Enterokoklar, insan ve çiftlik hayvanlarının doğal bağırsak florasında, toprak, su ve gıdalarda bulunabilen Gram
pozitif mikroorganizmalardır. Patojen enterokoklar, sitolizin, agregasyon faktörü, jelatinaz, hyaluronidaz gibi insan
sağlığı açısından önemli birçok virülens faktöründen bir veya birkaçına sahiptir. Gıda kaynaklı ve nozokomiyal enterokok
infeksiyonlarının gelişiminde; intrinsik ve kazanılmış çoklu antibiyotik direnci önemli rol teşkil etmektedir.
Enterokoklar fekal yolla çiğ et ve süt başta olmak üzere taze gıdalara bulaşabilmekte, ayrıca ısıya relatif direncinden
dolayı ısı işlemi görmüş gıdalarda da gıda hijyeni açısından önem arz etmektedir.
Bensing BA, Dunny GM, (1993). Cloning and molecular
analysis of genes affecting expression of binding substance,
the recipient-encoded receptor(s) mediating mating aggregate
formation in Enterococcus faecalis. J Bacteriol. 175,
7421-7429.
Biavasco F, Foglia G, Paoletti C, Zandri G, Magi G,
Guaglianone E, Sundsfjord A, Pruzzo C, Donelli G,
Facinelli B, (2007). VanA-Type enterococci from humans,
animals, and food: species distribution, population structure,
Tn1546 typing and location, and virulence determinants.
Appl Environ Microbiol. 73, 3307-3319.
Citak S, Yucel N, Mendi A, (2005). Antibiotic resistance of
enterococcal isolates in raw milk. J Food Process Pres. 29,
183-195.
Cox CR, Coburn PS, Gılmore MS, (2005). Enterococcal
cytolysin: a novel two component peptide system that
serves as a bacterial defense against eukaryotic and prokaryotic
cells. Curr Protein Pept Sci. 6, 77-84.
Eaton TJ, Gasson MJ, (2001). Molecular screening of
Enterococcus virulence determinants and potential for genetic
exchange between food and medical isolates. Appl
Environ Microbiol. 67, 1628-1635.
Fabretti F, Theilacker C, Baldassarri L, Zbigniew
Kaczynski Z, Kropec A, Holst O, Huebner J, (2006).
Alanine esters of enterococcal lipoteichoic acid play a role
in biofilm formation and resistance to antimicrobial peptides.
Infect Immun. 74, 4164-4171.
Fisher K, Phillips, C. (2009). The ecology, epidemiology
and virulence of Enterococcus. Microbiology. 155, 1749-
1757.
Foulquié Moreno MR, Sarantinopoulos P, Tsakalidou E,
De Vuyst L, (2006). The role and application of enterococci
in food and health. Int J Food Microbiol. 106, 1-24.
Franz CMAP, Holzapfel WH, Stiles ME, (1999).
Enterococci at the crossroads of food safety. Int J Food
Microbiol. 47, 1-24.
Göncüoğlu M, Bilir Ormancı FS, Kasımoğlu Doğru A,
(2009). Beyaz peynir üretiminde Enterococcus faecium’un
starter kültür olarak kullanılması. Ankara Üniv Vet Fak
Derg. 56, 249-254.
Hällgren A, Claesson C, Saeedi B, Monstein HJ,
Hanberger H, Nilsson LE, (2009). Molecular detection of
aggregation substance, enterococcal surface protein, and
cytolysin genes and in vitro adhesion to urinary catheters
of Enterococcus faecalis and E. faecium of clinical origin.
Int J Med Microbiol. 299, 323-332.
Jankoska G, Trajkovska-Dokic E, Panovski N,
Popovska-Jovanovska K, Petrovska M, (2008). Virulence
factors and antibiotic resistance in Enterococcus faecalis
isolated from urine samples. Prilozi. 29, 57-66.
Jett BD, Huycke MM, Gilmore MS, (1994). Virulence of
enterococci. Clin Microbiol Rev. 7, 462-478.
Kasimoglu Dogru A, Gencay YE, Ayaz ND, (2010).
Prevalence and antibiotic resistance profiles of
Enterococcus species in chicken at slaughter level; absence
of vanA and vanB genes in E. faecalis and E. faecium. Res
Vets Sci. 89, 153-158.
Klare I, Konstabel C, Badstübner D, Werner G, Witte
W, (2003). Occurrence and spread of antibiotic resistances
in Enterococcus faecium. Int J Food Microbiol. 88, 269-
290.
Koch S, Hufnagel M, Theilacker C, Huebner J, (2004).
