Tavuk ve Hindilerde Xylazin hidroklorürle Premedikasyon Etomidat, Ketamin Hidroklorür ve Propofol ile Sağlanan Anestezinin Klinik Parametreler Açısından Araştırılması
Bu çalışma kanatlı hayvanlarda genel anestezide emin, etkili, komplikasyon riski bulunmayan veya düşük düzeyde
bulunan bir anestezik drogla çalışma gereği hissedildiğinden, bu ihtiyaca ışık tutması amaçlanarak yapılmıştır.
Çalışmada; etomidat grubu için 6 tavuk, 6 hindi, propofol grubu için 6 tavuk, 6 hindi, ketamin grubu için 6 tavuk ve 6
hindi olmak üzere toplam 18 tavuk ile 18 hindi kullanıldı. Premedikasyon amacıyla xylazine hidrochloride (Rompun-
Bayer) 1-2mg/kg kullanıldı. Premedikasyondan sonra ilk gruba 5 mg/kg etomidat (Johnson&Johnson) ikinci gruba 8
mg/kg propofol (Diprivan-Abbott™) vena subcutenea ulnarisden verildi. Üçüncü gruba 50 mg/kg dozunda ketamin
hidrokloride (Ketasol-İnterhas) pectoral kas içine verildi. Parametrelere anestezi öncesi, anestezi sırası ve anesteziden
24 saat sonrasında bakıldı. Klinik parametrelerden kalp vurum sayısı, solunum sayısı ve beden ısısına bakıldı.Ketalar
ile propofol tavuk ve hindi gruplarında kalp vurum sayısındaki değişiklikler istatistiki olarak p<0.05’e göre anlamlı
bulundu. Sonuç olarak, etomidat kanatlılarda kullanılırken solunum sayısında azalmalara neden olabileceğinden akciğer
rahatsızlığı olanlarda bu durumun dikkate alınması yararlı olacaktır. Ketamin ve propofol kanatlılarda kullanılırken hem
kalp vurum sayısında hem de solunum sayısında azalışlar gözleneceğinden kalp ve solunum rahatsızlığı olanlarda bu
durumun göz önünde bulundurulmalıdır.
Ajadi RA, Olajide B, Kasali A, Folashade Makinde, Adetiike
I, Adeleye JA, Oyewusi and Olukayode G Akintunde,
(2009). Effects of Midazolam on Ketamine-Xylazine Anesthesia
in Guinea Fowl (Numida meleagris galeata). Journal of Avian
Medicine and Surgery 23(3):199-204. Association of Avian
Veterinarians.
Aslanbey D, (1986). Veteriner Operasyon Bilgisi, Ankara
Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Yayınları 411, cilt 1, ikinci
baskı, A.Ü. Basımevi, Ankara, 124-126.
Bayram D, (2005). Sıçan karaciğeri üzerine tiyopental sodyum,
propofol, etomidate ve midazolam isimli anestezik maddelerine
etkisinin ışık mikroskobik düzeyde incelenmesi. S. D. Ü. Tıp
Fak. Sağ. Bil. Ens. Yük. Lis. Tez. Isparta.
Benedikt B, Korbel R, Stiehl J, (1998). Untersuchungen zurperianästhetischen
Stabilisierung der Körpertemperaturbei
Haustauben (Columba livia L, 1789, var. dom.). Proceedings
of the XI Tagung über Vogelkrankheiten. München, Germany.
pp. 218-230.
Christensen J, Fosse R.T, Halvorsen OJ, (1987). Comperison
of varioss anesthetic regimens in the domestic fowl. AJVR, 48,
11, 1649-1657.
Degernes LA, Kreeger TJ, Maiidsager R, Redig PT, (1988).
Ketamine-xylazine anesthesia in red-tailed hawks with antagonism
by yohimbine.J Wildl Dis,24, 22-326.
Dorcas O. Schaefer, (1997). Anesthesia and Analgesia in nontraditional
laboratory animal species. chapter 15. 341-346.
Dziaman R, Hajek G, Kłyszejko B, (2010). Effect of
2-phenoxyethanol and etomidate on cardiac and respiratory
functions and behaviour of common carp, Cyprinus carpiol
(Actinopterygii, Cypriniformes, Cyprinidae), during general
anaesthesia. Acta Ichthyol. Piscat. 40, 1, 37-43.
