Derleme
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Kanatlı İntestinal Spiroketozis

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 30 Sayı: 2, 158 - 164, 27.12.2019
https://doi.org/10.35864/evmd.573639

Öz

Kanatlı intestinal spiroketozis (KİS), ticari yumurtacı ve
broyler damızlık tavuklarda, Brachyspira cinsine
ait patojenik türlerin neden olduğu bir infeksiyondur. KİS, büyüme geriliğine,
yumurta verim kaybına, yem tüketiminde artışa, yumurta kabuğunun dışkı ile
kirlenmesine ve yumurta kalitesinin düşmesine neden olarak ekonomik kayıplar
oluşturur. Birçok ülkede kanatlılarda Brachyspira
spp. varlığı ortaya konmuştur. Ülkemizde, bilgimiz dâhilinde, KİS şüpheli ve/veya sağlıklı
kanatlılardan Brachyspira spp.
izolasyonu ile ilgili herhangi bir rapor yoktur. Bu derleme çalışması ile
özellikle ticari yumurtacı tavukların sorunu olan KİS hakkında bilgi verilmesi
amaçlanmıştır.

Kaynakça

  • KaynaklarAdachi Y, Sveyoshi M, Miyagawa E, Minato H, Shoya S, (1985). Experimental infection of young broiler chick with Treponema hyodysenteriae. Microbiol Immunol. 29, 683-688. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1348-0421.1985.tb00872.xAmin MM, Phillips ND, La T, Hampson DJ, (2009). Vaccination with an autogenous bacterin fails to prevent colonization by Brachyspira intermedia in experimentally infected laying chickens. Vet Microbiol. 133, 372-376. DOI : 10.1016/j.vetmic.2008.07.007Amin MM, Phillips ND, La T, Robertson ID, Hampson DJ, (2014) Intestinal spirochaetes (Brachyspira spp.) colonizing flocks of layer and breeder chickens in Malaysia. Avian Pathology. 43:6, 501-505. https://doi.org/10.1080/03079457.2014.966056Atyeo RF, Stanton TB, Jensen NS, Suriyaarachichi DS, Hampson DJ, (1999). Differentiation of Serpulina species by NADH oxidase gene (nox) sequence comparisons and nox-based polymerase chain reaction tests. Vet Microbiol. 67, 47-60. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1135(99)00030-9Backhans A, Johansson K.-E, Fellström C, (2010). Phenotypic and molecular characterization of Brachyspira spp. isolated from wild rodents. Env Microbiol Rep. 2(6), 720-772. DOI:10.1111/j.1758-2229.2010.00165.xBackhans A, Jansson DS, Aspa´n A, Fellström C, (2011). Typing of Brachyspira spp. from rodents, pigs and chickens on Swedish farms. Vet Microbiol. 153, 156-162. DOI:10.1016/j.vetmic.2011.03.023Bano L, Merialdi G, Bonilauri P, Dall'Anese G, Capello K, Comin D, Cattoli G, Sanguinetti V, Hampson DJ, Agnoletti F, (2008). Prevalence, disease associations and risk factors for colonization with intestinal spirochaetes (Brachyspira spp.) in flocks of laying hens in north-eastern Italy. Avian Pathol. 37(3), 81-86. DOI:10.1080/03079450802043726Burch DGS, Harding C, Alvarez R, Valks M, (2006). Treatment of a field case of avian intestinal spirochaetosis caused by Brachyspira pilosicoli with tiamulin. Avian Pathol. 35, 211–216. DOI:10.1080/03079450600711011Calderaro A, Piccola G, Montecchini S, Buttrini M, Gorrini C et al. (2013). MALDI-TOF MS analysis of human and animal Brachyspira species and benefits of database extension. Journal of Proteomics. 78, 273-280. DOI:10.1016/j.jprot.2012.09.027Davelaar FG, Smith HF, Hovind-Hougen K, Dwars RM, vanderValk PC, (1986). Infectious typhlitis in chickens caused by spirochetes. Avian Pathol. 15, 247-258. DOI:10.1080/03079458608436285Dwars RM, Davelaar FG, Smit HF, (1993). Infection of broiler parent hens with avian intestinal spirochaetes: Effects on egg production and chick quality. Avian Pathol, 22, 693-701. DOI:10.1080/03079459308418957Feberwee A, Hampson DJ, Phillips ND, La T, van der Heijden HMJF, Wellenberg GJ, Dwars RM, Landman WJM, (2008). Identification of Brachyspira hyodysenteriae and other pathogenic Brachyspira species in chickens from laying flocks with diarrhea or reduced production or both. J Clin Microbiol. 