Enterococcal infections: host response, therapeutic, and
prophylactic possibilities. Vaccine. 22, 822-830.
Low YL, Jakubovics NS, Flatman JC, Jenkinson HF,
Smith AW, (2003). Manganese-dependent regulation
of the endocarditis-associated virulence factor EfaA of
Enterococcus faecalis. J Med Microbiol. 52, 113-119.
Lowe AM, Lambert PA, Smith AW, (1995). Cloning of
an Enterococcus faecalis endocarditis antigen: homology
with adhesins from some oral streptococci. Infect Immun.
63, 703-706.
Mohamed JA, Huang DB, (2007). Biofilm formation by
enterococci. J Med Microbiol. 56, 1581-1588.
Mundy LM, Sahm DF, Gilmore M, (2000). Relationships
between enterococcal virulence and antimicrobial resistance.
Clin Microbiol Rev. 13, 513-522.
Murray BE, (1998). Diversity among multidrug-resistant
enterococci. Emerg Infect Dis. 4, 37-47.
Necidová L, Janštová B, Karpíšková S, Cupáková
ŠM, Dušková M, Karpíšková R, (2009). Importance of
Enterococcus spp. for Forming a Biofilm. Czech J Food
Sci. 27, S354-S356.
Oancea C, Klare I, Witte W, Werner G, (2004).
Conjugative transfer of the virulence gene, esp, among isolates
of Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis. J
Antimicrob Chemother. 54, 232-235.
Petsaris O, Miszczak F, Gicquel Bruneau M, Perrin
Guyomard A, Humbert F, Sanders P, Leclercq R, (2005).
Combined antimicrobial resistance in Enterococcus fae
cium isolated from chickens. Appl Environ Microbiol. 71,
2796-2799.
Sannomiya P, Craig RA, Clewell DB, Suzuki A, Fujino
M, Till GO, Marasco WA, (1990). Characterization of a
class of nonformylated Enterococcus faecalis-derived neutrophil
chemotactic peptides: the sex pheromones. Proc
Natl Acad Sci USA. 87, 66-70.
Shi X, Zhu X, (2009). Biofilm formation and food safety
in food industries. Trends Food Sci Technol. 20, 407-413.
Sillanpää J, Prakash VP, Nallapareddy SR, Murray BE,
(2009). Distribution of genes encoding MSCRAMMs and
pili in clinical and natural populations of Enterococcus faecium.
J Clin Microbiol. 47, 896-901.
Sood S, Malhotra M, Das BK, Kapil A, (2008).
Enterococcal infections & antimicrobial resistance. Indian
J Med Res. 128, 111-121.
Tendolkar PM, Baghdayan AS, Shankar N, (2003).
Pathogenic enterococci: new developments in the 21st century.
Cell Mol Life Sci. 60, 2622-2636.
Trivedi K, Cupakova S, Karpiskova R, (2011). Virulence
factors and antibiotic resistance in enterococci isolated
from food-stuffs. Veterinarni Medicina, 56, 352-357.
Vankerckhove NV, Autgaerden TV, Vael C, Lammens
C, Chapelle S, Rossi R, Jabes D, Goossens H, (2004).
Development of a multiplex PCR for the detection of asa1,
gelE, cylA, esp, and hyl genes in enterococci and survey for
virulence determinants among european hospital isolates
of Enterococcus faecium. J Clin Microbiol. 42, 4473-4479.
Vankerckhoven V, Huys G, Vancanneyt M, Snauwaert
C, Swings J, Klare I, Witte W, Van Autgaerden T,
Chapelle S, Lammens C, Goossens H, (2008). Genotypic
diversity, antimicrobial resistance, and virulence factors of
human isolates and probiotic cultures constituting two intraspecific
groups of Enterococcus faecium isolates. Appl
Environ Microbiol. 74, 4247-4255.
Vignolo G, Palacios J, Farias ME, Sesma F, Schillinger
U, Holzapfel W, Oliver G, (2000). Combined effect of bacteriocins
on the survival of various Listeria species in broth
and meat system. Curr Microbiol. 41, 410-416.
Upadhyaya GPM, Ravikumar KL, Umapathy BL,
(2009). Review of virulence factors of Enterococcus: an
emerging nosocomial pathogen. Int J Med Microbiol. 27,
301-305.
Xu Y, Singh KV, Qin X, Murray BE, Weinstock GM,
(2000). Analysis of a gene cluster of Enterococcus faecalis
involved in polysaccharide biosynthesis. Infect Immun. 68,
815-823.
