Bedbugs (Hemiptera: Cimicidae), their importance for human health and control

Öz

Bedbugs, which are important for human health, belong to the families Cimicidae and Reduviidae. Some species in these families feed by sucking blood from humans and animals during their nymphal and adult stages. Among the species in the family Cimicidae, Cimex lectularius and Cimex hemipterus are closely related to human health. In Türkiye, bedbug outbreaks caused by C. lectularius have been frequently observed in some student houses and dormitories especially in Konya and some provinces. This article has been prepared to enlighten my colleagues, students and the public about bedbugs.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Bedbug
• Cimex lectularius
• Konya
• Türkiye

Tahtakuruları (Hemiptera: Cimicidae) insan sağlığı açısından önemleri ve mücadelesi

Öz

İnsan sağlığı açısından önemli olan tahtakuruları Cimicidae ve Reduviidae ailelerinde yer alırlar. Bu ailelerde bulunan bazı türler nimf ve ergin dönemlerinde insanlardan ve hayvanlardan kan emerek beslenirler. Cimicidae ailesinde yer alan türlerden Cimex lectularius ve Cimex hemipterus insan sağlığını yakından ilgilendirirler. Türkiye'de, özellikle Konya başta olmak üzere bazı illerde, öğrenci evlerinde ve yurtlarda Cimex lectularius'tan kaynaklanan tahtakurusu salgınlarına son yıllarda sıklıkla rastlanmaktadır. Bu makale meslektaşlarımı, öğrencilerimi ve halkı tahtakuruları hakkında aydınlatmak üzere hazırlanmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Cimex lectularius
• Konya
• Tahtakurusu
• Türkiye

Kaynakça

1. Abbar S, Wang C, Cooper R. (2020). Evaluation of a non-chemical compared to a non-chemical plus silica gel approach to bed bug management. Insects. 11: 443. doi:10.3390/insects11070443
2. Akhtar Y, Isman MB. (2016). Efficacy of diatomaceous earth and a DE-aerosol formulation against the common bed bug, Cimex lectularius Linnaeus in the laboratory. J Pest Sci. 89, 1013-1021. DOI 10.1007/s10340-015-0722-7
3. Barbarin AM, Bellicanta GS, Osborne JA, Schal C, Jenkins NE. (2017). Susceptibility of insecticide-resistant bed bugs (Cimex lectularius) to infection by fungal biopesticide. Pest Manag Sci. 73: 1568–1573
4. Bayram Delibaş S. (2017). Tahtakuruları (Hemiptera: Cimicidae) vektörlükleri ve mücadelesi. İçinde “Vektör Artropodlar ve Mücadelesi”, Yusuf Özbel (Editör) 2017, Türkiye Parazitoloji Derneği Yayın No: 25, İzmir, Türkiye, s. 313-326.
5. Berenji F, Moshaverinia A, Jadidoleslami A, Shamsian A, Doggett SL, Moghaddas E. (2019). Evaluation of the common bed bug, Cimex lectularius (Insecta: Hemiptera: Cimicidae) susceptibility to λ-cyhalothrin, malathion, and diazinon in northeastern Iran. J Med Entomol. 56, 903-906.
6. Bérenger J-M, Almeras L, Leulmi H, Parola P. (2015). A high-performance vacuum cleaner for bed bug sampling: A useful tool for medical entomology. J Med Entomol. 52, 513–515. DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjv019
7. Beugnet F, Rautenbach C, van der Mescht L, Lebon W, Aouiche N, Liebenberg J. (2021). Insecticidal efficacy of afoxolaner against bedbugs, Cimex lectularius, when administered orally to dogs. Parasite. 28, 7. https://doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2021004
8. Çerçi B, Koçak Ö, Tezcan S. (2024). Review of the Heteroptera (Hemiptera) fauna of Turkey: perspectives for future research. EJT. 937, 1–127. doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2024.937.2571

