TR
EN
Determinatin of Potency in Clostridium septicum Vaccines by In Vitro Toxin Neutralization Test Using Vero Cells
Öz
This study aimed to evaluate the applicability of a Vero cell–based neutralization assay as an alternative to the toxin neutralization test (TNT), which does not comply with the 4R principles, for the control of clostridial vaccines. In the study, 20 vaccines containing Clostridium septicum alpha toxoid and 10 vaccines lacking this component (clostridial or non-clostridial), submitted to the Bornova Veterinary Control Institute, Veterinary Biological Products Control Laboratory for routine marketing authorization, were used. For each vaccine, ten New Zealand White rabbits with no history of disease or vaccination were immunized, and sera were collected. The sera were equally divided and subjected to neutralization analysis in Vero cell lines and to TNT using 15 mice per serum sample. According to TNT results, 16 of the 20 C. septicum–containing vaccines were found to be above the acceptance limit, while 4 were below the limit. In sera obtained from rabbits vaccinated with vaccines lacking C. septicum, no antitoxin formation was detected and all mice died in TNT. The Vero cell–based assay yielded results parallel to TNT, with the sensitivity and specificity of the new method calculated as 100%. In conclusion, the Vero cell neutralization assay provided results comparable to TNT while requiring less time and cost, and offering more stable and reliable outcomes.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Destekleyen Kurum
This study was funded by the Aydın Adnan Menderes University Scientific Research Projects (BAP).
Proje Numarası
VTF-23004
Etik Beyan
Ethical approval for this study was obtained from the Animal Experiments Ethics Committee of the Bornova Veterinary Control Institute on 19 July 2022 (Decision No: 2022/5).
Teşekkür
Part of this study was previously presented as an oral presentation at the 6th National Laboratory Animal Science Congress, held in Aksaray, Türkiye, on 4–6 September 2025 (Oral Presentation No: 08).
This study was supported by the Scientific Research Projects (Project No: VTF-23004) and is a summary from the doctoral thesis of the corresponding author. The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest related to this study.
The authors would like to thank Dr. Ahmet ARSLAN for providing technical assistance and support in manuscript editing.
Kaynakça
- Alves, M. L. F., Ferreira, M. R. A., Donassolo, R. A., Rodrigues, R. R., Conceição, F. R. (2021). Clostridium septicum: A review in the light of alpha-toxin and development of vaccines. Vaccine, 39(35), 4949–4956. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.07.019
- Arslan, A., Erbaş, G. (2023). Determining the Potency of Vaccines Containing Clostridium perfringens Epsilon Toxoid via Toxicity Analysis in MDCK Cell Lines. Etlik Veteriner Mikrobiyoloji Dergisi, 34(1), 59–66. https://doi.org/10.35864/evmd.1192288
- Borrmann, E., Schulze, F. (1999). Detection of Clostridium novyi type B α toxin by cell culture systems . FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology, 24(3), 275–280. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-695x.1999.tb01294.x
- Borrmann, E., Schulze, F., Cussler, K., Hänel, I., Diller, R. (2006). Development of a cell culture assay for the quantitative determination of vaccination-induced antibodies in rabbit sera against Clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin and Clostridium novyi alpha toxin. Veterinary Microbiology, 114(1–2), 41–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2005.10.043
- Ebert, E., Oppling, V., Werner, E., Cussler, K. (1999). Development and prevalidation of two differentsystems fort he potency testing of Clostridium perfringens β and Ꜫ- toxoid containing veterinary vaccines, FEMS Immunology & Medical Microbiology. 24, 299-311. doi: 10.1111/j.1574-695X.1999.tb01298.x.
- European Pharmacopoeia (EP). (2022). Clostridium septicum vaccine for veterinary use (Monograpf 0364), Version 10.8, 6834-6836.
- Feoktistova, M., Geserick, P., & Leverkus, M. (2016). Crystal violet assay for determining viability of cultured cells. Cold Spring Harbor Protocols, 2016(4), 343–346. https://doi.org/10.1101/pdb.prot087379
- Gazioglu, A., Karagülle, B., Yüksel, H., Nuri Açlk, M., Keçeci, H., Dörtbudak, M. B., Çetinkaya, B. (2018). Sudden death due to gas gangrene caused by Clostridium septicum in goats. BMC Veterinary Research, 14(1), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-018-1747-y
Ayrıntılar
Birincil Dil
İngilizce
Konular
Veteriner Mikrobiyolojisi
Bölüm
Araştırma Makalesi
Yayımlanma Tarihi
13 Temmuz 2026
Gönderilme Tarihi
12 Ocak 2026
Kabul Tarihi
11 Mayıs 2026
Yayımlandığı Sayı
Yıl 2026 Cilt: 37 Sayı: 1
APA
Ayar, O., & Erbaş, G. (2026). Determinatin of Potency in Clostridium septicum Vaccines by In Vitro Toxin Neutralization Test Using Vero Cells. Etlik Veteriner Mikrobiyoloji Dergisi, 37(1), 17-24. https://doi.org/10.35864/evmd.1861616
AMA
1.Ayar O, Erbaş G. Determinatin of Potency in Clostridium septicum Vaccines by In Vitro Toxin Neutralization Test Using Vero Cells. Etlik Vet. Mik. Derg. 2026;37(1):17-24. doi:10.35864/evmd.1861616
Chicago
Ayar, Oğuzhan, ve Göksel Erbaş. 2026. “Determinatin of Potency in Clostridium septicum Vaccines by In Vitro Toxin Neutralization Test Using Vero Cells”. Etlik Veteriner Mikrobiyoloji Dergisi 37 (1): 17-24. https://doi.org/10.35864/evmd.1861616.
EndNote
Ayar O, Erbaş G (01 Temmuz 2026) Determinatin of Potency in Clostridium septicum Vaccines by In Vitro Toxin Neutralization Test Using Vero Cells. Etlik Veteriner Mikrobiyoloji Dergisi 37 1 17–24.
IEEE
[1]O. Ayar ve G. Erbaş, “Determinatin of Potency in Clostridium septicum Vaccines by In Vitro Toxin Neutralization Test Using Vero Cells”, Etlik Vet. Mik. Derg., c. 37, sy 1, ss. 17–24, Tem. 2026, doi: 10.35864/evmd.1861616.
ISNAD
Ayar, Oğuzhan - Erbaş, Göksel. “Determinatin of Potency in Clostridium septicum Vaccines by In Vitro Toxin Neutralization Test Using Vero Cells”. Etlik Veteriner Mikrobiyoloji Dergisi 37/1 (01 Temmuz 2026): 17-24. https://doi.org/10.35864/evmd.1861616.
JAMA
1.Ayar O, Erbaş G. Determinatin of Potency in Clostridium septicum Vaccines by In Vitro Toxin Neutralization Test Using Vero Cells. Etlik Vet. Mik. Derg. 2026;37:17–24.
MLA
Ayar, Oğuzhan, ve Göksel Erbaş. “Determinatin of Potency in Clostridium septicum Vaccines by In Vitro Toxin Neutralization Test Using Vero Cells”. Etlik Veteriner Mikrobiyoloji Dergisi, c. 37, sy 1, Temmuz 2026, ss. 17-24, doi:10.35864/evmd.1861616.
Vancouver
1.Oğuzhan Ayar, Göksel Erbaş. Determinatin of Potency in Clostridium septicum Vaccines by In Vitro Toxin Neutralization Test Using Vero Cells. Etlik Vet. Mik. Derg. 01 Temmuz 2026;37(1):17-24. doi:10.35864/evmd.1861616