Important virulence factors of enterococci and presence in foods
Enterococci are ubiquitous Gram-positive bacteria that inhabit intestinal flora of healthy humans and animals,
soil, surface water and food. Pathogenic enterococci have one or more of the virulence factors such as cytolysin,
aggregation substance, gelatinase, hyaluronidase and etc., which are important for human health. Withal intrinsic and
acquired resistance ability to multiple antibiotics, constitutes an important role in the development of nosocomial and
foodborne enterococcal infections. Enterococci can be transmitted to fresh foods including raw meat and milk via fecal
contamination. As they have relative resistance of heat they can survive in heat-treated foods and for this reason they
are important for food hygiene.
Kaynakça
Bensing BA, Dunny GM, (1993). Cloning and molecular
analysis of genes affecting expression of binding substance,
the recipient-encoded receptor(s) mediating mating aggregate
formation in Enterococcus faecalis. J Bacteriol. 175,
7421-7429.
Biavasco F, Foglia G, Paoletti C, Zandri G, Magi G,
Guaglianone E, Sundsfjord A, Pruzzo C, Donelli G,
Facinelli B, (2007). VanA-Type enterococci from humans,
animals, and food: species distribution, population structure,
Tn1546 typing and location, and virulence determinants.
Appl Environ Microbiol. 73, 3307-3319.
Citak S, Yucel N, Mendi A, (2005). Antibiotic resistance of
enterococcal isolates in raw milk. J Food Process Pres. 29,
183-195.
Cox CR, Coburn PS, Gılmore MS, (2005). Enterococcal
cytolysin: a novel two component peptide system that
serves as a bacterial defense against eukaryotic and prokaryotic
cells. Curr Protein Pept Sci. 6, 77-84.
Eaton TJ, Gasson MJ, (2001). Molecular screening of
Enterococcus virulence determinants and potential for genetic
exchange between food and medical isolates. Appl
Environ Microbiol. 67, 1628-1635.
Fabretti F, Theilacker C, Baldassarri L, Zbigniew
Kaczynski Z, Kropec A, Holst O, Huebner J, (2006).
Alanine esters of enterococcal lipoteichoic acid play a role
in biofilm formation and resistance to antimicrobial peptides.
Infect Immun. 74, 4164-4171.
Fisher K, Phillips, C. (2009). The ecology, epidemiology
and virulence of Enterococcus. Microbiology. 155, 1749-
1757.
Foulquié Moreno MR, Sarantinopoulos P, Tsakalidou E,
De Vuyst L, (2006). The role and application of enterococci
in food and health. Int J Food Microbiol. 106, 1-24.
Franz CMAP, Holzapfel WH, Stiles ME, (1999).
Enterococci at the crossroads of food safety. Int J Food
Microbiol. 47, 1-24.
Göncüoğlu M, Bilir Ormancı FS, Kasımoğlu Doğru A,
(2009). Beyaz peynir üretiminde Enterococcus faecium’un
starter kültür olarak kullanılması. Ankara Üniv Vet Fak
Derg. 56, 249-254.
Hällgren A, Claesson C, Saeedi B, Monstein HJ,
Hanberger H, Nilsson LE, (2009). Molecular detection of
aggregation substance, enterococcal surface protein, and
cytolysin genes and in vitro adhesion to urinary catheters
of Enterococcus faecalis and E. faecium of clinical origin.
Int J Med Microbiol. 299, 323-332.
Jankoska G, Trajkovska-Dokic E, Panovski N,
Popovska-Jovanovska K, Petrovska M, (2008). Virulence
factors and antibiotic resistance in Enterococcus faecalis
isolated from urine samples. Prilozi. 29, 57-66.
Jett BD, Huycke MM, Gilmore MS, (1994). Virulence of
enterococci. Clin Microbiol Rev. 7, 462-478.
Kasimoglu Dogru A, Gencay YE, Ayaz ND, (2010).
Prevalence and antibiotic resistance profiles of
Enterococcus species in chicken at slaughter level; absence
of vanA and vanB genes in E. faecalis and E. faecium. Res
Vets Sci. 89, 153-158.
Klare I, Konstabel C, Badstübner D, Werner G, Witte
W, (2003). Occurrence and spread of antibiotic resistances
in Enterococcus faecium. Int J Food Microbiol. 88, 269-
290.
Koch S, Hufnagel M, Theilacker C, Huebner J, (2004).
Enterococcal infections: host response, therapeutic, and
prophylactic possibilities. Vaccine. 22, 822-830.