9. Chebbah D, Elissa N, Sereno D, Hamarsheh O, Marteau A, Jan J, Izri A, Akhoundi M. (2021). Bed bugs (Hemiptera: Cimicidae) population diversity and first record of Cimex hemipterus in Paris. Insects. 12, 578. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects12070578
10. Dang K, Toi CS, Lilly DG, Lee C-Y, Naylor R, Tawatsin A, Thavara U, Bu W, Doggett SL. (2014). Detection of knockdown resistance (kdr) in Cimex lectularius and Cimex hemipterus (Hemiptera: Cimicidae). Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Urban Pests Gabi Müller, Reiner Pospischil and William H Robinson (editors) 2014 Printed by OOK-Press Kft., H-8200 Veszprém, Papái ut 37/a, Hungary.
11. Dang K, Toi, CS, Lilly DG, Bu W, Doggett SL. (2015). Detection of knockdown resistance mutations in the common bed bug, Cimex lectularius (Hemiptera: Cimicidae), in Australia. Pest Manag Sci. 71, 914–922
12. Dang K, Singham V, Doggett SL, Lilly DG, Lee C-Y. (2017). Effects of different surfaces and insecticide carriers on residual insecticide bioassays against bed bugs, Cimex spp. (Hemiptera: Cimicidae). J Econ Entomol. 110, 558-566. doi: 10.1093/jee/tow296
13. Dang K, Doggett SL, Leong X-Y, Singham GV, Lee C-Y. (2021). Multiple mechanisms conferring broad-spectrum insecticide resistance in the tropical bed bug (Hemiptera: Cimicidae). J Econ Entomol. 114, 2473-2484. doi: 10.1093/jee/toab205.
14. Davies TGE, Field LM, Williamson MS. (2012). The re-emergence of the bed bug as a nuisance pest: implications of resistance to the pyrethroid insecticides. Med Vet Entomol. 26, 241-254.
15. Dik B. (2015). Veteriner Entomoloji. Ders Kitabı. Dördüncü baskı. Selçuk Üniversitesi Basımevi, Konya, 220 sayfa+16 sayfa.
16. Dursun A, Fent M. (2024). First record of Cimex lectularius Linnaeus, 1758 (Cimicidae: Heteroptera) for Amasya. J Het Turk, 6, 35-38.
17. GBIF (2024). Cimex hemipterus (Fabricius, 1803). https://www.gbif.org/species/5866510 (Erişim tarihi 26.06.2024)
18. Giorda F, Guardone L, Mancini M, Accorsi A, Macchioni F, Mignone W. (2013). Cases of bed bug (Cimex lectularius) infestations in northwest Italy. Vet Ital. 49, 335-340. doi: 10.12834/VetIt.1306.03
19. Goddard J. (2014). Long-term efficacy of various natural or “Green” insecticides against bed bugs: A double-blind study. Insects. 5, 942-951. doi:10.3390/insects5040942.
20. Haberkorn C, David J-P, Henri H, Delpuech J-M, Lasseur R, Vavre F, Varaldi J. (2023). A major 6 Mb superlocus is involved in pyrethroid resistance in the common bed bug Cimex lectularius. Evol Appl. 16, 1012-1028; doi: 10.1111/eva.13550. eCollection 2023 May.
21. Hamlili FZ, Bérenger JM, Parola P. (2023). Cimicids of medical and veterinary importance. Insects. 14: 392
22. Kawasima ES, de Paiva VF, Belintani T, Henrique H, Justino G, Nascimento JD, Pinotti H, de Oliveira, da Rosa JA. (2022). Morphological studies of Cimex lectularius Linnaeus, 1758 (Hemiptera: Cimicidae). Rev Chil Entomol. 48, 695-705. DOI: 10.35249/rche.48.4.22.01
23. Kells SA. (2006). Nonchemical control of bed bugs. Am Entomol. 52: 109–110.
24. Kells SA, Goblirsch MJ. (2011). Temperature and time requirements for controlling bed bugs (Cimex lectularius) under commercial heat treatment conditions. Insects. 2, 412-422; doi:10.3390/insects2030412