46 (2), 593-600. DOI: 10.1128/JCM.01829-07Fellstrom C, Petterson B, Uhlen M, Gunnarsson A, Johansson KE, (1995). Phylogeny of Serpulina based on sequence analyses of the 16S rRNA gene and comparison with a scheme involving biochemical classification. Res Vet Sci. 59, 5–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/0034-5288(95)90022-5Griffiths IB, Hunt BW, Lister SA, Lamont MH, (1987). Retarted growth rate and delayed onset of egg production associated with spirochaete infection in pullets. Vet Rec. 121, 35-37. Hampson DJ, Oxberry SL, La T, (2006). Potential for Zoonotic Transmission of Brachyspira pilosicoli. Emerg Infect Dis. 12 (5), 869-870. DOI: 10.3201/eid1205.051180Hampson DJ. (2018). The spirochete Brachyspira pilosicoli, enteric pathogen of animals and humans. Clin Microbiol Rev 31:e00087-17. https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR .00087-17.Harms M, Schmidt V, Heydel T, Hauptmann J, Ahlers C, Bergmann R, Baums CG, (2018) Differentiation of Brachyspira spp. isolated from laying hens using PCR-based methods and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J Vet Diagn Invest. 30(4) 545–553. DOI: 10.1177/1040638718772319Hidalgo A, Rubio P, Osorio J, Carvajal A, (2010). Prevalence of Brachyspira pilosicoli and ‘‘Brachyspira canis’’ in dogs and their association with diarrhoea. Vet Microbiol. 146, 356-360. DOI:10.1016/j.vetmic.2010.05.016Hommez J, Castryck F, Haesebrouck F, Devriese LA, (1998).Identification of porcine Serpulina strains in routine diagnostic bacteriology. Vet Microbiol. 6 2, 163-169. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1135(98)00204-1Ivanics E, Glavists R, Thuma A, Simon A, Berta P, Kaszanyitzky E, et al., (2009). Intestinal spirochaetosis (Brachyspirosis) in Hungarian laying hen flocks. Magy Allatorv Lapja. 131, 323-330.Jamshidi A, Bassami MR , Kasaei A , Mohamadi A, (2009). Isolation and Identification of Brachyspira pilosicoli from laying hens flocks, using conventional culture and molecular methods in Mashhad-Iran. pp.1-5, The 6th National Biotechnology Congress of Iran, Tehran-Iran, http://profdoc.um.ac.ir/articles/a/1014128.pdf.Jansson DS, Bröjer C, Gavier-Widén D, Gunnarsson A, Fellström C, (2001). Brachyspira spp. (Serpulina spp.) in birds: a review and results from a study Swedish game birds. Anim Health Res Rev. 2(1), 93-100. https://doi.org/10.1079/AHRR200122Jansson DS., Johansson KE., Olofsson T, Rasback T, Vagsholm I, Pettersson B, Gunnarsson A, Fellström C, (2004). Brachyspira hyodysenteriae and other strong beta-haemolytic and indole-positive spirochaetes isolated from mallards (Anas platyrhynchos). J Med Microbiol. 53, 293-300. DOI:10.1099/jmm.0.05488-0Jansson DS, Fellström C, Johansson K.-E., (2008). Intestinal spirochetes isolated from wild-living jackdaws, hooded crows and rooks (genus Corvus): Provisionally designated ‘‘Brachyspira corvi’’ sp. nov. Anaerobe. 14, 287-295. DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2008.09.002Jansson DS, Fellström C, Råsbäck T, Vågsholm I, Gunnarsson ., Ingermaa F, Johansson K.-E, (2008). Phenotypic and molecular characterization of Brachyspira spp. isolated from laying hens in different housing systems. Vet Microbiol. 130, 348-362. DOI:10.1016/j.vetmic.2008.02.010Jansson DS, Persson M, Zimmerman U, Johansson K-E, (2011). Phenotypic and genetic diversity among intestinal spirochaetes (genus Brachyspira) in free-living wild mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) sampled in southern Sweden. Syst Appl Microbiol. 