General Characteristics, Pathogenesis and Virulence Gene Profiles of Campylobacter Species

Öz

Campylobacter species cause a wide range of infections in animals, ranging from gastroenteritis to abortion. Campylobacter spp. live as commensals within the gastrointestinal tract, particularly in the normal intestinal flora and gallbladder, of cattle, sheep, pigs, and poultry. Poultry are the most common hosts for Campylobacter spp. because the high body temperature of poultry provides a favorable environment for Campylobacter spp. growth. Campylobacter spp. is generally zoonotic and is also responsible for abortion in ruminants. Campylobacter spp. is reported to be the most common cause of foodborne bacterial infections in humans. In humans, Campylobacter jejuni (C. jejuni) causes infections characterized by gastrointestinal symptoms such as diarrhea, fever, and abdominal pain, as well as neurological complications such as reactive arthritis and Miller-Fisher and Guillain-Barré syndromes. The virulence characteristics of Campylobacter species are determined by their adherence, cytotoxin, enterotoxin, and invasive properties. The course of infection and pathogenesis are determined by the number of microorganisms reaching the small intestine, their virulence, the susceptibility of the host, and the immune system. The pathogenic nature of Campylobacter infections is determined by motility, host cell adhesion and invasion, cell death, host defense escape mechanisms, and numerous genes that determine these mechanisms. Extensive genome analyses have revealed that Campylobacter possesses a large accessory gene pool, identifying 126 different virulence factors. Various studies have identified a total of 154 virulence genes through pan-genome analysis of the Campylobacter genus. Flagella, capsule, and cdtABC genes show differential distribution among species. Multiple virulence and essential genes, such as flhA, cadF, cdtA, cdtC, cmeA, and sodB, were detected at high frequencies in some strains isolated from chicken slaughterhouses. The most frequently identified genes include cadF, ciaB, cdtABC, pldA, dnaJ, flaA/B, and capsule biosynthesis genes. Furthermore, a positive correlation has been reported between cadF, racR, and ciaB genes and antibiotic resistance, and a correlation between racR, pldA, ceuE, and cgtB genes and multiple resistance.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Campylobacter
• Virulence
• Gene

Destekleyen Kurum

No support was received from any institution or organization.

Etik Beyan

I declare that this study is an original work; that I have acted in accordance with scientific ethical principles and rules throughout all stages of the study, including preparation, data collection, analysis, and presentation of information; that I have cited all data and information not obtained within the scope of this study and included these sources in the bibliography; that I have not made any changes to the data used; and that I have accepted all terms and conditions of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) and have complied with my ethical duties and responsibilities. I hereby declare that I consent to all ethical and legal consequences that may arise if, at any time, any situation contrary to this declaration I have made regarding the study is detected.

Campylobacter Türlerinin Genel Özellikleri, Patogenezi ve Virülens Gen Profilleri

Öz

Campylobacter türleri, hayvanlarda gastroenteritisten abortusa kadar uzanan birçok farklı enfeksiyona neden olurlar. Campylobacter spp. sığır,koyun, domuz ve kanatlı türlerinin normal barsak florası ve safra kesesi başta olmak üzere gastrointestinal sistem içerisinde kommensal olarak yaşarlar. Kanatlı türlerinin yüksek vücut ısısı Campylobacter spp. üremesi için uygun ortam sağladığından, kanatlılar, Campylobacter spp. için en yaygın konakçılardır. Campylobacter türleri genellikle zoonoz olmakla berebaber ruminantlarda da aborttan sorumludur. Campylobacter spp. insanlarda görülen gıda kaynaklı bakteriyel enfeksiyonların en yaygın nedeni olarak bildirilmektedir. İnsanlarda Campylobacter jejuni (C. jejuni) ishal, ateş ve karın ağrısı gibi gastrointestinal semptomlarla karakterize enfeksiyonlara sebep olduğu gibi, reaktif artrite, Miller-Fisher ve Guillain-Barre sendromları gibi nörolojik komplikasyonlara da sebep olmaktadır. Campylobacter’lerin virülens karekterlerini adherans, sitotoksin, enterotoksin ve invaziv özellikleri belirlemektedir. Enfeksiyonun seyrini ve patogenizini ince barsağa ulaşan mikroorganizma sayısı, virülensi, konağın duyarlılığı ve bağışıklılık sistemi belirlemektedir. Campylobacter enfeksiyonlarında etkenin patojenik karakterini hareket, konak hücreye adhezyon ve invazyon, hücre ölümü, konak savunmasından kaçış mekanizmaları ve bu mekanizmaları determine eden birçok gen belirlemektedir. Geniş çaplı genom analizleri, Campylobacter’in büyük bir gen havuzuna sahip olduğu; 126 farklı virülens faktörü tespit edilmiştir. Farklı çalışmalarda, Campylobacter genusunun pan-genom analizi ile toplam 154 virülens geni belirlenmiştir. Flagella, kapsül ve cdtABC genleri türler arasında farklı dağılım göstermektedir. Tavuk kesimhanelerinden izole edilen bazı suşlarda flhA, cadF, cdtA, cdtC, cmeA ve sodB gibi çoklu virülens genleri ve yaşamsal genler yüksek oranda tespit edilmiştir. En sık tanımlanan genler arasında cadF, ciaB, cdtABC, pldA, dnaJ, flaA/B ve kapsül biyosentez genleri bulunmaktadır. Ayrıca cadF, racR ve ciaB genleri ile antibiyotik direnci arasında pozitif ilişki; racR, pldA, ceuE ve cgtB genleri ile çoklu direnç arasında ilişki olduğu bildirilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• : Campylobacter
• Gen
• Virülens

Destekleyen Kurum

Herhangi bir kurum yada kuruluştan destek alınmamıştır.

Etik Beyan

Bu çalışmanın, özgün bir çalışma olduğunu; çalışmanın hazırlık, veri toplama, analiz ve bilgilerin sunumu olmak üzere tüm aşamalarından bilimsel etik ilke ve kurallarına uygun davrandığımı; bu çalışma kapsamında elde edilmeyen tüm veri ve bilgiler için kaynak gösterdiğimi ve bu kaynaklara kaynakçada yer verdiğimi; kullanılan verilerde herhangi bir değişiklik yapmadığımı, çalışmanın Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE)' in tüm şartlarını ve koşullarını kabul ederek etik görev ve sorumluluklara riayet ettiğimi beyan ederim. Herhangi bir zamanda, çalışmayla ilgili yaptığım bu beyana aykırı bir durumun saptanması durumunda, ortaya çıkacak tüm ahlaki ve hukuki sonuçlara razı olduğumu bildiririm.

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