Fitzgerald G, Cooper JE,(1990).Prelimary studies on the use
of propofol in the domestic pigeon (Columbia livia). Res Vet
Sci, 49, 334-338.
Gandomani MJ, Tamadon A, Mehdizadeh A, Ataran
HR, (2009). Comparasion of Different Ketamine-Xylazine
Combinations for Prolonged Anaesthesia in Budgerigars.
Online veterinary journal. 4 (1), 34.
Giuliano Q Mostachio, Luciana D de-Oliveira, Aulus C
Carciofi, Wilter R R Vicente, (2008). The effects of anesthesia
with a combination of intramuscular xylazine-diazepamketamine
on heart rate, respiratory rate and cloacal temperature
in roosters. Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia. 35,
232-236. Brazil.
Gold MI, Abraham EC, Herrington C, (1987). Controlled
investigation of propofol, thiopentone and methohexitone.Can
J Anesth34, 478-483.
Hawkins M, Wright BD, Tell LA, (2000). Anestheticand cardiopulmonary
effects of propofol in red-tailedhawks (Buteo
jamaicensis) and great horned owls (Bubo virginianus). Proc
Assoc Avian Vet, 27-228.
Kamiloğlu A, Atalan G ve Kamiloğlu NN, (2008).
Comparison of intraosseous and intramuscular drug administration
for induction of anaesthesia in domestic pigeons. R Vet
Sci, 85, 1, 171-175.
Kılıç N and Paşa S, (2009). Cardiopulmonary effects of propofol
compared with those of a medetomidine-ketamine combination
in the common buzzards (Buteo buteo). Revue Med Vet,
160, 3, 154-159.
Langan JN, Ramsay EC, Balckford TJ, (2000).
Cardiopulmonary and sedative effects of intramuscular medetomidine-
ketamine and intravenous propofol in ostriches
(struthio camelus).J Avian Med Surg, 14, 2-7.
Langlois I, Harvey RC, Jones MP and Schumacher J,
(2003). Cardiopulmonary and Anesthetic Effects of Isoflurane
and Propofol in Hispaniolan Amazon Parrots (Amazona ventralis)
Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery, 17, 1, 4-10.
Association of Avian Veterinarians
Lierz M, (2012). Anesthesia and analgesia in birds. Topics in
medicine and surgery. Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine, 21, pp
44-58.
Lukasik VM, Gentz EJ, Erb HN, (1997). Cardiopulmonary
Effects of Propofol Anesthesia in Chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus)
Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery, 11, 2, 93-97.
Lyon Lee, (2006). Intravenous Anesthetic Agents &
Dissociatives 8-14 Veterinary Surgery I, VMEDAnesthesiology
7412.
Machin KL, Caulkett NA, (1998). Cardiopulmonary effectsof
propofol and medetomidine-midazolam-ketamine combination
in mallard ducks(Anas platyrhynchos). Am J Vet Res, 59, 598-
602.
Machin KL, Caulkett NA, (1999). Cardiopulmonary effects
of propofol infusion in canvasback ducks (Aythyavalisineria). J
Avian Med Surg, 13, 167-172.
Machin KL, Caulkett NA, (2000). Evaluation of isoflurane
and propofol anesthesia for intraabdominal transmitter placement
in nesting female canvasback ducks, 36,2, 324-334.
Maiti SK, Tiwary R, Vasan P, Dutta A, (2006). Xylazine, diazepam
and midazolam premedicated ketamine anaesthesia in
white Leghorn cockerels for typhlectomy J S Afr Vet Assoc.
77, 1, 12-18.
Müller K, Judith Holzapfel and Leo Brunnberg, (2011).
Total intravenous anaesthesia by boluses or by continuous rate
infusion of propofol in mute swans. Vet Anaesth Analg, 38,4,
286-291.
Nagel ML, Muir WW, Nguyen K, (1979). Comparison of the
cardiopulmonary effects of etomidate and thiamylal in dogs.
Am J Vet Res, 40: 193.
Ocal T, (2002). Diğer Ajanlar IV. Çukurova Anestezi Günleri.
