uzun yaşamaları, uzak mesafelere uçabilme ve göç etme yetenekleri, tüneme, sosyal organizasyon, hibernasyon, termoregülasyon, ekolokasyon, torpor ve kuvvetli bağışıklık sistemi mekanizmaları sonucu zoonotik viral hastalıklar da dahil olmak üzere pek çok mikroorganizma için rezervuar konaktır. Virusların pek çoğunun doğal yaşam döngüsünde yer alan ve bünyelerinde zengin bir virus çeşitliliğine sahip olan yarasalardan insanlara virusların bulaşması, doğrudan veya yabani ve çiftlik hayvanları ara konaklığıyla olmaktadır. Yarasaların eskiden beri Rhabdoviridae ailesinden Kuduz lyssavirusu ve diğer kuduz-ilişkili lyssavirusları taşıdıkları bilgisine ek olarak, Coronaviridae ailesinden SARS-CoV ve MERS-CoV, Filoviridae ailesinden Ebola ve Marburg viruslar ile Paramyxoviridae ailesinden Nipah ve Hendra viruslar gibi önemli viral zoonoz etkenlerin de doğal taşıyıcıları oldukları tespit edilmiştir. Bu derlemede yarasaların diğer hayvan türleri ile karşılaştırıldığında tür başına daha yüksek oranda zoonotik virusları taşımalarına katkıda bulunan çeşitli faktörler ve önemli bazı yarasa kaynaklı zoonotik viral hastalıklar hakkında genel bilgi verilmesi amaçlanmıştır.

Kaynakça

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  • Amman BR, Jones ME, Sealy TK, Uebelhoer LS, Schuh AJ, Bird BH, Coleman-McCray JD, Martin BE, Nichol ST, Towner JS. (2015) Oral shedding of Marburg virus in experimentally infected Egyptian fruit bats (Rousettus aegyptiacus). J. Wildl. Dis. 51(1), 113-124.
  • Anonim. (2023a) Subfamily: Alpharhabdovirinae Genus: Lyssavirus. Erişim adresi: https://ictv.global/report/chapter/rhabdoviridae/rhabdoviridae/lyssavirus, Erişim tarihi: 24.06.2023.
  • Anonim. (2023b) Current ICTV Taxonomy Release. Erişim adresi: https://ictv.global/taxonomy, Erişim tarihi: 24.06.2023.
  • Anonim. (2023c) Marburg virus disease. Erişim adresi: https://www.who.int/health-topics/marburg-virus-disease#tab=tab_1, Erişim tarihi: 24.06.2023.
  • Anonim. (2023d) Ebola virus disease. Erişim adresi: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/ebola-virus-disease?gclid=Cj0KCQjwnf-kBhCnARIsAFlg493Vnw1A6CScGPZe42c5w8Cwn-5p-ugK8V3CpNX7Kii1Ll9eljWdlmgaAvdmEALw_wcB, Erişim tarihi: 24.06.2023.
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Bat-borne zoonotic viruses

Yıl 2023, , 211 - 218, 28.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.35864/evmd.1321675

Öz

Bats are the most diverse order of Mammalia class after rodents, having important ecological contributions such as stabilization of insect populations, pollination of plants and dispersal of seeds, and can live in very different habitats. Bats are reservoir hosts for many microorganisms, including zoonotic viral diseases, as a result of their relatively long lifespan, ability to fly long distances and migrate, roost, social organization, hibernation, thermoregulation, echolocation, torpor, and strong immune system mechanisms. The transmission of viruses from bats which have a rich virus diversity in their body and most of them take place in their natural life cycle, to human occurs directly or through the intermediate host of wild and farm animals. In addition to the information that bats have been carrying Lyssavirus rabies and other rabies-related lyssaviruses from the Rhabdoviridae family, which has been known for a long time, it has been determined that they are also natural carriers of important viral zoonotic agents such as SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV from the Coronaviridae family, Ebola and Marburg viruses from the Filoviridae family and Nipah and Hendra viruses from the Paramyxoviridae family. In this review, it is aimed to give general information about various factors that contribute to the fact that bats carry a higher rate of zoonotic viruses per species compared to other animal species and some important bat-borne zoonotic viral diseases.