34, 566-575. DOI: 10.1016/j.syapm.2011.10.001Jansson DS, Pringle M, (2011). Antimicrobial susceptibility of Brachyspira spp. isolated from commercial laying hens and free-living wild mallards (Anas platyrhynchos). Avian Pathol. 40(4), 387-393. DOI:10.1080/03079457.2011.588197Jensen NS, Stanton TB, Swayne DE, (1996). Identification of the swine pathogen Serpulina hyodysenteriae in rheas (Rhea americana). Vet Microbiol. 52, 259-269. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1135(96)00076-4Kizerwetter-Świda M, Rzewuska M, Binek M, (2005). Characterization of Brachyspira sp. strains isolated from flock of hens with diarrhoea. Bull Vet Inst Pulawy. 49, 169-173.Koopman MBH, Kȁsbohrer A, Beckmann G, van der Zeijst BAM, Kustera JG, (1993). Genetic Similarity of Intestinal Spirochetes from Humans and Various Animal Species. J Clin Microbiol. 31 (3), 711-716.Kunkle RA, Harris DL, Kinyon JM, (1986). Autoclaved liquid medium for propagation of Treponema hyodysenteriae. J Clin Microbiol. 24, 669–671. Kunkle RA., Kinyon JM, (1988). Improved selective medium for the isolation of Treponema hyodysenteriae. J Clin Microbiol. 26, 2357–2360.Mappley LJ, Tcho´ rzewska MA, Nunez A, Woodward MJ, Bramley PM, La Ragione RM, (2013). Oral treatment of chickens with Lactobacillus reuteri LM1 reduces Brachyspira pilosicoli-induced pathology. J Med Microbiol. 62, 287–296. DOI:10.1099/jmm.0.051862-0Mappley LJ, La Ragion e RM, Woodward MJ, (2014). Brachyspira and its role in avian intestinal spirochaetosis. Vet Microbiol. 168, 245-260. DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.11.019 McLaren AJ, Hompson DJ, Wylie SL, (1996). The prevalance of intestinal spirochetes in poultry in Western Australia. Aust Vet J. 74, 319-321.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.1996.tb13792.xMcLaren AJ, Trott DJ, Swayne DE, Oxberry SL, Hompson DJ, (1997). Genetic and phenotypic characterization of intestinal spirochetes colonizing chickens and allocation of known pathogenic isolates to three distinct genetic groups. J Clin Microbiol. 35, 412-417. Medhanie GA, (2011). The epidemiology of Brachyspira species in Ontario layer chicken flocks, Master of Science, The University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.Medhanie GA, McEwen SA., Weber ., Sanei B, Cooley L, Houghton S, Slavic D, Guerin MT, (2012) . Risk factors associated with the colonization of Ontario layer chicken flocks with Brachyspira species. Prevet. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2012.09.017.Myers SE, Dunn PA, Philips ND, La T, Hampson DJ, (2009). Brachyspira intermedia and Brachyspira pilosicoli are commonly found in older laying flocks in Pennsylvania. Avian Dis. 53, 533-537. https://doi.org/10.1637/8900-042709-Reg.1Neef NA, Lysons RJ, Trott DJ, Hompson DJ, Jones PW, Morgan JH, (1994). Pathogenicity of porcine intestinal spirochetes in gnotobiotic pigs. Infect Immun. 62, 2395-2403. Ochiai S, Adachi Y., Mori K., (1997). Unification of the genera Serpulina and Brachyspira, and proposals of Brachyspira hyodysenteriae comb. nov., Brachyspira innocens comb. nov. and Brachyspira pilosicoli comb. nov. Microbiol Immunol. 41, 445-452. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1348-0421.1997.tb01877.xPaster BJ, Dewhirst FE, (2000). Phylogenetic Foundation of Spirochetes. J Mol Microbiol Biotechnol. 2 (4), 341-344.Phillips ND, La T, Hampson DJ, (2003). Survival of intestinal spirochaete strains from chickens in the presence of disinfectants and in faeces held at different temperatures. Avian Pathol. 32(6), 639-643. DOI: 10.1080/03079450310001610677Phillips ND, (2006). Diagnosis, molecular epidemiology and control of avian intestinal spirochaetosis, Doctor of Philosophy, Murdoch University, Western Australia.Roy CIL, Mappley LJ, Ragione RML, Woodward MJ, Claus SP (2015) Brachyspira pilosicoli-induced avian intestinal spirochaetosis. Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease. 26:1, 28853 https://doi.org/10.3402/mehd.v26.28853Shivaprasad HL, Duhamel GE, (2005). Cecal spirochetosis caused by Brachyspira pilosicoli in commercial turkeys. Avian Dis. 49 (4), 609-613. https://doi.org/10.1637/7383-052005.1Smith HF, Dwars RM, Davelaar FG, Wijtten GAW, (1998). Observations on the influence of intestinal spirochaetosis in broiler breeders on the performance of their progeny and on egg production. Avian Pathol. 27, 133-141. DOI:10.1080/03079459808419314Stanton TB, Jensen NS, Casey TA, Tardoff LA, Dewhirst FE, Paster BJ, (1991). Reclasification of Treponema hyodysenteriae and Treponema innocens in a new genus, Serpula gen. nov., as Serpula hyodysenteriae comb. nov. and Serpula innens comb. nov. Int J Syst Bacteriol. 41, 50-58.Stanton TB, Fournie-Amazouz E, Postic D, Trott DJ, Grimont PAD, Baranton G, Hampson DJ, Saint Girons I, (1997). Recognition of two new species of intestinal spirochetes: Serpulina intermedia sp. nov. and Serpulina murdochii sp. nov. Int J Syst Bacteriol. 47, 1007-1012.Stephens CP, Hampson DJ, (1999). Prevalence and disease association of intestinal spirochaetes in chickens in Eastern Australia. Avian Pathol. 28, 447-454. DOI: 10.1080/03079459994461Stephens CP, Hampson DJ, (2001). Intestinal spirochete infections of chickens: a review of disease associations, epidemiology and control. Anim Health Res Rev, 2(1), 83-91. https://doi.org/10.1079/AHRR200116Stephens CP, Hampson DJ, (2002). Evaluation of tiamulin and lincomycin for the treatment of broiler breeders experimentally infected with the intestinal spirochaete Brachyspira pilosicoli. Avian Pathol. 31, 299–304. DOI:10.1080/03079450220136501Stephens CP, Oxberry SL, Nyree D, Phillips ND, La T, Hampson DJ, (2005). The use of multilocus enzyme electrophoresis to characterise intestinal spirochaetes (Brachyspira spp.) colonising hens in commercial flocks. Vet Microbiol. 107, 149-157. DOI:10.1016/j.vetmic.2005.01.011Suriyaarachchi DS, Mikosza ASJ, Atyeo RF, Hampson DJ, (2000). Evaluation of a 23S rDNA polymerase chain reaction assay for identification of Serpulina intermedia, and strain typing using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Vet Microbiol. 71, 139-148. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1135(99)00153-4Swayne DE, Bermudez AJ, Sagartz JE, Eaton KA, Manfort JD, Stoutenburg JW, Hayes JR, (1992). Association of cecal spirochetes with pasty wents and dirty eggshells in layer. Avian Dis. 36, 776-781. DOI: 10.2307/1591784Swayne DE, Eaton KA, Stoutenburg J, Trott DJ, Hampson DJ, Jensen NS, (1995). Identification of a New Intestinal Spirochete with Pathogenicity for Chickens. Infect Immun. 63(2), 430-436. Thomson JG, Thomson D, (1914). Some researches on spirochaetes occurring in the alimentary tract of man and some of the lower animals. The Royal Society of Medicine. 7, 47-70.Thomson JR, Smith WJ, Murray BP, Murray D, Dick JE, Sumption KJ, (2001). Porcine enteric spirochete infections in UK: surveillance data and preliminary investigation of atypical isolates. Anim Health Res Rev. 2, 31-36.Verlinden M, Pasmans F, Garmyn A, De Zutter L., Haesebrouck F, Martel A., (2012). Occurrence of viable Brachyspira spp. on carcasses of spent laying hens from supermarkets. Food Microbiol. 32, 321-324. http://hdl.handle.net/1854/LU-3083849Wagenaar J, van Bergen M, van der Graaf L. Landman W, (2003). Free-range chickens show a higher incidence of Brachyspira infections in the Netherlands. Abstract #16. In Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Colonic Spirochaetal Infections in Animals and Humans, April 2-4, Eddleston, Scotland, UK.