Çukurova Üni. Tıp Fak. Anest. ABD. ADANA.Erişim adresi:
http://www.med.cu.edu.tr/ anestezi/iv_cag/diger.htm. Erişim
tarihi: 2002
Paddleford RR., Harvey RC, (1999). Alpha-2 agonists and
antagonists. The Veterinary Clinics of North America. Small
Animal Practice, 29, 737-745.
Pascoe PJ, İlkiw J.E, Haskins SC, Patz DP, (1992).
Cardiopulmonary effects of etomidate in hypovolemic dogs.
Am J Vet Res, 53,11, 2178-2182.
Perk C, Güzel Ö, Gülanber EG, (2002). Etomidate/Alfentanil
Anaesthesia in Dogs and Its Effects on Pulse Oxymeter,
Electrocardiography and Haematological Parameters.Turk J
Vet Anim Sci, 26, 1021-1024.
Redig PT, Roush JC, (1987). Orthopaedic and soft tissue surgery
in raptorial species. In: Fowler, M.E. (Ed.), Zoo and Wild
Animal Medicine. WB Saunders, Philadelphia, pp. 246-253.
Rembert MS, Smith JA, Hosgood G, (2001). Comparison of
traditional thermal support devices with the forced-air warmer
system in anesthetized Hispaniolan Amazon parrots(Amazona
ventralis). Avian Med Surg, 15, 187-193.
Samour JH, Jones DM, Knight JA, Howlett JC, (1984).
Comparative studies of the use of some injectable anes-thetic
agents in birds.Vet Rec, 115, 6-11.
Schumacher J, Citino SB, Hernandez K, Hutt J, Dixon B,
(1997). Cardiopulmonary and anesthetic effects of propofol in
wild turkeys. Am J Vet Res, Sep, 58, 9, 1014-1017.
Thurman JC, Tranquli WS, Benson GJ, (1996). Lumb and
Jones’ Veterinary Anesthesia. Third Edition. Williams and
Wilkins. Baltimore, 2-4.
Topal A, (2005). Veteriner Anestezi. Nobel&Güneş Yayınları.
Uzun M, Yıldız S, Atalan G, Kaya M, Sulu N, (2003). Effects
of Medetomidine-Ketamine Combination Anaesthesia on
Electrocardiograhic Findings, Body Temperature, and Heart
and Respiratory Rates in Domestic Pigeons.Turk J Vet Anim
Sci, 27, 377-382.
Valverde A, Bienzle D, Simth DA, (1993). Intraosseous cannulation
and drug administration for induction of anesthesia in
chickens.Vet Surg, 22, 3, 240-244.
A Research on Chickens and Turkeys Premedicated With Xylazine Hydrochloride and Anesthesia With Etomitade, Ketamine Hydrochloride and Propofol About Clinical Parameters
In this study, the goal was to shed light on the need of working with an anesthetic drug that is safe, effective
and low or no any complications during general anesthesia in avian animals.
The study etomidate for a group of six chickens, six turkeys, propofol for a group of six chickens, six turkeys, ketalar
for a group six chickens, six turkeys and of a total of eighteen chickens and eighteen turkeys were used. For the
purpose for premedication, xylazine (rompun-bayer) 1-2 mg/kg was used. After premedication, 5 mg/kg etomidate
(Johnson&Johnson) to the first group and 8 mg/kg propofol (Diprivan-Abbott™ to the second group was administered
via vena ulnaris subcutenea. To the third group 50 mg/kg ketamine hydrochloride (Ketasol-İnterhas) was given into the
pectoral. Parameters were investegated before induction of anesthesia, during and 24 hours after anesthesia.The number
of clinical parameters, heart rate and body temperature, respiratory rate were monitored.In groups of propofol and ketalar
chicken and turkey changes heart ratea statistical value of p<0.05 was found to be significant.As a result, etomidate
while using in avians may lead to decrease in respiration rate and therefore this issue should be taken into consideration.
Because there will be a decrease in both the number of heart rate and respration while ketamin and propofol are used for
winged animals, this fact must be taken into consideration while studying with the ones that have heart and respiration
problems
Kaynakça
Ajadi RA, Olajide B, Kasali A, Folashade Makinde, Adetiike
I, Adeleye JA, Oyewusi and Olukayode G Akintunde,
(2009). Effects of Midazolam on Ketamine-Xylazine Anesthesia
in Guinea Fowl (Numida meleagris galeata). Journal of Avian
Medicine and Surgery 23(3):199-204. Association of Avian
Veterinarians.