25. Kerdsawang J, Dang K, Chareonviriyaphap T, Doggett SL. (2023). Laboratory insecticide efficacy trials of lethal harborages for control of the common bed bug, Cimex lectularius (Hemiptera: Cimicidae). Insects. 14, 814. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects14100814
26. Kettle DS. (1993). Medical and Veterinary Entomology. CAB international, Wallingford, Oxon OX10 8DE, UK, p. 658.
27. Köse M, Kartal K, Eser M, Dik B. (2017). Afyonkarahisar'da ev kırlangıcı (Delichon urbica Linnaeus, 1758) yuvalarında kırlangıç tahtakurusu (Oeciacus hirundinis Jenyns, 1839) enfestasyonu salgını ve Türkiye'de ilk kayıt. Eurasian J Vet Sci. 33, 163-166 (DOI:10.15312/EurasianJVetSci.2017.153).
28. Krinsky WL. (2002). True bugs (Hemiptera). In “Medical and Veterinary Entomology”, 2nd Ed. (G.R. Mullen & L.A.Durden, eds). Academic Press, London, p. 80-87.
29. Leong X-Y, Kim D-Y, Dang K, Singham GV, Doggett SL, Lee C-Y. (2020). Performance of commercial insecticide formulations against different developmental stages of insecticide-resistant tropical bed bugs (Hemiptera: Cimicidae). J Econ Entomol, 113, 353-366. doi: 10.1093/jee/toz266.
30. Lilly DG, Dang K, Webb CE, Doggett SL. (2016). Evidence for metabolic pyrethroid resistance in the common bed bug (Hemiptera: Cimicidae). J Econ Entomol. 109, 1364–1368. doi: 10.1093/jee/tow041
31. Lilly DG. (2017). Are Australian field-collected strains of Cimex lectularius and Cimex hemipterus (Hemiptera: Cimicidae) resistant to deltamethrin and imidacloprid as revealed by topical assay? PhD thesis, Department of Medical Entomology Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, p. 151.
32. Merdivenci A. (1967). Türkiye’de son on sene (1955-1965) içinde bulduğum parazitler. Acta Biologica Turcica. 17 (1): 1-10.
33. Mimioğlu MM. (1973). Veteriner ve Tıbbi Artropodoloji. Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Yayınları: 295. Ders Kitabı: 196. 343 sayfa, Ankara Üniversitesi Basımevi, Ankara, p. 343.
34. Nalbantoğlu S. (2015). Hemiptera (Tahtakuruları). K.Z Karaer, N. Dumanlı. eds. Artropodoloji. Medisan Yayın Serisi: 81, Birinci baskı, Ankara. p. 293-302.
35. Naylor RA, Boase CJ. (2010). Practical solutions for treating laundry infested with Cimex lectularius (Hemiptera: Cimicidae). J Econ Entomol. 103, 136-139; DOI: 10.1603/EC09288
36. Panagiotakopulu E, Buckland PC. (1999). Cimex lectularius L., the common bed bug from Pharaonic Egypt. Antiquity. 73: 908-911.
37. Phillips TW, Aikins MJ, Thoms E, Demark J, Wang C. (2014). Fumigation of bed bugs (Hemiptera: Cimicidae): Effective application rates for sulfuryl fluoride. J Econ Entomol. 107, 1582-1589; DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/EC13471
38. Ranabhat S, Wang C. (2020). Effect of moisture on efficacy of selected insecticide dusts against the common bed bug, Cimex lectularius (Hemiptera: Cimicidae). J Econ Entomol. 113, 1933–1939. doi: 10.1093/jee/toaa122
39. Romero A, Potter MF Haynes KF. (2010). Evaluation of chlorfenapyr for control of the bed bug, Cimex lectularius L.. Pest Manag Sci. 66, 1243–1248. DOI 10.1002/ps.2002
40. Romero A, Sutherland AM, Gouge DH, Spafford H, Nair S, Lewis V, Choe DH, Li S, Young D. (2017). Pest management strategies for bed bugs (Hemiptera: Cimicidae) in multiunit housing: A literature review on field studies. J Integr Pest Manag. 8, 1-10. doi: 10.1093/jipm/pmx009