Avian Intestinal Spirochaetosis

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 30 Sayı: 2, 158 - 164, 27.12.2019
https://doi.org/10.35864/evmd.573639

Öz

Avian intestinal spirochetosis (AIS) is an infection caused by pathogenic species belonging to Brachyspira genus in commercial layer and broiler breeder hens. AIS creates the economic losses in consequence of the growth retardation, decrease in egg production, increase in feed consumption, faecal staining of egg shells and lower egg quality. The presence of Brachyspira spp. in poultry has been revealed in many countries. In Turkey, to the best of our knowledge, there are not any reports on the isolation of Brachyspira spp. in AIS suspicious and/or healthy avian species. Our field observations shows dirty egg problems are intense in commercial laying hens in our country. This review study aimed to give information about the AIS causing dirty egg problems and draw attention to this infection.

Kaynakça

  • KaynaklarAdachi Y, Sveyoshi M, Miyagawa E, Minato H, Shoya S, (1985). Experimental infection of young broiler chick with Treponema hyodysenteriae. Microbiol Immunol. 29, 683-688. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1348-0421.1985.tb00872.xAmin MM, Phillips ND, La T, Hampson DJ, (2009). Vaccination with an autogenous bacterin fails to prevent colonization by Brachyspira intermedia in experimentally infected laying chickens. Vet Microbiol. 133, 372-376. DOI : 10.1016/j.vetmic.2008.07.007Amin MM, Phillips ND, La T, Robertson ID, Hampson DJ, (2014) Intestinal spirochaetes (Brachyspira spp.) colonizing flocks of layer and breeder chickens in Malaysia. Avian Pathology. 43:6, 501-505. https://doi.org/10.1080/03079457.2014.966056Atyeo RF, Stanton TB, Jensen NS, Suriyaarachichi DS, Hampson DJ, (1999). Differentiation of Serpulina species by NADH oxidase gene (nox) sequence comparisons and nox-based polymerase chain reaction tests. Vet Microbiol. 67, 47-60. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1135(99)00030-9Backhans A, Johansson K.-E, Fellström C, (2010). Phenotypic and molecular characterization of Brachyspira spp. isolated from wild rodents. Env Microbiol Rep. 2(6), 720-772. DOI:10.1111/j.1758-2229.2010.00165.xBackhans A, Jansson DS, Aspa´n A, Fellström C, (2011). Typing of Brachyspira spp. from rodents, pigs and chickens on Swedish farms. Vet Microbiol. 153, 156-162. DOI:10.1016/j.vetmic.2011.03.023Bano L, Merialdi G, Bonilauri P, Dall'Anese G, Capello K, Comin D, Cattoli G, Sanguinetti V, Hampson DJ, Agnoletti F, (2008). Prevalence, disease associations and risk factors for colonization with intestinal spirochaetes (Brachyspira spp.) in flocks of laying hens in north-eastern Italy. Avian Pathol. 37(3), 81-86. DOI:10.1080/03079450802043726Burch DGS, Harding C, Alvarez R, Valks M, (2006). Treatment of a field case of avian intestinal spirochaetosis caused by Brachyspira pilosicoli with tiamulin. Avian Pathol. 35, 211–216. DOI:10.1080/03079450600711011Calderaro A, Piccola G, Montecchini S, Buttrini M, Gorrini C et al. (2013). MALDI-TOF MS analysis of human and animal Brachyspira species and benefits of database extension. Journal of Proteomics. 78, 273-280. DOI:10.1016/j.jprot.2012.09.027Davelaar FG, Smith HF, Hovind-Hougen K, Dwars RM, vanderValk PC, (1986). Infectious typhlitis in chickens caused by spirochetes. Avian Pathol. 15, 247-258. DOI:10.1080/03079458608436285Dwars RM, Davelaar FG, Smit HF, (1993). Infection of broiler parent hens with avian intestinal spirochaetes: Effects on egg production and chick quality. Avian Pathol, 22, 693-701. DOI:10.1080/03079459308418957Feberwee A, Hampson DJ, Phillips ND, La T, van der Heijden HMJF, Wellenberg GJ, Dwars RM, Landman WJM, (2008). Identification of Brachyspira hyodysenteriae and other pathogenic Brachyspira species in chickens from laying flocks with diarrhea or reduced production or both. J Clin Microbiol. 