Kaynakça

  • Adjemian J, Farnon EC, Tschioko F, Wamala JF, Byaruhanga E, Bwire GS, Kansiime E, Kagirita A, Ahimbisibwe S, Katunguka F, Jeffs B, Lutwama JJ, Downing R, Tappero JW, Formenty P, Amman B, Manning C, Towner J, Nichol ST, Rollin PE. (2011) Outbreak of Marburg hemorrhagic fever among miners in Kamwenge and Ibanda districts, Uganda, 2007. J. Infect. Dis. 204, 796-799.
  • Amman BR, Jones ME, Sealy TK, Uebelhoer LS, Schuh AJ, Bird BH, Coleman-McCray JD, Martin BE, Nichol ST, Towner JS. (2015) Oral shedding of Marburg virus in experimentally infected Egyptian fruit bats (Rousettus aegyptiacus). J. Wildl. Dis. 51(1), 113-124.
  • Anonim. (2023a) Subfamily: Alpharhabdovirinae Genus: Lyssavirus. Erişim adresi: https://ictv.global/report/chapter/rhabdoviridae/rhabdoviridae/lyssavirus, Erişim tarihi: 24.06.2023.
  • Anonim. (2023b) Current ICTV Taxonomy Release. Erişim adresi: https://ictv.global/taxonomy, Erişim tarihi: 24.06.2023.
  • Anonim. (2023c) Marburg virus disease. Erişim adresi: https://www.who.int/health-topics/marburg-virus-disease#tab=tab_1, Erişim tarihi: 24.06.2023.
  • Anonim. (2023d) Ebola virus disease. Erişim adresi: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/ebola-virus-disease?gclid=Cj0KCQjwnf-kBhCnARIsAFlg493Vnw1A6CScGPZe42c5w8Cwn-5p-ugK8V3CpNX7Kii1Ll9eljWdlmgaAvdmEALw_wcB, Erişim tarihi: 24.06.2023.
  • Beer B, Kurth R, Bukreyev A. (1999) Characteristics of Filoviridae: Marburg and Ebola viruses. Naturwissenschaften. 86(1), 8-17.
  • Benkő M, Harrach B, Kremer EJ. (2014) Do nonhuman primate or bat adenoviruses pose a risk for human health?. Future Microbiol. 9(3), 269-272.
  • Calisher CH, Childs JE, Field HE, Holmes KV, Schountz T. (2006) Bats: important reservoir hosts of emerging viruses. Clin Microbiol Rev. 19(3), 531-545.
  • Calisher C.H. (2015) Viruses In Bats: A Historic Review. Wang LF, Cowled C. eds. Bats and Viruses A New Frontier of Emerging Infectious Diseases. John Wiley & Sons, Canada.
  • Chafekar A, Fielding BC. (2018) MERS-CoV: Understanding the Latest Human Coronavirus Threat. Viruses. 10(2), 93.
  • Chege HN, Schepers C, Wolfaardt GJJ. (2015) Documenting the bat species assemblages of the Meletse Bat Research and Conservation Training Centre in Limpopo Province, Thabazimbi. South Africa African Bat Conserv News. 38, 5-8.
  • Clayton BA, Wang LF, Marsh GA. (2013) Henipaviruses: an updated review focusing on the pteropid reservoir and features of transmission. Zoonoses Public Health. 60(1), 69-83.
  • Clyde WC, Koch SN, Gunnell PL, Bartels GFWS. (2001) Linking the Wasatchian/Bridgerian boundary to the Cenzoic Global Climate Optimum: new magnetostratiographic and isotopic results from South Pass, Wyoming. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol. 167(1-2), 175-199.
  • Decaro N, Buonavoglia C. (2008) An update on canine coronaviruses: viral evolution and pathobiology. Vet Microbiol.132(3-4), 221-234.
  • Dobson AP. (2005) What links bats to emerging infectious diseases?. Science. 310(5748), 628- 629. Fogarty R, Halpin K, Hyatt AD, Daszak P, Mungall BA. (2008) Henipavirus susceptibility to environmental variables. Virus Res. 132(1-2), 140-144. Ge XY, Li JL, Yang XL, Chmura AA, Zhu G, Epstein JH, Mazet JK, Hu B, Zhang W, Peng C,
  • Zhang YJ, Luo CM, Tan B, Wang N, Zhu Y, Crameri G, Zhang SY, Wang LF, Daszak P, Shi ZL. (2013) Isolation and characterization of a bat SARS-like coronavirus that uses the ACE2 receptor. Nature. 503(7477), 535-538.
  • Gerow CM, Rapin N, Voordouw MJ, Elliot M, Misra V, Subudhi S. (2019) Arousal from hibernation and reactivation of Eptesicus fuscus gammaherpesvirus (EfHV) in big brown bats. Transbound Emerg Dis. 66, 1054-1062.
  • Gonzalez V, Banerjee A. (2022) Molecular, ecological, and behavioral drivers of the bat-virus relationship. iScience. 25(8), 104779.
  • Greenhall AM. (1993) Ecology and bionomics of vampire bats in Latin America. Greenhall AM, Artois M, Fekadu M. eds. Bats and Rabies. Fondation Marcel Mérieux, Lyon.