Aslanbey D, (1986). Veteriner Operasyon Bilgisi, Ankara
Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Yayınları 411, cilt 1, ikinci
baskı, A.Ü. Basımevi, Ankara, 124-126.
Bayram D, (2005). Sıçan karaciğeri üzerine tiyopental sodyum,
propofol, etomidate ve midazolam isimli anestezik maddelerine
etkisinin ışık mikroskobik düzeyde incelenmesi. S. D. Ü. Tıp
Fak. Sağ. Bil. Ens. Yük. Lis. Tez. Isparta.
Benedikt B, Korbel R, Stiehl J, (1998). Untersuchungen zurperianästhetischen
Stabilisierung der Körpertemperaturbei
Haustauben (Columba livia L, 1789, var. dom.). Proceedings
of the XI Tagung über Vogelkrankheiten. München, Germany.
pp. 218-230.
Christensen J, Fosse R.T, Halvorsen OJ, (1987). Comperison
of varioss anesthetic regimens in the domestic fowl. AJVR, 48,
11, 1649-1657.
Degernes LA, Kreeger TJ, Maiidsager R, Redig PT, (1988).
Ketamine-xylazine anesthesia in red-tailed hawks with antagonism
by yohimbine.J Wildl Dis,24, 22-326.
Dorcas O. Schaefer, (1997). Anesthesia and Analgesia in nontraditional
laboratory animal species. chapter 15. 341-346.
Dziaman R, Hajek G, Kłyszejko B, (2010). Effect of
2-phenoxyethanol and etomidate on cardiac and respiratory
functions and behaviour of common carp, Cyprinus carpiol
(Actinopterygii, Cypriniformes, Cyprinidae), during general
anaesthesia. Acta Ichthyol. Piscat. 40, 1, 37-43.
Fitzgerald G, Cooper JE,(1990).Prelimary studies on the use
of propofol in the domestic pigeon (Columbia livia). Res Vet
Sci, 49, 334-338.
Gandomani MJ, Tamadon A, Mehdizadeh A, Ataran
HR, (2009). Comparasion of Different Ketamine-Xylazine
Combinations for Prolonged Anaesthesia in Budgerigars.
Online veterinary journal. 4 (1), 34.
Giuliano Q Mostachio, Luciana D de-Oliveira, Aulus C
Carciofi, Wilter R R Vicente, (2008). The effects of anesthesia
with a combination of intramuscular xylazine-diazepamketamine
on heart rate, respiratory rate and cloacal temperature
in roosters. Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia. 35,
232-236. Brazil.
Gold MI, Abraham EC, Herrington C, (1987). Controlled
investigation of propofol, thiopentone and methohexitone.Can
J Anesth34, 478-483.
Hawkins M, Wright BD, Tell LA, (2000). Anestheticand cardiopulmonary
effects of propofol in red-tailedhawks (Buteo
jamaicensis) and great horned owls (Bubo virginianus). Proc
Assoc Avian Vet, 27-228.
Kamiloğlu A, Atalan G ve Kamiloğlu NN, (2008).
Comparison of intraosseous and intramuscular drug administration
for induction of anaesthesia in domestic pigeons. R Vet
Sci, 85, 1, 171-175.
Kılıç N and Paşa S, (2009). Cardiopulmonary effects of propofol
compared with those of a medetomidine-ketamine combination
in the common buzzards (Buteo buteo). Revue Med Vet,
160, 3, 154-159.
Langan JN, Ramsay EC, Balckford TJ, (2000).
Cardiopulmonary and sedative effects of intramuscular medetomidine-
ketamine and intravenous propofol in ostriches
(struthio camelus).J Avian Med Surg, 14, 2-7.
Langlois I, Harvey RC, Jones MP and Schumacher J,
(2003). Cardiopulmonary and Anesthetic Effects of Isoflurane
and Propofol in Hispaniolan Amazon Parrots (Amazona ventralis)
Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery, 17, 1, 4-10.
Association of Avian Veterinarians
Lierz M, (2012). Anesthesia and analgesia in birds. Topics in
medicine and surgery. Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine, 21, pp
44-58.