46 (2), 593-600. DOI: 10.1128/JCM.01829-07Fellstrom C, Petterson B, Uhlen M, Gunnarsson A, Johansson KE, (1995). Phylogeny of Serpulina based on sequence analyses of the 16S rRNA gene and comparison with a scheme involving biochemical classification. Res Vet Sci. 59, 5–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/0034-5288(95)90022-5Griffiths IB, Hunt BW, Lister SA, Lamont MH, (1987). Retarted growth rate and delayed onset of egg production associated with spirochaete infection in pullets. Vet Rec. 121, 35-37. Hampson DJ, Oxberry SL, La T, (2006). Potential for Zoonotic Transmission of Brachyspira pilosicoli. Emerg Infect Dis. 12 (5), 869-870. DOI: 10.3201/eid1205.051180Hampson DJ. (2018). The spirochete Brachyspira pilosicoli, enteric pathogen of animals and humans. Clin Microbiol Rev 31:e00087-17. https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR .00087-17.Harms M, Schmidt V, Heydel T, Hauptmann J, Ahlers C, Bergmann R, Baums CG, (2018) Differentiation of Brachyspira spp. isolated from laying hens using PCR-based methods and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J Vet Diagn Invest. 30(4) 545–553. DOI: 10.1177/1040638718772319Hidalgo A, Rubio P, Osorio J, Carvajal A, (2010). Prevalence of Brachyspira pilosicoli and ‘‘Brachyspira canis’’ in dogs and their association with diarrhoea. Vet Microbiol. 146, 356-360. DOI:10.1016/j.vetmic.2010.05.016Hommez J, Castryck F, Haesebrouck F, Devriese LA, (1998).Identification of porcine Serpulina strains in routine diagnostic bacteriology. Vet Microbiol. 6 2, 163-169. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1135(98)00204-1Ivanics E, Glavists R, Thuma A, Simon A, Berta P, Kaszanyitzky E, et al., (2009). Intestinal spirochaetosis (Brachyspirosis) in Hungarian laying hen flocks. Magy Allatorv Lapja. 131, 323-330.Jamshidi A, Bassami MR , Kasaei A , Mohamadi A, (2009). Isolation and Identification of Brachyspira pilosicoli from laying hens flocks, using conventional culture and molecular methods in Mashhad-Iran. pp.1-5, The 6th National Biotechnology Congress of Iran, Tehran-Iran, http://profdoc.um.ac.ir/articles/a/1014128.pdf.Jansson DS, Bröjer C, Gavier-Widén D, Gunnarsson A, Fellström C, (2001). Brachyspira spp. (Serpulina spp.) in birds: a review and results from a study Swedish game birds. Anim Health Res Rev. 2(1), 93-100. https://doi.org/10.1079/AHRR200122Jansson DS., Johansson KE., Olofsson T, Rasback T, Vagsholm I, Pettersson B, Gunnarsson A, Fellström C, (2004). Brachyspira hyodysenteriae and other strong beta-haemolytic and indole-positive spirochaetes isolated from mallards (Anas platyrhynchos). J Med Microbiol. 53, 293-300. DOI:10.1099/jmm.0.05488-0Jansson DS, Fellström C, Johansson K.-E., (2008). Intestinal spirochetes isolated from wild-living jackdaws, hooded crows and rooks (genus Corvus): Provisionally designated ‘‘Brachyspira corvi’’ sp. nov. Anaerobe. 14, 287-295. DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2008.09.002Jansson DS, Fellström C, Råsbäck T, Vågsholm I, Gunnarsson ., Ingermaa F, Johansson K.-E, (2008). Phenotypic and molecular characterization of Brachyspira spp. isolated from laying hens in different housing systems. Vet Microbiol. 130, 348-362. DOI:10.1016/j.vetmic.2008.02.010Jansson DS, Persson M, Zimmerman U, Johansson K-E, (2011). Phenotypic and genetic diversity among intestinal spirochaetes (genus Brachyspira) in free-living wild mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) sampled in southern Sweden. Syst Appl Microbiol. 