41. Sabet A, Dalliance E, Embers ME, Ward SF, Goddard J. (2023). Attempt to artificially infect Cimex lectularius (Hemiptera: Cimicidae) with Bartonella henselae (Alphaproteobacteria: Bartonellaceae). J Entomol Sci. 58, 307-317. DOI: 10.18474/JES22-57
42. Sabou M, Imperiale DG, Andrès E, Abou-Bacar A, Foeglé J, Lavigne T, Kaltenbach G, Candolfi E. (2013). Bed bugs reproductive life cycle in the clothes of a patient suffering from Alzheimer’s disease results in iron deficiency anemia. Parasite. 20, 16. DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2013018
43. Sheele JM, Ridge GE, Du W, Mallipeddi N, Vallabhaneni M. (2017). A screen of pharmaceutical drugs for their ability to cause short-term morbidity and mortality in the common bed bug, Cimex lectularius L.. Parasitol Res. 116:2619–2626, DOI 10.1007/s00436-017-5565-0
44. Singh N, Wang C, Cooper R. (2013). Effectiveness of a reduced-risk insecticide based bed bug management program in low-income housing. Insects. 4, 731-742. doi:10.3390/insects4040731
45. Singh N, Wang C, Wang D, Cooper R, Zha C. (2016). Comparative efficacy of selected dust insecticides for controlling Cimex lectularius (Hemiptera: Cimicidae). J Econ Entomol. 109, 1819-1826. doi: 10.1093/jee/tow129.
46. Singh N, Wang C, Zha C, Cooper R, Robson M. (2017). Testing a threshold-based bed bug management approach in apartment buildings. Insects. 8, 76; doi:10.3390/insects8030076
47. Topluoğlu S, Mumcuoğlu KY, Taylan-Özkan A. (2023). Türkiye’de tahtakurusu enfestasyonları artıyor mu? 23. Parazitoloji Kongresi, Konferans 07, Antalya, Türkiye. p. 31.
48. Totkova A, Totka A, Sevcikova L, Argalasova L, Cibulkova A, Simko M. (2019). Problems with the bedbug (Cimex lectularius) in Slovakia. Ann Agric Environ Med. 26, 400–404. doi: 10.26444/aaem/103898
49. Unat EK, Yücel A, Altaş K, Samastı M. (1991). Unat’ın Tıp Parazitolojisi. İstanbul Üniversitesi Cerrahpaşa Tıp Fakültesi Yayınları. Üniversite Yayın No: 3641, Fakülte Yayın No: 162, İstanbul Üniversitesi Basımevi ve Film Merkezi, İstanbul. p. 886.
50. Valtchev V, Chalakov M. (2020). Bedbugs on athletes. Trakia Journal of Sciences. 18, (Suppl. 1): 138-142.
51. Vassena CV, Cáceres M, Santo-Orihuela LS. (2019). Pyrethroid resistance associated with a decreased DEET repellency in the common bed bug (Hemiptera: Cimicidae). J Econ Entomol. 112, 997-1000. doi: 10.1093/jee/toy387
52. Wang C, Saltzmann K, Bennett G, Gibb T. (2012). Comparison of three bed bug management strategies in a low-income apartment building. Insects. 402-409; doi:10.3390/insects3020402
53. Wang C, Singh N, Cooper RA. (2015). Field study of the comparative efficacy of three pyrethroid/neonicotinoid mixture products for the control of the common bed bug, Cimex lectularius, Insects. 6, 197-205; doi:10.3390/insects6010197
54. Wang L, Xu Y, Zeng L. (2013). Resurgence of bed bugs (Hemiptera: Cimicidae) in mainland China. Florida Entomol. 96, 131-136. http://dx.doi.org/10.1653/024.096.0117
55. Yu, J-J, Ranabhat S, Wang C. (2023). Insecticide resistance of Cimex lectularius L. populations and the performance of selected neonicotinoid-pyrethroid mixture sprays and an inorganic dust. Insects. 14, 133. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects14020133