Lukasik VM, Gentz EJ, Erb HN, (1997). Cardiopulmonary
Effects of Propofol Anesthesia in Chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus)
Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery, 11, 2, 93-97.
Lyon Lee, (2006). Intravenous Anesthetic Agents &
Dissociatives 8-14 Veterinary Surgery I, VMEDAnesthesiology
7412.
Machin KL, Caulkett NA, (1998). Cardiopulmonary effectsof
propofol and medetomidine-midazolam-ketamine combination
in mallard ducks(Anas platyrhynchos). Am J Vet Res, 59, 598-
602.
Machin KL, Caulkett NA, (1999). Cardiopulmonary effects
of propofol infusion in canvasback ducks (Aythyavalisineria). J
Avian Med Surg, 13, 167-172.
Machin KL, Caulkett NA, (2000). Evaluation of isoflurane
and propofol anesthesia for intraabdominal transmitter placement
in nesting female canvasback ducks, 36,2, 324-334.
Maiti SK, Tiwary R, Vasan P, Dutta A, (2006). Xylazine, diazepam
and midazolam premedicated ketamine anaesthesia in
white Leghorn cockerels for typhlectomy J S Afr Vet Assoc.
77, 1, 12-18.
Müller K, Judith Holzapfel and Leo Brunnberg, (2011).
Total intravenous anaesthesia by boluses or by continuous rate
infusion of propofol in mute swans. Vet Anaesth Analg, 38,4,
286-291.
Nagel ML, Muir WW, Nguyen K, (1979). Comparison of the
cardiopulmonary effects of etomidate and thiamylal in dogs.
Am J Vet Res, 40: 193.
Ocal T, (2002). Diğer Ajanlar IV. Çukurova Anestezi Günleri.
Çukurova Üni. Tıp Fak. Anest. ABD. ADANA.Erişim adresi:
http://www.med.cu.edu.tr/ anestezi/iv_cag/diger.htm. Erişim
tarihi: 2002
Paddleford RR., Harvey RC, (1999). Alpha-2 agonists and
antagonists. The Veterinary Clinics of North America. Small
Animal Practice, 29, 737-745.
Pascoe PJ, İlkiw J.E, Haskins SC, Patz DP, (1992).
Cardiopulmonary effects of etomidate in hypovolemic dogs.
Am J Vet Res, 53,11, 2178-2182.
Perk C, Güzel Ö, Gülanber EG, (2002). Etomidate/Alfentanil
Anaesthesia in Dogs and Its Effects on Pulse Oxymeter,
Electrocardiography and Haematological Parameters.Turk J
Vet Anim Sci, 26, 1021-1024.
Redig PT, Roush JC, (1987). Orthopaedic and soft tissue surgery
in raptorial species. In: Fowler, M.E. (Ed.), Zoo and Wild
Animal Medicine. WB Saunders, Philadelphia, pp. 246-253.
Rembert MS, Smith JA, Hosgood G, (2001). Comparison of
traditional thermal support devices with the forced-air warmer
system in anesthetized Hispaniolan Amazon parrots(Amazona
ventralis). Avian Med Surg, 15, 187-193.
Samour JH, Jones DM, Knight JA, Howlett JC, (1984).
Comparative studies of the use of some injectable anes-thetic
agents in birds.Vet Rec, 115, 6-11.
Schumacher J, Citino SB, Hernandez K, Hutt J, Dixon B,
(1997). Cardiopulmonary and anesthetic effects of propofol in
wild turkeys. Am J Vet Res, Sep, 58, 9, 1014-1017.
Thurman JC, Tranquli WS, Benson GJ, (1996). Lumb and
Jones’ Veterinary Anesthesia. Third Edition. Williams and
Wilkins. Baltimore, 2-4.
Topal A, (2005). Veteriner Anestezi. Nobel&Güneş Yayınları.
Uzun M, Yıldız S, Atalan G, Kaya M, Sulu N, (2003). Effects
of Medetomidine-Ketamine Combination Anaesthesia on
Electrocardiograhic Findings, Body Temperature, and Heart
and Respiratory Rates in Domestic Pigeons.Turk J Vet Anim
Sci, 27, 377-382.
Valverde A, Bienzle D, Simth DA, (1993). Intraosseous cannulation
and drug administration for induction of anesthesia in
chickens.Vet Surg, 22, 3, 240-244.