34, 566-575. DOI: 10.1016/j.syapm.2011.10.001Jansson DS, Pringle M, (2011). Antimicrobial susceptibility of Brachyspira spp. isolated from commercial laying hens and free-living wild mallards (Anas platyrhynchos). Avian Pathol. 40(4), 387-393. DOI:10.1080/03079457.2011.588197Jensen NS, Stanton TB, Swayne DE, (1996). Identification of the swine pathogen Serpulina hyodysenteriae in rheas (Rhea americana). Vet Microbiol. 52, 259-269. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1135(96)00076-4Kizerwetter-Świda M, Rzewuska M, Binek M, (2005). Characterization of Brachyspira sp. strains isolated from flock of hens with diarrhoea. Bull Vet Inst Pulawy. 49, 169-173.Koopman MBH, Kȁsbohrer A, Beckmann G, van der Zeijst BAM, Kustera JG, (1993). Genetic Similarity of Intestinal Spirochetes from Humans and Various Animal Species. J Clin Microbiol. 31 (3), 711-716.Kunkle RA, Harris DL, Kinyon JM, (1986). Autoclaved liquid medium for propagation of Treponema hyodysenteriae. J Clin Microbiol. 24, 669–671. Kunkle RA., Kinyon JM, (1988). Improved selective medium for the isolation of Treponema hyodysenteriae. J Clin Microbiol. 26, 2357–2360.Mappley LJ, Tcho´ rzewska MA, Nunez A, Woodward MJ, Bramley PM, La Ragione RM, (2013). Oral treatment of chickens with Lactobacillus reuteri LM1 reduces Brachyspira pilosicoli-induced pathology. J Med Microbiol. 62, 287–296. DOI:10.1099/jmm.0.051862-0Mappley LJ, La Ragion e RM, Woodward MJ, (2014). Brachyspira and its role in avian intestinal spirochaetosis. Vet Microbiol. 168, 245-260. DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.11.019 McLaren AJ, Hompson DJ, Wylie SL, (1996). The prevalance of intestinal spirochetes in poultry in Western Australia. Aust Vet J. 74, 319-321.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.1996.tb13792.xMcLaren AJ, Trott DJ, Swayne DE, Oxberry SL, Hompson DJ, (1997). Genetic and phenotypic characterization of intestinal spirochetes colonizing chickens and allocation of known pathogenic isolates to three distinct genetic groups. J Clin Microbiol. 35, 412-417. Medhanie GA, (2011). The epidemiology of Brachyspira species in Ontario layer chicken flocks, Master of Science, The University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.Medhanie GA, McEwen SA., Weber ., Sanei B, Cooley L, Houghton S, Slavic D, Guerin MT, (2012) . Risk factors associated with the colonization of Ontario layer chicken flocks with Brachyspira species. Prevet. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2012.09.017.Myers SE, Dunn PA, Philips ND, La T, Hampson DJ, (2009). Brachyspira intermedia and Brachyspira pilosicoli are commonly found in older laying flocks in Pennsylvania. Avian Dis. 53, 533-537. https://doi.org/10.1637/8900-042709-Reg.1Neef NA, Lysons RJ, Trott DJ, Hompson DJ, Jones PW, Morgan JH, (1994). Pathogenicity of porcine intestinal spirochetes in gnotobiotic pigs. Infect Immun. 62, 2395-2403. Ochiai S, Adachi Y., Mori K., (1997). 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Toplam 1 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Veteriner Cerrahi
Bölüm Derleme
Yazarlar

Yavuz Çokal 0000-0001-5992-6295

Elçin Günaydın 0000-0002-5247-7578

Yayımlanma Tarihi 27 Aralık 2019
Gönderilme Tarihi 3 Haziran 2019
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2019 Cilt: 30 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Çokal, Y., & Günaydın, E. (2019). Kanatlı İntestinal Spiroketozis. Etlik Veteriner Mikrobiyoloji Dergisi, 30(2), 158-164. https://doi.org/10.35864/evmd.573639


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