Akuakültürde Bakteriyofaj Terapisi

Öz

Su ürünleri yetiştiriciliği, küresel gıda kaynağının sağlanması ve ekonomik sürdürülebilirlik açısından stratejik öneme sahip bir sektördür. Özellikle son yıllarda üretim yoğunluklarının artması ve teknolojik gelişmelerden yararlanılması ile su ürünleri yetiştiriciliği hızlı bir gelişim göstermiştir; ancak bu gelişmelere paralel olarak bakteriyel hastalıkların görülme sıklığı da artmıştır. Bu hastalıkların kontrol ve tedavisinde uzun yıllardır antimikrobiyallerin tercih edilmiş, ancak bu ilaçların yoğun ve uzun süreli kullanımı antibiyotik direncin (AMD) gelişimini hızlandırarak önemli bir sorun haline gelmiştir. Bu bağlamda antibiyotiğe bağımlılığı azaltan çevre dostu, hedefe yönelik ve sürdürülebilir alternatif bir yöntem olarak bakteriyofaj terapileri tekrardan gündeme gelmiştir. Bu derlemede, bakteriyofajların temel biyolojisi, faj terapisi için uygun fajın seçimi için izolasyon ve karakterizasyonu, konak aralığı belirlenmesi, dozajlama ve uygulama yöntemleri, akuakültürde yaygın olarak görülen Aeromonas spp., Vibrio spp., Edwardsiella spp., Flavobacterium spp., Streptococcus spp. Pseudomonas spp. ve Yersinia spp. gibi bakteriyel hastalıklara karşı yapılan in vivo ve in vitro faj terapisi uygulamaları ve sonuçları, literatür verileri doğrultusunda derlenmiştir. Yapılan çalışmalar sonucunda da bakteriyofaj terapisinin alternatif bir biyolojik araç olarak kullanılabileceği yönünde olumlu sonuçlar elde edilmiştir. Bununla birlikte bu yaklaşımın yaygın ve güvenli bir şekilde uygulanabilmesi için faj direnci, doz optimizasyonu ve standardizasyonu, çevresel stabilite gibi durumlara yönelik kapsamlı çalışmalar yapılması gerektiği belirtilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Akuakültür
• bakteriyofaj
• bakteriyel balık hastalıkları
• faj terapisi

Phage Therapy in Aquaculture

Öz

Aquaculture is a sector of strategic importance for ensuring global food supply and economic sustainability. Particularly in recent years, the sector has experienced rapid growth due to increased production intensity and the utilization of technological advancements; however, in parallel with these developments, the incidence of bacterial diseases has also increased. For many years, antimicrobials have been widely used for the control and treatment of these diseases; but their intensive and prolonged use has accelerated the development of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), becoming a significant global concern. In this context, bacteriophage therapy has re-emerged as an environmentally friendly, targeted and sustainable alternative strategy aimed at reducing dependence on antibiotics. This review comprehensively evaluates the fundamental biology of bacteriophages, the isolation and characterization of suitable phages for therapeutic applications, host range determination, dosage and application methods; in vivo and in vitro phage therapy applications against bacterial pathogens commonly observed in aquaculture such as Aeromonas spp., Vibrio spp., Edwardsiella spp., Flavobacterium spp., Streptococcus spp. Pseudomonas spp. and Yersinia spp are reviewed and complied based on literature data. The results of these studies indicate that bacteriophage therapy can be used as an alternative biological tool. Nevertheless, it is emphasized that further comprehensive studies focusing on phage resistance, dose optimization and standardization, and environmental stability are required for the widespread and safe implementation of this approach.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Aquaculture
• bacteriophage
• bacterial fish diseases
• phage therapy

Kaynakça

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