Low YL, Jakubovics NS, Flatman JC, Jenkinson HF,
Smith AW, (2003). Manganese-dependent regulation
of the endocarditis-associated virulence factor EfaA of
Enterococcus faecalis. J Med Microbiol. 52, 113-119.
Lowe AM, Lambert PA, Smith AW, (1995). Cloning of
an Enterococcus faecalis endocarditis antigen: homology
with adhesins from some oral streptococci. Infect Immun.
63, 703-706.
Mohamed JA, Huang DB, (2007). Biofilm formation by
enterococci. J Med Microbiol. 56, 1581-1588.
Mundy LM, Sahm DF, Gilmore M, (2000). Relationships
between enterococcal virulence and antimicrobial resistance.
Clin Microbiol Rev. 13, 513-522.
Murray BE, (1998). Diversity among multidrug-resistant
enterococci. Emerg Infect Dis. 4, 37-47.
Necidová L, Janštová B, Karpíšková S, Cupáková
ŠM, Dušková M, Karpíšková R, (2009). Importance of
Enterococcus spp. for Forming a Biofilm. Czech J Food
Sci. 27, S354-S356.
Oancea C, Klare I, Witte W, Werner G, (2004).
Conjugative transfer of the virulence gene, esp, among isolates
of Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis. J
Antimicrob Chemother. 54, 232-235.
Petsaris O, Miszczak F, Gicquel Bruneau M, Perrin
Guyomard A, Humbert F, Sanders P, Leclercq R, (2005).
Combined antimicrobial resistance in Enterococcus fae
cium isolated from chickens. Appl Environ Microbiol. 71,
2796-2799.
Sannomiya P, Craig RA, Clewell DB, Suzuki A, Fujino
M, Till GO, Marasco WA, (1990). Characterization of a
class of nonformylated Enterococcus faecalis-derived neutrophil
chemotactic peptides: the sex pheromones. Proc
Natl Acad Sci USA. 87, 66-70.
Shi X, Zhu X, (2009). Biofilm formation and food safety
in food industries. Trends Food Sci Technol. 20, 407-413.
Sillanpää J, Prakash VP, Nallapareddy SR, Murray BE,
(2009). Distribution of genes encoding MSCRAMMs and
pili in clinical and natural populations of Enterococcus faecium.
J Clin Microbiol. 47, 896-901.
Sood S, Malhotra M, Das BK, Kapil A, (2008).
Enterococcal infections & antimicrobial resistance. Indian
J Med Res. 128, 111-121.
Tendolkar PM, Baghdayan AS, Shankar N, (2003).
Pathogenic enterococci: new developments in the 21st century.
Cell Mol Life Sci. 60, 2622-2636.
Trivedi K, Cupakova S, Karpiskova R, (2011). Virulence
factors and antibiotic resistance in enterococci isolated
from food-stuffs. Veterinarni Medicina, 56, 352-357.
Vankerckhove NV, Autgaerden TV, Vael C, Lammens
C, Chapelle S, Rossi R, Jabes D, Goossens H, (2004).
Development of a multiplex PCR for the detection of asa1,
gelE, cylA, esp, and hyl genes in enterococci and survey for
virulence determinants among european hospital isolates
of Enterococcus faecium. J Clin Microbiol. 42, 4473-4479.
Vankerckhoven V, Huys G, Vancanneyt M, Snauwaert
C, Swings J, Klare I, Witte W, Van Autgaerden T,
Chapelle S, Lammens C, Goossens H, (2008). Genotypic
diversity, antimicrobial resistance, and virulence factors of
human isolates and probiotic cultures constituting two intraspecific
groups of Enterococcus faecium isolates. Appl
Environ Microbiol. 74, 4247-4255.
Vignolo G, Palacios J, Farias ME, Sesma F, Schillinger
U, Holzapfel W, Oliver G, (2000). Combined effect of bacteriocins
on the survival of various Listeria species in broth
and meat system. Curr Microbiol. 41, 410-416.
Upadhyaya GPM, Ravikumar KL, Umapathy BL,
(2009). Review of virulence factors of Enterococcus: an
emerging nosocomial pathogen. Int J Med Microbiol. 27,
301-305.
Xu Y, Singh KV, Qin X, Murray BE, Weinstock GM,
(2000). Analysis of a gene cluster of Enterococcus faecalis
involved in polysaccharide biosynthesis. Infect Immun. 68,
815-823.
Azımı Mahalleh, A., & Göncüoğlu, M. (2014). Enterokokların önemli virülens faktörleri ve gıdalarda bulunuşu. Etlik Veteriner Mikrobiyoloji Dergisi, 25(2), 47-52.