  • Hayes MA, Piaggio AJ. (2018) Assessing the potential impacts of a changing climate on the distribution of a rabies virus vector. PLoS One. 13, e0192887. Hayman DT, Bowen RA, Cryan PM, McCracken GF, O'Shea TJ, Peel AJ, Gilbert A, Webb
  • CT, Wood JLN. (2013) Ecology of zoonotic infectious diseases in bats: current knowledge and future directions. Zoonoses Public Hlth. 60(1), 2-21.
  • Hayman DT. (2016) Bats as viral reservoirs. Annu Rev Virol. 3(1), 77-99. Hu B, Ge X, Wang LF, Shi Z. (2015) Bat origin of human coronaviruses. Virol J.12(1), 221. Hu B, Zeng L, Yang X, Ge X, Zhang W, Li B, Xie JZ, Shen XR, Zhang YZ, Wang N, Luo, DS,
  • Zheng X, Wang M, Daszak P, Wang L, Cui J, Shi Z. (2017) Discovery of a rich gene pool of bat SARS-related coronaviruses provides new insights into the origin of SARS coronavirus. PLoS Pathog. 13(11), e1006698. Joffrin L, Dietrich M, Mavingui P, Lebarbenchon C. (2018) Bat pathogens hit the road: But which one?. PLoS Pathog. 14(8), e1007134.
  • Jones ME, Schuh AJ, Amman BR, Sealy TK, Zaki SR, Nichol S, Towner JS. (2015) Experimental inoculation of Egyptian Rousette bats (Rousettus aegyptiacus) with viruses of the Ebolavirus and Marburgvirus Genera. Viruses. 7, 3420-3442.
  • Kunz T, Fenton, MB, eds. (2003) Bat Ecology. Bibliovault OAI Repository: the University of Chicago Press.
  • Leendertz SA, Gogarten JF, Dux A, Calvignac-Spencer S, Leendertz FH. (2016) Assessing the evidence supporting fruit bats as the primary reservoirs for Ebola viruses. Ecohealth, 13(1), 18-25. Leroy EM, Rouquet P, Formenty P, Souquière S, Kilbourne A, Froment JM, Bermejo M, Smit
  • S, Karesh W, Swanepoel R, Zaki SR, Rollin PE. (2004) Multiple Ebola virus transmission events and rapid decline of central African wildlife. Science. 303(5656), 387-390.
  • Letko M, Seifert SN, Olival KJ, Plowright RK, Munster VJ. (2020) Bat-borne virus diversity, spillover and emergence. Nat Rev Microbiol. 18(8), 461-471. Luby S, Rahman M, Hossain M, Blum L, Husain M, Gurley E, Khan R, Ahmed BN, Rahman,
  • S, Nahar N, Kenah E, Comer JA, Ksiazek TG. (2006) Foodborne transmission of Nipah virus, Bangladesh. Emerging Infect Dis. 12(12), 1888-1894.
  • Luis AD, Hayman DT, O’Shea TJ, Cryan PM, Gilbert AT, Pulliam JR, Mills JN, Timonin ME, Willis CK, Cunningham AA, Fooks AR, Rupprecht CE, Wood JLN, Webb CT. (2013) A comparison of bats and rodents as reservoirs of zoonotic viruses: are bats special? Proc R Soc B: Biol Sci. 280(1756), 20122753.
  • Luis AD, O’Shea TJ, Hayman DTS, Wood JLN, Cunningham AA, Gilbert AT, Mills JN, Webb CT. (2015) Network analysis of host-virus communities in bats and rodents reveals determinants of cross-species transmission. Ecol Lett. 18, 1153-1162.
  • Miller MR, McMinn RJ, Misra V, Schountz T, Müller MA, Kurth A, Munster VJ. (2016) Broad and temperature independent replication potential of Filoviruses on cells derived from old and new world bat species. J Infect Dis. 214, S297-S302.
  • Moratelli R, Calisher CH. (2015) Bats and zoonotic viruses: Can we confidently link bats with emerging deadly viruses?. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 110(1), 1-22.
  • Müller MA, Corman VM, Jores J, Meyer B, Younan M, Liljander A, Bosch BJ, Lattwein E, Hilali M, Musa BE, Bornstein S, Drosten C. (2014) MERS Coronavirus neutralizing antibodies in camels, Eastern Africa, 1983-1997. Emerging Infect Dis. 20(12), 2093-2095.
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Toplam 70 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Veteriner Viroloji
Bölüm Derleme
Yazarlar

Müge Fırat 0000-0002-3899-8078

Yayımlanma Tarihi 28 Aralık 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 2 Temmuz 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023

Kaynak Göster

APA Fırat, M. (2023). Yarasa kaynaklı zoonotik viruslar. Etlik Veteriner Mikrobiyoloji Dergisi, 34(2), 211-218. https://doi.org/10.35864/evmd.1321675


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